ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

RESUMO: A presença de cães errantes está associada a impactos no meio ambiente e na saúde pública. São Paulo é uma cidade com aproximadamente 2.5 milhões de cães domiciliados e até o presente momento, não foram desenvolvidos estudos que descrevam a distribuição da população errante na cidade. Desta forma, não há suporte científico para planejar intervenções. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre os fatores sociodemográficos e ambientais da população local com a frequência com que relataram a visualização de cães errantes em fragmentos urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Foi definida uma amostra de conveniência composta por seis fragmentos urbanos, onde um questionário foi aplicado em uma amostra sistemática dos domicílios de cada área de estudo. Este questionário, aplicado entre outubro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011, determinou os fatores socio-econômicos de interesse e a percepção da presença de cães errantes pela população. Também foi estimada a presença de cães pelo método de marcação e recaptura fotográfica. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre a visualização de cães errantes pela população local e o grau de proximidade com cães e o manejo de resíduos do domicílio. Cães errantes foram observados em duas das seis áreas trabalhadas, em concordância com a maior percepção da sua presença pela população local. Intervenções nestes fatores e incentivo a guarda responsável são duas ações com potencial de contribuir para redução dos problemas causados pela presença de cães errantes.

ABSTRACT: Stray dogs are associated with environment and public health impacts. São Paulo is a city with approximately 2.5 million owned dogs and until the time of writing no studies describing the distribution of the stray dog population have been conducted in this city. Therefore, no scientific support for intervention plans is available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of local sociodemographic and environmental factors with the population perception of presence of stray dogs in urban fragments of São Paulo city. A convenience sample of six urban fragments was selected. In-depth interviews were performe, using a systematic random sample of households in each study area, between October/2010 and January/2011 to identify socio-demographic factors of interest and determine the population’s perception of stray dogs. Additionally, the presence of stray dogs was estimated by photographic mark-recapture method. The degree of human-dog proximity and environmental factors such as waste handling were associated to the sighting of stray dogs. Stray dogs were observed in two of the six study areas, agreeing with the greater population perception of this issue on those areas. Intervention in these factors and encouragement of responsible ownership are two potential solutions for management and reduction of problems associated with the presence of stray dogs.

ABSTRACT Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav., Piperaceae, popularly known as “elixir-paregórico” and “matricá” in Brazil, is used in folk medicine to treat gonorrhea, general pain, and digestive disorders, and has repellent, astringent, diuretic, depurative, and haemostatic properties. Despite the fact that this plant is sold as a traditional phytotherapeutic product, we did not find reports on its quality control. We, therefore, performed macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical, and physicochemical analyses using standard methods to establish botanical authentication and purity degree parameters for leaves and stem of this species in two forms: medicinal plant and herbal drug. We observed the size, shape, color, texture, fracture surface and transection characteristics, leaf venation patterns, and calluses are valuable diagnostic characters to identify the herbal drugs when they are not ground or powdered. Since medicinal plants and herbal drugs did not differ anatomically, the following key anatomical characters for P. callosum can be used for diagnostic purposes of both types raw plant materials: epicuticular wax and cuticular flanges patterns; collenchyma features; fibers in the midrib; arrangement pattern of the vascular bundles of the midrib and petiole; shape of the midrib, leaf margin, petiole, and stem; occurrence of raphides; and morphology of the starch grains. Acid lipids, essential oils, oleoresins, steroids, tannins and flavonoids were histochemically identified. Total ash (leaves: 11.25%; stem: 5.25%), sulphated ash (leaves: 68.02%; stem: 12.50%), acid-insoluble ash (leaves: 2.82%; stem: 0.27%), moisture (leaves: 8.60%; stem: 6.10%), loss on drying (leaves: 11.08%; stem: 8.58%), and pH (leaves: 5.57, stem: 5.28) values were determined. The order of analyzed metal levels in leaf and stem herbal drugs was Al > V > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni. Similar levels of Cd and Co and low levels of Hg were found. The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters for medicinal plants and herbal drugs of P. callosum.

A presenta-se uma proposta de ensino da eletricidade, por meio da aplicação de seus conceitos em conteúdos curriculares de aprendizagem das ciências agrárias. Com esse intuito, nesse trabalho, utilizou-se uma caixa contendo amostra de solo, no qual foram introduzidas uma população de minhocas da espécie californiana vermelha. Com isso, usou-se uma fonte variável de tensão AC e uma bateria de 12VDC, cuja finalidade foi produzir corrente elétrica na amostra de solo contido na caixa e, portanto, submeter a população de minhocas aos efeitos da passagem de eletricidade em seus corpos. Verificou-se que 50% da população é extraída ao se atingir 100 Volts, em 60 Hz. Com o uso dessa técnica procurou-se não ultrapassar esse limite para se manter o índice 100% de sobrevivência dos indivíduos. Dessa forma, objetiva-se destacar a potencialidade de conteúdos para aprendizagem de conceitos físicos, articulados em laboratório de ensino física com aporte em temas interdisciplinares relacionados ao estudo da eletricidade nas ciências agrárias.

We present a proposal of electricity teaching through application its concepts with the curriculum contents of agricultural sciences learning. Indeed, in this work is used a box containing soil sample inside, in which was introduced red Californian earthworm population. Therefore, are used a source of AC voltage and 12VDC battery, producing electricity in soil and then in the earthworm's body. It was found that 50% of the population is extracted when reaching 100 volts, 60 Hz. By using this technique we tried to not exceed this limit to maintain the 100% survival rate of individuals. In doing so, the purpose of this article is to highlight the potential contents for learning physical concepts, articulated in physics teaching laboratory with investments in interdisciplinary topics related to the study of electricity applied in the agricultural sciences.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar células da geleia de Wharton do cordão umbilical (GWCU) ovino coletado por ocasião do parto natural, utilizando-se diferentes meios de cultivo, além de relatar, pela primeira vez, sua permissividade à infecção in vitro por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs). Dez cordões umbilicais foram coletados de ovelhas hígidas e soronegativas para LVPRs pelo teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA). De cada cordão, explantes foram cultivados em quatro meios distintos que consistiram em MEM, DMEM baixa glicose, meio 199 e RPMI-1640, todos acrescidos de 10% de soro fetal bovino em estufa com atmosfera úmida e 5% de CO2 a 37ºC. A permissividade de infecção das células GWCU ovino foi testada frente às cepas CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514, inoculando-se 0,1 MOI de cada cepa viral e corando as monocamadas com May Grunwald Giemsa para visualização do efeito citopático. Foram obtidos quatro sobrenadantes CAEV-Cork e quatro MVV-K1514, provenientes do cultivo de células GWCU ovino infectadas por 21 dias em meios distintos, dos quais foram realizadas titulação em membrana sinovial caprina e extração do DNA pró-viral para realização de nested-PCR e eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2%. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de efeito citopático na infecção in vitro tanto por CAEV-Cork como por MVV-K1514 em todos os meios de cultivo, sendo visualizados sincícios e lise celular em microscópio invertido. A nested-PCR detectou o DNA pró-viral tanto do CAEV-Cork como do MVV-K1514 em todos os sobrenadantes. Os sobrenadantes contendo o vírus CAEV-Cork apresentaram títulos em TCID50/mL de 105,5 em MEM, 104,0 em DMEM baixa glicose, 105,0 em meio 199 e 105,7 em RPMI-1640. Os sobrenadantes contendo o vírus MVV-K1514 apresentaram título em TCID50/mL de 104,3 em MEM, 103,5 em DMEM baixa glicose, 104,7 em meio 199 e 103,5 em RPMI-1640. Células GWCU ovino são permissivas à infecção in vitro pelos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to isolate cells from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord (WJUC) of sheep collected during natural parturition using different culture media, in addition to reporting for the first time the permissiveness of these cells to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentiviruses. Ten umbilical cords were collected from healthy sheep. Each cord explants were grown in different media consisting of MEM, low glucose DMEM, M199, and RPMI-1640. The permissiveness of infection of sheep cells from WJUC was tested with CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 strains, inoculating 0.1 MOI of each viral strain. Four supernatants from each strain were obtained from WJUC sheep cell cultures infected in different media. The results demonstrated the presence of cytopathic effect after the in vitro infection by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 with all of the tested culture media. Nested-PCR detected proviral DNA in all supernatants. Supernatants containing CAEV-Cork viruses had TCID50/ml titres of 105.5 in MEM, 104.0 in low glucose DMEM, 105.0 in M199, and 105.7 in RPMI-1640. Supernatants containing the MVV-K1514 virus had TCID50/ml titres of 104.3 in MEM, 103.5 in low-glucose DMEM, 104.7 in M199, and 103.5 in RPMI-1640. Sheep cells from WJUC are permissive to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentivirus.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade alelopática dos lixiviados das raízes e folhas secas de Asemeia extraaxillaris sobre o crescimento de corda de viola Ipomoea cordifolia em casa de vegetação, para avaliação dos efeitos sobre o estresse oxidativo. Nos bioensaios foram utilizadas três concentrações (0,25 - 5,00 e 10,00 g) e um controle, com quatro repetições de 10 plantas, cultivadas em solo durante 30 dias. Os lixiviados possuem ação alelopática e o maior efeito foi verificado para o pó das raizes. O efeito inibitório foi dose-dependente e o aumento do estresse oxidativo foi observado pelos níveis da catalase, peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, glutationa redutase, peroxidação lipídica e síntese de formazan. Concluiu-se que A. extraaxillaris possui substâncias capazes de afetar a emergência, o crescimento e o estresse oxidativo de I. cordifolia.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to assess the allelopathic activity of leachates from the roots and dried leaves of Asemeia extraaxillaris on the germination and growth of corda de viola (Ipomoea cordifolia) in a greenhouse, and evaluate its effect on oxidative stress. For the bioassays, three concentrations (0.25, 5.00, and 10.00 g) and one control were used, with four replications of 10 plants, cultivated in soil for 30 days. The leachates exhibited allelopathic action, and the greatest effect was found in the root powder. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent and the increase in oxidative stress was observed by the levels of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation, and formazan synthesis. It was affirmed that A. extraaxillaris contains substances capable of affecting seedling emergence, growth, and oxidative stress in I. cordifolia.

This experiment was conducted in the laboratory of sheep-raising of the Federal University of Santa Maria aiming to evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep breeds Texel and Ideal, finished in feedlot with diets containing different levels of soybean hulls in place of sorghum silage. Forty male uncastrated lambs were used, 20 from the Texel breed and 20 from Ideal breed, weaned approximately at 50 days and housed in individual pens were randomly divided into four groups according to the level of inclusion of soybean hulls in the diet: 0 %, 33.5 %, 66.5 % and 100 % of soybean hulls in replacement of sorghum silage. The time spent in feed activities, chewing time and the total time spent per meal decreased linearly, while the period of idleness and feeding efficiency of rumination increased linearly with increasing level of sorghum silage substitution by soybean hulls. Texel lambs remained more time on rumination activities and total chewing, spent more time per meal, spent less time in idleness and showed less rumination efficiency when compared with Ideal lambs when confined in the finishing phase.

O presente experimento, conduzido no laboratório de ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros das raças Texel e Ideal, terminados em confinamento com dietas contendo diferentes teores de casca de soja em substituição da silagem de sorgo. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros machos não castrados, sendo 20 provenientes da raça Texel e 20 da raça Ideal, desmamados aproximadamente aos 50 dias e confinados em baias individuais, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de acordo com o nível de inclusão de casca de soja na dieta: 0 %, 33,5 %, 66,5 % e 100 % de casca de soja em substituição a silagem de sorgo. O tempo despendido em atividades de alimentação, tempo de mastigação total e o tempo gasto por refeição diminuíram linearmente, enquanto que o período de ócio e a eficiência de alimentação e de ruminação aumentaram linearmente, com o aumento do nível de substituição de silagem de sorgo por casca de soja. Cordeiros da raça Texel permaneceram por mais tempo em atividades de ruminação e de mastigação total, gastaram mais tempo por refeição, permaneceram menos tempo em ócio e apresentaram menor eficiência de ruminação quando comparados com cordeiros da raça Ideal, quando confinados em fase de terminação.

Avaliou-se o desempenho de vacas leiteiras que consumiram polpa cítrica e dois teores dietéticos de silagem de grão úmido de milho. Os tratamentos foram: milho de textura dura ou milho de textura macia ensilado na linha negra, em fatorial com 9% ou 18% de milho na dieta. O teor de polpa cítrica na dieta foi de 16,2% ou 25,6%, com alto e baixo milho, respectivamente. Doze vacas receberam os tratamentos em quadrados latinos 4x4. A produção diária de leite foi 27,9kg no milho duro e 28,8 no macio (P=0,19). Alto milho diminuiu o teor de gordura do leite de 3,38 para 3,26% (P=0,04) e aumentou o teor de proteína de 2,99 para 3,03% (P=0,05) e a eficiência alimentar de 1,50 para 1,57kg de leite/kg de consumo (P=0,03). Aumento no teor de milho induziu maior queda no pH ruminal na dieta com milho macio do que na dieta com milho duro (P=0,05 para a interação textura versus teor de milho). O milho macio aumentou o consumo diário de matéria orgânica digestível de 11,7 para 12,3kg (P=0,05). Os parâmetros digestivos sugerem que a ensilagem não eliminou totalmente o efeito da textura do endosperma sobre a digestibilidade do milho.

Lactating cow performance on diets containing citrus pulp and two levels of high moisture corn silage was evaluated. Treatments were: hard texture corn or soft texture corn ensiled at the black layer, with a 9% or 18% factorial corn in the diet. Dietary citrus pulp content was 16.2% or 25.6%, for high and low corn, respectively. Twelve cows received the treatments in 4x4 Latin Squares. Daily milk yield was 27.9kg for hard corn and 28.8 for soft (P=0.19). High corn decreased milk fat content from 3.38 to 3.26% (P=0.04), and increased protein content from 2.99 to 3.03% (P=0.05) and feed efficiency from 1.50 to 1.57kg of milk/kg of intake (P=0.03). The increase of corn content generated a greater decrease in ruminal pH in the soft corn diet than in the hard corn diet (P=0.05 for the interaction of texture versus corn content). Soft corn increased the daily intake of digestible organic matter from 11.7 to 12.3kg (P=0.05). Digestive parameters suggest that ensilaging did not totally eliminate the endosperm texture effect on corn digestibility.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays an important role in the assessment of functional capacity in patients with interstitial lung disease. The aim of this study was to identify CPET measures that might be helpful in predicting the vital capacity and diffusion capacity outcomes of patients with thoracic sarcoidosis. A longitudinal study was conducted on 42 nonsmoking patients with thoracic sarcoidosis (median age = 46.5 years, 22 females). At the first evaluation, spirometry, the measurement of single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (D LCOsb) and CPET were performed. Five years later, the patients underwent a second evaluation consisting of spirometry and D LCOsb measurement. After 5 years, forced vital capacity (FVC)% and D LCOsb% had decreased significantly [95.5 (82-105) vs 87.5 (58-103) and 93.5 (79-103) vs 84.5 (44-102), respectively; P < 0.0001 for both]. In CPET, the peak oxygen uptake, maximum respiratory rate, breathing reserve, alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient at peak exercise (P(A-a)O2), and Δ SpO2 values showed a strong correlation with the relative differences for FVC% and D LCOsb% (P < 0.0001 for all). P(A-a)O2 ≥22 mmHg and breathing reserve ≤40% were identified as significant independent variables for the decline in pulmonary function. Patients with thoracic sarcoidosis showed a significant reduction in FVC% and D LCOsb% after 5 years of follow-up. These data show that the outcome measures of CPET are predictors of the decline of pulmonary function.

Avaliou-se a substituição parcial de farelo de soja na dieta-controle por ureia encapsulada ou por ureia, ambos acrescidos de polpa cítrica. Dezoito vacas foram alocadas a uma sequência de três tratamentos, em seis quadrados latinos 3x3, com períodos de 21 dias. O teor de proteína bruta nas dietas foi 15,5%, cerca de 1,5% oriundo de nitrogênio não proteico (NNP). O uso de NNP reduziu o consumo diário de matéria seca em 0,8kg (P=0,04), sem influenciar a produção de leite (31,5kg, P=0,98). A conversão do alimento em leite foi menor na dieta-controle (P<0,09). As fontes de NNP aumentaram o teor de N-ureico no plasma (NUP) duas horas após a alimentação da manhã (P=0,06). A frequência de NUP acima de 22,0mg/dL foi maior com ureia (P<0,01), similarmente ao observado para o teor e a secreção diária de N-ureico no leite (P<0,01). A substituição de farelo de soja por NNP e polpa cítrica melhorou a eficiência alimentar, sem afetar o balanço de nitrogênio.

The partial replacement of the soybean meal in the control diet for encapsulated urea or urea, both with added citrus pulp was evaluated. Eighteen Holstein cows were allocated to a sequence of the three treatments, in six 3x3 latin squares, with 21-day periods. The dietary level of crude protein was 15.5%, around 1.5% from non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The use of NPN reduced 0.8kg of daily dry matter intake (P=0.04), without affecting milk yield (31.5kg, P=0.98). The conversion of feed into milk decreased for the control diet (P<0.09). The NPN sources increased plasma urea-N (PUN) two hours after the morning feeding (P=0.06). The frequency of PUN above 22.0mg/dL was increased by urea (P<0.01), similarly to the observed for milk urea-N content and daily secretion (P<0.01). The replacement of soybean meal for NPN and citrus pulp improved feed efficiency, without affecting the nitrogen balance.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maternal hydration with oral isotonic solution and water on the amniotic fluid (AF) index of women with normohydramnios. Women with a normal AF index and gestational age between 33 and 36 weeks without maternal complications were randomized into three groups [isotonic solution (Gatorade®), water, control]. The isotonic solution and water groups were instructed to drink 1.5 L of the respective solution and the control group was instructed to drink 200 mL water over a period of 2 to 4 h. AF index was measured before and after hydration by Doppler ultrasonography. The investigator performing the AF index measurement was blind to the subject’s group. Ninety-nine women completed the study without any adverse maternal effects. The median increase in AF index after hydration was significantly greater for the isotonic solution and water groups than for the control group. There was no significant difference between the isotonic solution and water groups. Hydration with isotonic solution and water caused a 10-fold (95%CI: 2.09-49.89) and 6-fold (95%CI: 1.16-30.95) increase in the chance of a 20% increase of AF index, respectively. Maternal hydration with isotonic solution or water increased the AF index in women with normohydramnios.

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de quatro proporções, 0, 7, 14 e 21%, de bagaço de mandioca na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em 20 novilhas leiteiras, ¾Gir x ¼Holandês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 180kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e receberam dietas compostas por silagem de sorgo como volumoso. Avaliaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) aparente de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e determinaram-se os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) das dietas. Os CD de MS, MO, PB e FDA não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. Os CD do EE foram de 80,9; 73,2; 74,7 e 68,3%; da FDN de 55,0; 48,3; 49,1 e 37,4% e do CNF de 87,9; 89,5; 84,6 e 83,1% para as proporções de 0, 7, 14 e 21%, respectivamente. O teor de NDT das dietas teve redução linear quando se elevou a proporção de bagaço na dieta, apresentando valores de 68,0; 66,2; 67,0 e 62,5% para os tratamentos com 0, 7, 14 e 21%, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a de inclusão de bagaço de mandioca na dieta de novilhas leiteiras em até 14%.

The inclusion of 0, 7, 14, and 21% of cassava bagasse was evaluated on apparent digestibility of nutrients in dairy heifers. Twenty ¾Gir x ¼Holstein dairy heifers averaging 180kg initial mean body were used. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design and received diets composed by sorghum silage as roughage. The apparent digestibility coefficients (DC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were evaluated and total digestible nutrients of diets (TDN), were determined. DM, OM, CP, and ADF digestibility coefficients were not affected by treatments. DC of the EE were 80.9, 73.2, 74.7, and 68.3%; for NDF 55.0, 48.3, 49.1, and 37.4% and for NFC of the 87.9, 89.5, 84.6, and 83.1% for 0, 7, 14, and 21% treatments, respectively. TDN content had linear reduction as diet cassava bagasse level increased, showing values of 68.0, 66.2, 67.0, and 62.5% for 0, 7, 14, and 21% treatments, respectively. It is recommended the inclusion of cassava bagasse for dairy heifers diet until 14%.

A inclusão de quatro níveis, 0, 7, 14 e 21%, de bagaço de mandioca na dieta de novilhas leiteiras foi avaliada durante 56 dias. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhas leiteiras ¾Gir x ¼Holandês. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, recebendo dietas compostas por silagem de sorgo e concentrado, duas vezes ao dia. As dietas foram balanceadas para promover ganho de peso de 0,70kg/dia. Realizaram-se pesagens, a cada 28 dias, para determinar o ganho de peso. Avaliaram-se o consumo dos nutrientes, o ganho médio diário (GMD) e a conversão alimentar (CA). O consumo foi expresso em kg/dia, porcentagem do peso corporal (%PC) e gramas por kg de peso metabólico (g/kg0,75). Os consumos de matéria seca e de proteína bruta não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, mas os consumos de fibra em detergente neutro e de fibra em detergente ácido apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente com o aumento do nível de bagaço; para o consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos, houve aumento linear (P<0,10). O GMD foi de 0,84; 0,80; 0,79 e 0,51kg/dia e a CA de 7,2; 7,5; 8,4 e 12,6 para os tratamentos 0, 7, 14 e 21% de inclusão do bagaço de cana, respectivamente. O melhor nível de utilização de bagaço de mandioca na dieta de novilhas foi 14%.

The inclusion of 0, 7, 14, and 21% of cassava bagasse in the diet of dairy was evaluated during 56 days. Twenty ¾Gir x ¼Holstein heifers were used, being five animals per treatment. The diets were balanced to provide a weight gain of 0.70kg/day, and it was measured at every 28 days. Intake of nutrients, average daily weight gain (DWG), and feed conversion (FC) were evaluated. The intake was expressed in kg/day, body weight percentage (BW%) and grams for kg of metabolic weight (g/kg0.75). The intakes of dry matter and crude protein were not affected by the inclusion of cassava bagasse to the diet, but intakes of the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber linearly decreased with the increase of the cassava bagasse level. However, the intake of non-fiber carbohydrates linearly increased (P<0.10). The DWG was 0.84; 0.80; 0.79; and 0.51 kg/day and the FC was 7.2; 7.5; 8.4; and 12.6 for treatments 0, 7, 14, and 21%, respectively. The best level of cassava bagasse utilization in diets of heifers was 14%.

A fim de produzir caprinos transgênicos para o hG-CSF, utilizou-se 24 cabras Saanen adultas e 48 cabras sem raça definida adultas como doadoras e receptoras, respectivamente. As doadoras tiveram o estro sincronizado por esponjas vaginais e foram superovuladas com 200 mg de FSH em doses decrescentes, duas vezes ao dia e iniciando 48 h antes da retirada da esponja. A ovulação foi induzida pela injeção de 100 µg de GnRH às 36 h após a retirada da esponja. As receptoras também receberam um tratamento de sincronização do estro. As doadoras foram cobertas por bodes Saanen férteis e, aproximadamente 72 h após a retirada da esponja, os zigotos foram colhidos cirurgicamente por lavagem dos ovidutos. Os zigotos colhidos foram rapidamente centrifugados para uma melhor visualização dos pró-núcleos. A construção de DNA, contendo o gene do hG-CSF flanqueado pelos genes caprino e bovino da alfas1-caseína, foi injetada em 129 embriões. Os embriões microinjetados (3 a 6 por receptora) foram transferidos para 27 receptoras que responderam ao tratamento. Dez receptoras ficaram gestantes e 12 crias foram produzidas. Um macho transgênico fundador foi identificado no grupo de crias nascidas. Este é o primeiro relato do nascimento de um caprino transgênico na América Latina.

In order to produce transgenic goats with hG-CSF, a total of 24 adult Saanen and 48 adult undefined breed goats were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Donors were estrus-synchronized with vaginal sponges and superovulated by a treatment with 200 mg FSH given twice daily in decreasing doses over 3 days starting 48 h before sponge removal. Ovulation was induced by injecting 100µg GnRH 36 h after sponge removal. The recipients also received an estrus synchronization treatment. Donors were mated with fertile Saanen bucks and, approximately 72 h after sponge removal, zygotes were recovered surgically by flushing oviducts. The recovered zygotes were briefly centrifuged to a reliable visualization of the pronuclei. The DNA construct containing hG-CSF gene flanked by goat and bovine alphas1-casein sequences was injected into pronuclei of 129 zygotes. The microinjected embryos (3-6 per female) were transferred to 27 recipients. Ten recipients became pregnant and 12 kids were born. One transgenic male founder was identified in the group of kids. This is the first report of a birth of a transgenic goat in Latin America.