Abstract Introduction: SERCA enzymes are essential for intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. SERCA genes (ATP2A1-3) encode for different functional isoforms of the protein, whose expression or function is altered in several types of cancer, such as gastric and oral, as well as colon, breast, lung, thyroid, liver, and prostate cancer, among others. However, the role played by SERCA pumps in carcinogenesis is unknown. Methods: Techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, optical microscopy, proliferation and cell death assays, as well as bioinformatic analyses were used. Objectives: To evaluate the expression levels of the ATP2A2 and ATP2A3 genes in cell lines representative of different subtypes of breast cancer. Results: The MDA-MB-231 cell line expresses lower mRNA levels for the ATP2A3 gene in comparison with MCF-7 cells. The use of the phytoestrogen resveratrol induces ATP2A3 expression, decreases proliferation, and induces apoptosis in both cell types. Conclusions: SERCA expression might function as a tool to differentiate breast cancer subtypes, which have different treatment requirements.

Resumen Introducción: Las enzimas SERCA son esenciales para la homeostasis intracelular de Ca2+. Los genes SERCA (ATP2A1-3) codifican para distintas isoformas funcionales de la proteína, cuya expresión o función se encuentra alterada en diversos tipos de cáncer, como el gástrico y el oral, así como de colon, mama, pulmón, tiroides, hígado y próstata, entre otros. Sin embargo, se desconoce el papel de las bombas SERCA en la carcinogénesis. Métodos: Se utilizaron estudios como reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, microscopia óptica, ensayos de proliferación y muerte celular, así como análisis bioinformáticos. Objetivos: Evaluar los niveles de expresión de los genes ATP2A2 y ATP2A3 en líneas celulares que representan diferentes subtipos de cáncer de mama. Resultados: La línea celular MDA-MB-231 expresa niveles más bajos del ARNm para el gen ATP2A3, en comparación con las células MCF-7. El uso del fitoestrógeno resveratrol induce la expresión de ATP2A3, disminuye la proliferación e induce apoptosis en ambos tipos de células. Conclusiones: La expresión de SERCA puede funcionar como una herramienta para diferenciar los subtipos de cáncer de mama, los cuales tienen distintas necesidades de tratamiento.

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze and compare international diversification strategies, using traditional assets (stocks) and exchange traded fund (ETFs) from four different countries: Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Mexico; the study period is from January 2012 to April 2018. The hypothesis is that the investment strategy that includes ETFs is more profitable, both because of the nature of these instruments and because of the commissions that are generated through the traditional strategy, in which a greater number of assets is used, in order to diversify the risk of each local market. The methodology implemented consists of the Markowitz model, to obtain the efficient frontier, in addition to the estimation of the Value at Risk (VaR) of each portfolio (traditional vs. ETF).

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar y comparar estrategias de diversificación internacional, empleando activos tradicionales (acciones) y exchange traded fund (ETFs) de cuatro diferentes países: Alemania, Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y México; el periodo de estudio es de enero de 2012 a abril del año 2018. La hipótesis es que, la estrategia de inversión que incluye ETFs es más redituable, tanto por la naturaleza de dichos instrumentos, como por las comisiones que se generan a través de la estrategia tradicional, en la cual se emplea un número mayor de activos, con el objeto de diversificar el riesgo de cada mercado local. La metodología implementada consiste en el modelo de Markowitz, para la obtención de la frontera eficiente, además de la estimación del Valor en Riesgo (VaR) de cada portafolio (tradicional vs ETF).

Resumo Várias campanhas antitabágicas são usadas para reduzir o consumo de tabaco. No entanto, até ao momento não existe um consenso sobre a eficácia da indução de emoções específicas nestas campanhas. Este estudo testou os efeitos de dois tipos de campanhas antitabágicas, induzindo Medo ou Humor, nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia das campanhas, no apoio a políticas antitabágicas, no desejo de fumar, e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os participantes (N = 108; 54 fumadores), de ambos os sexos, foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seguintes campanhas indutoras de emoções: medo (N = 52) ou humor (N = 56). Durante a exposição, registou-se o fluxo contínuo das emoções autorreportadas e as respostas fisiológicas. Após a exposição avaliou-se o impacto das campanhas nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia, nas políticas antitabágicas, no desejo e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os resultados evidenciaram que as campanhas indutoras de medo foram percecionadas como mais eficazes e reduziram o desejo de fumar em fumadores. Políticas antitabágicas foram mais apoiadas por não fumadores. Futuramente deverá considerar-se que induzir diferentes emoções em campanhas antitabágicas pode ter efeitos distintos a nível afetivo e cognitivo, com possível relevância para a mudança comportamental.

Abstract Several anti-smoking campaigns have been used for decades to reduce smoking consumption. However, so far, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of inducing distinct emotions in reducing smoke consumption. This study tested the effects of two types of anti-smoking ads, inducing fear or humor, on emotions, perceived effectiveness, support for tobacco control policies, urges to smoke, and susceptibility to smoke. Participants (N = 108; 54 smokers) of both genders were randomly assigned to one of the two following emotion ads condition: fear (N = 52) or humor (N = 56). During exposure, the continuous flow of their emotions by self-report and physiologically was collected. Measures of ads impact on emotions, perceived effectiveness, urges and susceptibility to smoking, and support for tobacco policies were applied after exposure. The results have shown that fear ads were perceived as more effective and reduced the urges to smoke in smokers. Non-smokers were more supportive of tobacco control policies. In conclusion, this study showed that fear campaigns can reduce the urge to smoke among smokers and are perceived to be more effective. This perceived effectiveness can be partially explained by feelings of fear, regardless the other emotions it also triggers, and of the smoking status.

Resumo Várias campanhas antitabágicas são usadas para reduzir o consumo de tabaco. No entanto, até ao momento não existe um consenso sobre a eficácia da indução de emoções específicas nestas campanhas. Este estudo testou os efeitos de dois tipos de campanhas antitabágicas, induzindo Medo ou Humor, nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia das campanhas, no apoio a políticas antitabágicas, no desejo de fumar, e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os participantes (N = 108; 54 fumadores), de ambos os sexos, foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seguintes campanhas indutoras de emoções: medo (N = 52) ou humor (N = 56). Durante a exposição, registou-se o fluxo contínuo das emoções autorreportadas e as respostas fisiológicas. Após a exposição avaliou-se o impacto das campanhas nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia, nas políticas antitabágicas, no desejo e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os resultados evidenciaram que as campanhas indutoras de medo foram percecionadas como mais eficazes e reduziram o desejo de fumar em fumadores. Políticas antitabágicas foram mais apoiadas por não fumadores. Futuramente deverá considerar-se que induzir diferentes emoções em campanhas antitabágicas pode ter efeitos distintos a nível afetivo e cognitivo, com possível relevância para a mudança comportamental.

Abstract Several anti-smoking campaigns have been used for decades to reduce smoking consumption. However, so far, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of inducing distinct emotions in reducing smoke consumption. This study tested the effects of two types of anti-smoking ads, inducing fear or humor, on emotions, perceived effectiveness, support for tobacco control policies, urges to smoke, and susceptibility to smoke. Participants (N = 108; 54 smokers) of both genders were randomly assigned to one of the two following emotion ads condition: fear (N = 52) or humor (N = 56). During exposure, the continuous flow of their emotions by self-report and physiologically was collected. Measures of ads impact on emotions, perceived effectiveness, urges and susceptibility to smoking, and support for tobacco policies were applied after exposure. The results have shown that fear ads were perceived as more effective and reduced the urges to smoke in smokers. Non-smokers were more supportive of tobacco control policies. In conclusion, this study showed that fear campaigns can reduce the urge to smoke among smokers and are perceived to be more effective. This perceived effectiveness can be partially explained by feelings of fear, regardless the other emotions it also triggers, and of the smoking status.

Abstract: Introduction: Bleeding from the lower digestive tract in the small intestine represents a radiological, diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The angiotomography identifies the site of bleeding allowing direct catheterization to the origin, decreasing catheterization times, achieving rapid control of bleeding and timely metabolic stabilization. The embolization and marking with methylene blue decrease surgical, anesthetic time, intraoperative bleeding, resection length and related complications. Material and methods: Patients from 16 to 80 years old who went to the emergency department with bleeding of digestive low tube without identification in conventional methods and presence of angiodysplasias confirmed by angio TAC. Embolization and marking of the bleeding site was performed with post-intestinal resection. Results: Twenty patients were studied due to low digestive tract bleeding, 13 more male patients and seven female patients. An average age of 73 years was found, the intrahospital survival was 100%. Discussion: In this condition, surgery should be the last line of treatment due to diagnostic difficulty in the origin and wide range of error. Conclusion: Our study reflects the advantages of embolization in patients with bleeding from the lower digestive tract (BLDT).

Resumen: Introducción: El sangrado de tubo digestivo bajo en intestino delgado representa un reto radiológico, diagnóstico y terapéutico. La angiotomografía identifica el sitio de sangrado permitiendo entrar en hemodinamia directo al origen, disminuyendo tiempos de cateterismo, logrando un rápido control de la hemorragia y estabilización metabólica oportuna. La embolización y marcaje con azul de metileno disminuyen el tiempo quirúrgico, anestésico, sangrado intraoperatorio, longitud de resección y complicaciones relacionadas. Material y métodos: Pacientes de 16 a 80 años que acudieron al servicio de urgencias por sangrado de tubo digestivo bajo sin identificación en métodos convencionales del sitio de sagrado y presencia de angiodisplasias confirmadas por angio TAC. Se realizó embolización y marcaje del sitio de sangrado con posterior resección intestinal. Resultados: Se estudiaron 20 pacientes por sangrado de tubo digestivo bajo, 13 pacientes masculinos y siete pacientes femeninos, con una media de edad de 73 años, la sobrevida intrahospitalaria fue de 100%. Discusión: En este padecimiento la cirugía debe ser la última línea de tratamiento por dificultad diagnóstica en cuanto el origen y amplio rango de error. Conclusión: Nuestro estudio refleja las ventajas de la embolización en pacientes con sangrado de tubo digestivo bajo (STDB).

Abstract: Many neurobiologists use the fruit fly (Drosophila) as a model to study neuron interaction and neuron organization and then extrapolate this knowledge to the nature of human neurological disorders. Recently, the fluorescence microscopy images of fruit-fly neurons are commonly used, because of the high contrast. However, the detection of the neurons or cells is compromised by background signals, generating fuzzy boundaries. As a result, it is still common that in many laboratories, the detection, counting, and analysis of this microscope imagery is still a manual task. An automated detection, counting, and morphological analysis of these images can provide faster data processing and easier access to new information. The main objective of this work is to present a semi-automatic detection-counting system and give the main characteristics of images of the visual ganglia columns in Drosophila. We present the semi-automatic detection, count, segmentation and we concluded that it is possible to obtain an accuracy of 75% (with a Kappa statistic of 0.50) in the shape classification. Additionally, we develop python GUI CC Analyzer which can be used by neurobiology laboratories whose research interests are focused on this topic.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure. Methods: This was a case-control study conducted at the Brazilian Institute for Tuberculosis Research in the city of Salvador, Brazil, between 2007 and 2015. We evaluated 284 patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, comparing 50 cases of treatment failure with 234 control cases in which the final outcome was cure. Results: Treatment failure was attributed to smoking and age rather than to gender, income, level of education, alcohol consumption, or marital status. Therefore, even after adjustment for age, the risk of treatment failure was 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.1-4.1) higher among the patients with a history of smoking. In addition, being over 50 years of age was found to increase the likelihood of treatment failure by 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.4-6.0). Conclusions: Smoking and aging are both associated with pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure. Therefore, as part of a tuberculosis control program, health personnel should be prepared to offer strategies to promote smoking cessation and should be more careful with older patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el tabaquismo y el fracaso del tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar. Metodología: Este es un estudio caso - control, realizado en el Instituto Brasilero para la Investigación de la Tuberculosis en Salvador, Brasil entre 2007 y 2015. Se compararon 50 casos de fracaso en el tratamiento con 234 controles de pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar y con resultado final de cura. Resultados: Se atribuyó el fracaso del tratamiento al tabaquismo y a la edad, y no al sexo, salario, escolaridad, consumo de alcohol o estado civil. Así, aun después del ajuste por edad, los pacientes con antecedentes de tabaquismo tienen 2,1 (IC95% 1,1-4,1) veces más chance de fracaso en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Además, tener una edad mayor de 50 años mostró que la posibilidad de fracaso aumenta 2,8 (IC95% 1,4-6,0) veces más. Conclusiones: El tabaquismo está relacionado con el fracaso del tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar, así como también el envejecimiento. Por tal motivo, como parte del control de la tuberculosis, el personal de salud debe estar preparado para ofrecer estrategias que promuevan la cesación tabáquica y tener un mayor cuidado con pacientes de grupos etarios superiores.

Abstract Rats must forage adaptively, choose safe foods, and avoid poisonous foods. The social transmission of food preference paradigm is useful to study learning and memory. Several studies have found that the associations formed in that paradigms are examples of declarative memory. Scopolamine induces interference in learning and consolidation of memories in diverse tasks. In this experiment, we evaluated the effect of one dose of the drug on the memory formed in several trials of this paradigm. In three groups, we evaluated the effect of administering saline and scopolamine with a control group that received no treatment. Results showed that the dose of scopolamine interfered with the consolidation of a series of trials in the transmission of preference. We discussed the efect in relation to different studies that used diferent tasks. The results support that scopolamine impaired consolidation on social transmission of food preference.

Resumen Las ratas deben alimentarse de forma adaptativa, elegir comidas seguras y evitar comidas venenosas. El paradigma de transmisión social de preferencias alimenticias es útil para estudiar el aprendizaje y la memoria. Algunos estudios han encontrado que las asociaciones que se forman en ese paradigma son ejemplos de memoria declarativa. La escopolamina produce interferencia en el aprendizaje y en la consolidaci memorias en diferentes tareas. En este experimento evaluamos el efecto de una dosis de la droga sobre la memoria formada en varios ensayos en este paradigma. En tres grupos evaluamos el efecto de administrar salina o escopolamina con un grupo control que no recibió tratamiento. Los resultados mostraron que la dosis de escopolamina interfirió con la consolidación de una serie de ensayos en la transmisión de preferencia. Discutimos el efecto en relación a diferentes estudios que utilizaron diversas tareas. Los resultados apoyan que la escopolamina deterioró la consolidación de la transmisión social de preferencia.

Introduction: Development of clinical skills through simulation models is essential for a professional performance with minimal error on real patients. Objective: Define if there is a significant difference in the performance of the installation of a urinary catheter between simulation models and real patients from students of the forth year of the medical degree in Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Method: We performed a pilot study of educational intervention, we applied a program to achieve the process "Urinary catheter installation" (one hour theory and fifteen hours of practice per pupil) to a group of 11 students. Afterwards it was apply a checklist to measure the performance achieved in a simulation model (MS) patients and on real patients (PR). Statistical analysis was performed with Student's t-test. Results: Twenty parameters were evaluated and found significant differences (p<0.02) in the following steps: Before insertion; gather the material MS 11/11 (100%) and PR 2/11 (18%), verify the operation of urinary catheter MS 9/11 (82%) and PR 2/9 (22%). During insertion; Separate lips MS 7/11/64%) and PR 1/11 (9%), keeping the urinary catheter coiled MS 10/11 (91%) and PR 0/11 (0%), evaluate the characteristics of urine MS 4/11 (36%) and PR 0/11 (0%). After insertion; Connect drainage MS 10/11 (91%) and PR 1/11 (9%) and record the proceedings MS 7/11 (64%) and PR 2/11 (18%). Conclusions: Students achieve better skills on urinary catheter installation after simulation model training.

Introducción: El desarrollo de habilidades clínicas a través de modelos de simulación, es recomendable para un desempeño profesional con el mínimo de error en pacientes reales. Objetivo: Determinar si hay diferencias significativas en la instalación de sonda vesical, por un grupo de estudiantes del cuarto año de la Licenciatura de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, en modelos de simulación y en pacientes reales. Método: Estudio piloto de intervención educativa, se aplicó un programa para el logro del procedimiento "instalación de una sonda vesical" a un grupo de 11 estudiantes. Al término se aplicó una lista de cotejo para medir el desempeño alcanzado en un modelo de simulación (MS) y en pacientes reales (PR), la evaluación estadística fue con la prueba t de Student. Resultados: Se evaluaron 20 parámetros y hubo diferencias significativas (t de Student; p<0.02) en las diferentes etapas del procedimiento. Antes de la inserción: reunir el material MS 11/11 (100%) y PR 2/11 (18%), verificar el funcionamiento de la sonda MS 9/11 (82%) y PR 2/9 (22%). Durante la inserción: separar los labios MS 7/11 /64%) y PR 1/11 (9%), mantener la sonda en espiral MS 10/11 (91°%) y PR 0/11 (0°%), evaluar la orina MS 4/11 (36°%) y PR 0/11 (0°%). Después de la inserción: conectar el drenaje MS 10/11 (91%) y PR 1/11 (9%), y registrar el procedimiento MS 7/11 (64%) y PR 2/11 (18%). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes lograron un mejor desempeño en la instalación de la sonda vesical en MS que en PR.

O trabalho mostra a relação inversa entre o processo de democratização ocorrido no Brasil durante a década de 80 e o aumento nos níveis de violência na sociedade brasileira, medidos pelas estatísticas de mortalidade. Analisa as taxas de mortalidade por causas externas e calcula o número de anos perdidos por violência segundo o método de Arriaga para a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Em seguida realiza comparações com a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, outras regiões do Brasil e Buenos Aires. A relação entre violência e estrutura de relações sociais é mapeada com base nas caraterísticas específicas observadas no Brasil, como ponto de partida para uma "fenomenologia densa" e uma posterior explicação causal. Finalmente, sugere o aprofundamento da pesquisa interdisciplinar para compreender estas causas e contribuir para um debate em torno dos direitos civis e da ação afirmativa no que diz respeito a este problema de saúde pública.

This paper points out the inverse proportional relationship between the democratization process in Brazil during the 1980's and the increasing levels of violence in Brazilian society, as measured by mortality rate statistics. The authors analyze mortality rates from external causes and extend the research to the number of life years lost through violence (according to Arriaga's methodology) for the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area. Comparisons are made with the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, other regions of Brazil and the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. The relationship between violence and the structure of social relations is mapped from a number of specific characteristics observed in Brazil, to provide a basis for a "dense phenomenology" and a causal explanation. Finally, the article proposes greater interdisciplinary research as a means of discovering more about why these changes are occurring and to contribute to a debate on civil rights and affirmative action which might address this public health problem.

Cette étude s'attache à la relation inverse entre le processus de démocratisation qui a eu lieu au Brésil pendant les années 80 et l'accroissement des seuils de violence au sein de la société brésilienne (ces seuils ont été mesurés d'après les statistiques de mortalité). Les auteurs analysent les taux de mortalité par mort violente et présentent une étude chiffrée (suivant la méthode d'Arriaga) du nombre d'années de vie perdues à cause de la violence dans la région métropolitaine de la ville de Rio de Janeiro. Les auteurs établissent des comparaisons avec la région métropolitaine de São Paulo et d'autres régions du Brésil, ainsi qu'avec la capitale argentine, Buenos Aires. La relation entre la violence et la structure des relations sociales est définie suivant des caractéristiques spécifiques observées au Brésil. Ces caractéristiques ont été le point de départ d'une "phénoménologie dense" et d'une explication postérieure de ces causes. En guise de conclusion, l'étude suggère l'approfondissement de la recherche interdisciplinaire dans le but de mieux comprendre ces causes et de contribuer ainsi à un débat sur les droits civils et à la mise en place d'un système préventif contre ce genre de problème de santé publique.