Resumo Este estudo investigou os efeitos de um produto em pó fortificado com vitaminas e minerais e suplementado com inulina, no estado nutricional de ferro e vitamina A de 110 crianças pré-escolares do município de Viçosa, MG, Brasil. As crianças, de 2 a 5 anos de idade, foram submetidos às avaliações antropométrica (peso e altura), bioquímica (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio - VCM, hemoglobina corpuscular média - HCM, ferro sérico, ferritina e retinol sérico) e dietética (pesagem direta dos alimentos, recordatório de 24 h e registro alimentar), no início e ao final de uma intervenção de 45 dias. O suplemento (30 g) foi ministrado diariamente no lanche da tarde, diluído em 100 ml de água, 5 vezes/semana, fornecendo 30% das doses diárias recomendadas de ferro, zinco, cobre e vitaminas A e C. Os dados dietéticos e bioquímicos foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon e, para os dados antropométricos, utilizou-se o teste-t pareado. Os valores de z-escore (peso e altura), eritrócitos, hemoglobina, VCM, HCM e ferritina foram significativamente maiores após a intervenção; nenhuma mudança foi observada no retinol sérico. O suplemento aumentou significativamente a ingestão de energia, macro e micronutrientes e foi eficaz na melhoria do estado nutricional de ferro e antropométrico.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a vitamin and mineral fortified powder product supplemented with inulin, on the iron and vitamin A status of 110 pre-schools childrens in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The 2 to 5-year-old children were submitted to anthropometric (weight and height), biochemical (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume – MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin - MCH, serum iron, ferritin and serum retinol) and dietary (direct food weighing, 24 h recall, and food intake record) evaluations, at the beginning and at the end of a 45-day intervention. The supplement (30 g) was provided daily as part of the afternoon snack, diluted in 100 mL of water, 5 times/week and it supplied 30% of the recommended daily doses of iron, zinc, copper and vitamins A and C. Dietary and biochemical data was compared by the Wilcoxon test, and anthropometric data by the paired t-test. Values of z-scores for weight and height, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and ferritin were significantly higher after intervention; no change was observed in serum retinol. The prebiotic-containing supplement significantly increased the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients, and was effective in improving the iron and anthropometric status.

Resumo Este estudo investigou os efeitos de um produto em pó fortificado com vitaminas e minerais e suplementado com inulina, no estado nutricional de ferro e vitamina A de 110 crianças pré-escolares do município de Viçosa, MG, Brasil. As crianças, de 2 a 5 anos de idade, foram submetidos às avaliações antropométrica (peso e altura), bioquímica (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio - VCM, hemoglobina corpuscular média - HCM, ferro sérico, ferritina e retinol sérico) e dietética (pesagem direta dos alimentos, recordatório de 24 h e registro alimentar), no início e ao final de uma intervenção de 45 dias. O suplemento (30 g) foi ministrado diariamente no lanche da tarde, diluído em 100 ml de água, 5 vezes/semana, fornecendo 30% das doses diárias recomendadas de ferro, zinco, cobre e vitaminas A e C. Os dados dietéticos e bioquímicos foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon e, para os dados antropométricos, utilizou-se o teste-t pareado. Os valores de z-escore (peso e altura), eritrócitos, hemoglobina, VCM, HCM e ferritina foram significativamente maiores após a intervenção; nenhuma mudança foi observada no retinol sérico. O suplemento aumentou significativamente a ingestão de energia, macro e micronutrientes e foi eficaz na melhoria do estado nutricional de ferro e antropométrico.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a vitamin and mineral fortified powder product supplemented with inulin, on the iron and vitamin A status of 110 pre-schools childrens in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The 2 to 5-year-old children were submitted to anthropometric (weight and height), biochemical (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume – MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin - MCH, serum iron, ferritin and serum retinol) and dietary (direct food weighing, 24 h recall, and food intake record) evaluations, at the beginning and at the end of a 45-day intervention. The supplement (30 g) was provided daily as part of the afternoon snack, diluted in 100 mL of water, 5 times/week and it supplied 30% of the recommended daily doses of iron, zinc, copper and vitamins A and C. Dietary and biochemical data was compared by the Wilcoxon test, and anthropometric data by the paired t-test. Values of z-scores for weight and height, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and ferritin were significantly higher after intervention; no change was observed in serum retinol. The prebiotic-containing supplement significantly increased the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients, and was effective in improving the iron and anthropometric status.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou a modulação da microbiota gastrointestinal, do perfil de ácidos orgânicos e de lipídeos em ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas, sendo que algumas receberam dieta suplementada com 6% de fruto-oligossacarídeos e inulina, a partir do produto a base de yacon, e outras não. Métodos: Analisou-se o peso do ceco, pH e ácidos orgânicos, microbiota do conteúdo cecal, colesterol total e frações. Resultados: No grupo que recebeu a dieta suplementada durante todo o experimento ocorreu modulação benéfica da microbiota intestinal em função da fermentação dos fruto-oligossacarídeos/inulina, bem como aumento do perfil de lactato (p<0,05) e do nível de lipoproteina alta densidade (p<0,05). Conclusão: Isso sugere que o hábito de consumo contínuo do yacon tem potencial para modular a microbiota intestinal, o perfil de ácidos orgânicos e para diminuir as dislipidemias.

ABSTRACT Objective: Fructans, a type of inulin present in yacon based products, can modulate microbiota and fatty acid profile, performing many beneficial roles. From this perspective, this study assessed the modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota, organic acid profile, and lipid profile of ovariectomized Wistar rats fed or not a diet containing 6% fructooligosaccharides and inulin from a yacon based product. Methods: Cecum weight, pH, and organic acids, cecal content microbiota, total cholesterol, and fractions were analyzed. Results: The group fed the diet supplemented with fructooligosaccharides and inulin during the study period experienced beneficial modulation of their intestinal microbiota stemming from fructooligosaccharide/inulin fermentation and increased lactate profile (p<0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Conclusion: This suggests that regular yacon intake can potentially modulate the intestinal microbiota and organic acid profile, and reduce dyslipidemia.

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of defatted flaxseed meal on the appearance of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Materials and Methods: ACF were induced by intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg body weight of DMH for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three treatments (n=8): AIN93M diet without fibers + DMH (C-); AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal (LIN); and AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal + DMH (LINCA), for 15 weeks. The technique RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of p16, p21, p53, cyclin D1, and cyclin E in the distal colon. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD8 spleen cells, the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in stool, the quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp. in feces. Results: LIN and LINCA showed increased Bifidobacterium spp. compared with control (C-). In relation to the weight of the organs, the groups LIN and LINCA showed higher values for the liver and kidney compared with control (C-). Regarding ACF, the group LINCA presented fewer ACF in the middle and distal colon compared with control (C-). When we analyzed ACF with more than three crypts the group LIN and LINCA did not present ACF in the middle and distal segments. LINCA presented increased p53 gene expression. Conclusion: This finding suggests that defatted flaxseed meal reduces ACF by increasing the expression of p53 and increase Bifidobacterium spp.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto preventivo de la harina de linaza desgrasada en el desarrollo de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) en ratones tratados con 1,2-dimethylhydrazina (DMH). Material y Métodos: FCA se indujo por inyección intraperitoneal de 20 mg / kg de DMH por kilogramo de peso corporal durante 8 semanas. Los animales fueron divididos en 3 grupos (n = 8): dieta sin fibra de la dieta AIN93M DMH + (C); Dieta AIN93M con harina de linaza desgrasada (LIN); dieta AIN93M y la dieta con harina de linaza desgrasada + DMH (Enlace) durante 15 semanas. RT-PCR se utilizó para evaluar la expresión de p16, p21, p53, ciclina D1, ciclina E y el colon distal. Los análisis CD4 y CD8 se realizaron con citometría de flujo, así como la cuantificación presencia de Bifidobacterium spp. y de Clostridium spp. en las heces. La cuantificación de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) fue realizada por lo método de cromatografía de gas. Resultados: LIN y LINCA mostraron un aumento significativo de Bifidobacterium spp., en comparación con el control (C) (p <0,05). Con relación al peso de los órganos, los grupos LIN y LINCA mostraron valores aumentados de hígado y riñón en comparación con el control (C) (p<0,05). Encuanto a la FCA, los grupos FCA LINCA mostró menor en los dos puntos media y distal en comparación con el control (C) (p <0,05). Cuando analizamos FCA con más de tres focos de criptas aberrantes, los grupos LIN y LINCA no presentaron FCA en los segmentos medial y distal, en contraste con el grupo control (p <0,05). LINCA mostró aumento de la expresión del gen p53 (p <0,05). Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que la harina de linaza desgrasada reduce FCA, para aumentar la expresión de p53.

Background: Studies have shown fibers to be effective in reducing the appearance of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rodents. Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin prebiotics on the appearance of ACF in mice. Materials and Methods: The techniques used were: RT-PCR to evaluate the gene expression of p16, p21, p54, cyclin D1 and cyclin E in the distal colon; the quantification of Number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and measurement of catalase activity in the liver and distal colon. The animals were divided into five treatments (n=8); C-: AIN93M diet without fibers + DMH (1,2-dimethylhydrazine); INL: AIN93M diet with inulin; INLCA: AIN93M diet with inulin + DMH; FOS: AIN93M diet with FOS; FOSCA: AIN93M diet with FOS + DMH, during 15 weeks. Results: Inulin prevented the appearance of ACF in the proximal, middle and distal colon, compared to the control without fibers. In the middle and distal colon, FOS was also effective in preventing the incidence of ACF. This effectiveness may be attributed to the increased gene expression of p16 following FOS treatment. Both prebiotics also decreased catalase activity in the distal colon, thus suggesting an antioxidant effect. Conclusion: These results suggesting an antioxidant effect prebiotics that may be attributed to the increased gene expression of p16.

Introducción: Existen estudios que demuestran la eficacia de fibras para reducir la aparición de focos de cripta aberrantes (FCA) en roedores. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en investigar los efectos preventivos de los fructooligosacáridos (FOS) y el prebiótico inulina sobre la aparición de FCA en ratones. Materiales y métodos: Las técnicas empleadas fueron: RT-PCR para evaluar la expresión gènica de p16, p21, p54, ciclina D1 y ciclina E en el colon distal; la cuantificación del Número de FCA y la medición de la actividad de la catalasa en el hígado y el colon distal. Los animales fueron divididos en cinco tratamientos (n=8); C-: dieta AIN93M sin fibra + DMH (1.2-dimetilhidrazina); INL: dieta AIN93M con inulina; INLCA: dieta AIN93M con inulina + DMH; FOS: dieta ANIN93M con FOS; FOSCA: dieta AIN93M con FOS + DMH, durante 15 semanas. Resultados: La inulina previno la aparición de FCA en el colon proximal, medio y distal, comparado con el control sin fibras. En el colon medio y distal, FOS también fue efectiva para prevenir la incidencia de FCA. Esta efectividad podría ser atribuida al aumento de la expresión génica de p16 tras el tratamiento con FOS. Ambos prebióticos también disminuyeron la actividad de la catalasa en el colon distal, lo que sugiere un efecto antioxidante. Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren un efecto antioxidante de los prebióticos que podría atribuirse a un aumento de la expresión génica de p16.

Introduction: Kefir is obtained by fermentation of milk with complex microbial populations present in kefir grains. Several health-promoting benefits have been attributed to kefir consumption. Objective: The objective of this work was to conduct a subchronic toxicity study, offering the rats normal or high-doses of kefir and evaluating growth, hematology and blood chemistry, as well as assessing bacterial translocation and the integrity of the intestinal mucosa of animals. Methods: Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6/group): control group received 0.7 mL of water, kefir group received 0.7 mL/day of kefir, (normodose), and Hkefir group received 3.5 mL/day of kefir (fivefold higher dose). Feeding was carried out by gavage. The animals were housed in individual cages and maintained under standard conditions for 4 weeks. Results: The normodose and high-dose of kefir supplementation did not harm the animals since growth, hematology and blood chemistry in rats, as well as the potential pathogenicity in tissues were within normal limits, demonstrating that consumption of normodose and highdose of kefir are safe. In addition, administration of the normodose of kefir reduced cholesterol levels and improved the intestinal mucosa of the rats. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the consumption of kefir is safe. Importantly, while damages are not seen for the high-dose, the normodose consumption is recommended due to the pronounced beneficial effects, as safety is concerned.

Introducción: El kéfir es obtenido por fermentación de la leche con una población microbiana compleja presente en sus granos. Al consumo de kéfir se le atribuyen múltiples efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la toxicidad subcrónica del kéfir en ratas Wistar, administrado por vía oral en dosis normal (normodosis) y sobredosis. Se evaluaron además, los parámetros de peso corporal, hematología, química sanguínea, translocación bacteriana e integridad de la mucosa intestinal. Métodos: Se conformaron tres grupos de seis animales de manera aleatoria: grupo control, recibió 0,7 mL de agua; grupo kéfir recibió 0,7 mL/día de kéfir (normodosis) y grupo Hkéfir recibió 3,5 mL/día de kéfir (dosis cinco veces superior). La administración se llevó a cabo mediante sonda. Los animales se alojaron individualmente, y se mantuvieron bajo las mismas condiciones de manejo y alimentación durante 4 semanas. Resultados: La administración de kéfir en dosis normal y sobredosis no afectó los parámetros evaluados en los animales, el peso corporal, indicadores hematológicos, de química sanguínea, y la patogenicidad potencial en los tejidos se encontraron dentro de límites normales, lo que demostró que el consumo de kéfir en dosis normal y sobredosis es seguro. Además, se evidenció que la administración de normodosis de kéfir redujo los niveles de colesterol y mejoró la mucosa intestinal de las ratas. Conclusión: Se demostró que el consumo de kéfir es seguro. Destacar que, la administración de sobredosis no evidenció daños, no obstante, se recomienda el consumo de normodosis, debido a los marcados efectos beneficiosos y de seguridad.

The artisanal Minas cheese is produced from raw cow's milk and wooden utensils were employed in its manufacture, which were replaced by other materials at the request of local laws. This substitution caused changes in the traditional characteristics of cheese. Due to the absence of scientific studies indicating the microbial composition of biofilms formed on wooden forms, tables and shelves used in these cheese production, the present work evaluated the counts of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, coliforms at 32 °C, yeasts, presumptive mesophilic Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp. in these biofilms, milk, whey endogenous culture and ripened cheese in two traditional regions: Serro and Serra da Canastra. Also, we checked for the presence of Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the ripened cheeses. The ultra structure of the biofilms was also assessed. Counts above legislation (> 2 log cfu/mL) for the pathogens evaluated were found in milk samples from both regions. Only one shelf and one form from Serro were above limits proposed (5 cfu/cm² for S. aureus and E. coli and 25 cfu/cm² for coliforms) in this study for contaminants evaluated. In Canastra, few utensils presented safe counting of pathogens. There was no Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the cheeses after ripening. Thus, the quality of the cheese is related to improving the microbiological quality of milk, implementation and maintenance of good manufacturing practices, correct cleaning of wooden utensils, and not its replacement.

In this study, the potential of kefir grains, obtained from three different towns/cities in the Southeast Region of Brazil to inhibit the growth of the five pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated. The samples showed the growth inhibition from 42.80-69.15 for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, 30.73-59.89 for Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, 44.99-73.05 for Salmonela typhi ATCC 6539, 41.45-54.18 for Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 and 70.38-86.80 for Bacillus cereus RIBO 1222-173-S4. These results indicated that the kefir grains evaluated had antagonistic activity toward the different pathogens tested. The ability to inhibit, although differently depending on the regional microbiota, indicated a potential for their use as a functional food.

Species from the genus Enterococcus have been used as probiotic for humans or animals, although this genus is not considered "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). While enterococci are considered "positive" in food technology, isolates of this genus have emerged as opportunistic pathogens for the humans. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics that can determine the use of this genus as probiotics. According to the guidelines used to define the genus Enterococcus strains as probiotic a case-by-case evaluation of each potential technological strain is presented and research perspectives for using enterococci as probiotic is also discussed.

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in the endogenous starter and in Artisan Minas cheeses from the Serra da Canastra. Sixteen samples of endogenous starters and cheese were collected during the rainy and dry seasons. The isolation and enumeration of S. aureus were performed using the PetrifilmTM-Rapid S. aureus Plate Count method. The presence of enterotoxin in the cheese samples was analyzed by the Optimal Sensitivity Plate (OSP) method and the ELFA-VIDAS®-Staph enterotoxin-II assay. S. aureus strains were tested for their ability to produce enterotoxins using the Optimal Sensitivity Plate (OSP) method and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the classical enterotoxin genes. The Optimal Sensitivity Plate (OSP) method data showed that staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) was detected in 75% of the cheese samples, but no toxin was detected with the ELFA-VIDAS method. It was found that 12.5% of the isolated strains produced staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC). When using the the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, only one isolate was found to harbor an enterotoxin gene, contrary our expectations. However, discrepancies between the immunological and molecular assays are not uncommon. Despite the fact that most isolates did not produce classical enterotoxins, high S. aureus counts in the cheese samples causes concern since there is a risk of the presence of non-classical enterotoxins.

O queijo Canastra é um dos mais antigos e tradicionais queijos produzidos com leite cru no Brasil, no entanto, sua produção pode gerar consequências graves para a saúde. De acordo com lei vigente no País, o queijo feito com leite cru deve ser submetido a um período mínimo de maturação de 60 dias. Tradicionalmente o queijo canastra é consumido após diferentes períodos de maturação, sendo priorizados pelo consumidor os queijos com menos de 8 dias de fabricação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modulação de variáveis físico-químicas e microbiológicas, com ênfase na microbiota patogênica regulamentada por lei, no queijo maturado em temperatura ambiente e sob refrigeração. Amostras de queijos foram coletadas em oito propriedades na região, em dois períodos do ano (chuvoso e seco), e analisadas com 8, 15, 22, 29, 36 e 64 dias de fabricação. A maturação em temperatura ambiente foi decisiva para redução da microbiota patogênica para níveis permitidos em 22 dias, nos dois períodos analisados, ao passo que, sob refrigeração, os níveis de Staphylococcus aureus (espécie limitante) permitidos somente seriam atingidos após 64 dias. Dessa forma, mantendo-se a tradição, o queijo canastra maturado por 22 dias em temperatura ambiente apresenta os requisitos legais de segurança.

Canastra cheese is one of the oldest and most traditional cheeses made from raw milk in Brazil. However, this type of practice may have severe consequences for human health. According to the current legislation, any cheese made from raw milk must be aged for at least 60 days. Traditionally, Canastra cheese is consumed after different ripening periods, but consumers usually prefer those that are aged less than eight days. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physicochemical and microbiological parameters, with emphasis on the pathogenic microbiota regulated by law, on cheese aged at room temperature and under refrigeration. Cheese samples were collected from eight different cheese producers located in the Serra da Canastra region twice a year (rainy and dry seasons) and analyzed with 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, and 64 days of ripening. Room temperature aging effectively reduced pathogens, reaching the total count established by law in 22 days, regardless of the season. However, ripening under refrigeration, it was ineffective in reducing the Staphylococcus aureus counts to the legislation limits, even after 64 days. Therefore, Canastra cheese should be ripened for at least 22 days at room temperature in order to fulfill the safety regulatory limits.

Avaliaram-se o pH, a relação nitrogênio amoniacal/nitrogênio total (N-NH3), a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) e as populações microbianas de silagens de capim-elefante produzidas ou não com inoculantes enzimo-bacterianos, em seis períodos de fermentação (1, 3, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias), utilizando-se silos laboratoriais. Foi usado um arranjo fatorial 6 x 3 (seis períodos de fermentação x três inoculantes), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Avaliaram-se os seguintes inoculantes microbianos: controle (sem inoculante), Sil All C4 (Alltech do Brasil) e Bacto Silo C Tropical (Katec). Os teores de PB, FND e FDA, foram influenciados apenas pelo período de fermentação, enquanto para a DIVMS observou-se efeito da interação inoculante × período.Para o pH observou-se efeito de inoculante e de período, estimando-se reduções de 0,5769; 0,62327 e 0,80218 unidades/dia de fermentação para as silagens controle e tratadas com Sil All e Bacto Silo, respectivamente. Para o teor de N-NH3, observou-se efeito da interação inoculante × período. A população de bactérias ácido lático no capim antes da ensilagem foi de 10(4) ufc/g de forragem fresca, atingindo valor máximo da ordem de 10(8) ufc/g de silagem, para a silagem controle, aos 14 dias de fermentação, e para as silagens tratadas com inoculantes, aos 7 dias. As enterobactérias não foram detectadas a partir do terceiro dia, apresentando valor máximo de 10(4), < 10 e 10³ ufc/g para as silagens controle, Sil All e Bacto Silo C Tropical, respectivamente.

Values of pH, ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical composition, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and microbial populations of elephantgrass silages produced with enzymatic-bacterial inoculants, were evaluated in six fermentation periods (1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days), using laboratory silos. A 6 x 3 (six fermentation periods x three inoculants) factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design, with three replicates, was used. The following bacterial inoculants were evaluated: control (without inoculant), Sill All C4 (Alltech of Brazil) and Bacto Silo Tropical C (Katec). The CP, NDF and ADF contents were affected only by the fermentation period. The IVDMD, however, was affected by the inoculant × fermentation period interaction.The IVDMD concentration, however, was affected by the interaction between inoculant and fermentation period. There was a significant effect of inoculant and period on pH value, being observed reduction of 0.5769; 0.62327, and 0.80218 units/day of fermentation for the control silage, silage treated with Sil All, and Bacto Silo, respectively. It was observed inoculant × fermentation period interaction for NH3-N. The lactic acid bacteria population in the grass before ensiling was 10(4) cfu/gram of fresh forage, reaching maximum value of 10(8) cfu/gram of fresh silage at 14 days of fermentation to the control silage, and at 7 days of fermentation to the silages treated with inoculant. The enterobacter were not detected after the third day of fermentation and the maximum values of 10(4), <10, and 10³ cfu/gram were registred for the silage to control, Sil All, and Bacto Silo Tropical C silages, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma proposta para o processamento do queijo Coalho regional seguindo-se os procedimentos adequados para a obtenção de um produto final de qualidade. Empregou-se leite de vaca padronizado e pasteurizado e culturas láticas endógenas. Foram isoladas, identificadas e caracterizadas culturas láticas endógenas de leite de vaca cru e de queijos Coalho artesanais. Algumas culturas foram avaliadas para a fabricação do queijo Coalho, seguindo-se o fluxograma de fabricação estabelecido neste estudo. O produto final foi submetido a análises físico-químicas, teste de aceitação e teste de fritura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é viável a padronização do produto tradicional, proporcionando redução de custos, qualidade microbiológica e a manutenção das características sensoriais do queijo Coalho regional, com o uso de culturas láticas nacionais.

The main objective of this work is to propose a manufacturing procedure to make a safe artisan Coalho type cheese. Pasteurized and standardized cow´s milk added with endogenous lactic acid culture was used in the procedure. Endogenous lactic cultures were identified and characterized after being isolated from raw cow´s milk and artisan cheeses. The selected cultures were used in the manufacturing procedure designed for Coalho type cheese. Cheese made with added endogenous lactic acid culture underwent physic-chemical analysis, sensory acceptance and fritter tests. Results showed that it is feasible to make such cheese in a standardized process, with improved microbiological quality, keeping sensory properties of traditional cheese made with raw milk and a reduced cost using suppression on imports of starter cultures.

Avaliaram-se o consumo, as digestibilidades total, ruminal e intestinal dos nutrientes, a taxa de passagem da digesta ruminal e as concentrações de amônia e pH ruminal de dietas contendo silagens de milho e sorgo, com e sem inoculante microbiano. Utilizaram-se quatro animais Holandês x Zebu fistulados no rúmen e no abomaso, distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4 x 4 (duas silagens x dois inoculantes). Adotou-se uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 63:37%, na MS. O consumo e as digestibilidades total e ruminal dos nutrientes não foram influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. Para os consumos de MS, PB e NDT, registraram-se, respectivamente, valores médios de 6,61; 0,75 e 3,96 kg/dia. Obtiveram-se valores médios de 61,17 e 61,91; 61,43 e 13,21 e 52,13 e 92,96% para as digestibilidades total e ruminal da MS, PB e FDN, respectivamente. Quanto à digestibilidade intestinal dos nutrientes, detectou-se efeito do tipo de silagem apenas na FDN, observando-se maior valor para a dieta à base de silagem de milho (9,08) em relação à de sorgo (4,77%). Não houve efeito de dietas, nem do tempo de coleta, sobre os valores de pH ruminal, que apresentou valor médio de 5,58. Todavia, houve efeito do tempo de coleta sobre a concentração de amônia ruminal (N-NH3), estimando-se valores máximos de 10,82; 9,04; 9,47 e 8,84 mg/100 mL nas dietas com as silagens de milho não tratada e tratada com inoculante microbiano e com as silagens de sorgo não tratada e tratada com inoculante microbiano, respectivamente. As taxas de passagem médias estimadas nas dietas com silagens de milho sem e com inoculante microbiano e com silagens de sorgo sem e com inoculante microbiano, foram de 5,05; 4,29; 5,12 e 4,44%/h, respectivamente.

Four crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of feeding corn or sorghum silages with and without microbial inoculant on intake, ruminal metabolism, total and partial digestibility of nutrients, and digesta passage rate. Diets contained, dry matter (DM) basis, a forage to concentrate ratio of 63:37. No significant differences were observed on the intakes of DM, crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients, which averaged 6.61, 0.75 and 3.96 kg/day across diets, respectively. Total and ruminal apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and neutral detergente fiber (NDF) also were not affected by diets averaging 61.17 and 61.91, 61.43 and 13.21, and 52.13 and 92.96%, respectively. However, a dietary effect was observed for the intestinal digestibility of NDF; steers fed corn silage had greater intestinal digestibility of NDF (9.08%) than those fed sorghum silage (4.77%). Ruminal pH was not affected by diet and time of collection, with an overall mean of 5.58. Conversely, concentration of ruminal ammonia was affected by time of collection with estimated maximum values of 9.04, 10.82, 8.84, and 9.47 mg/100 mL for diets containing corn and sorghum silages with and without microbial inoculant, respectively. Estimated digesta passage rates of diets containing corn and sorghum silages with and without microbial inoculant were of 4.29, 5.05, 4.44, and 5.12 %/h, respectively.

Avaliaram-se a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) de silagens de milho e sorgo, tratadas ou não com inoculantes microbianos, em diferentes períodos de fermentação. Utilizou-se um arranjo fatorial 6 x 2 x 3 (períodos de fermentação x silagens x inoculantes), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliação dos teores de matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB), e um arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 x 3 para avaliação dos constituintes fibrosos e da DIVMS, ambos com três repetições. Observou-se os efeitos da interação período de fermentação <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> silagem <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> inoculante sobre os teores de MS e da interação inoculante <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> período, sobre os teores de PB das silagens. Constatou-se efeito da interação tríplice também sobre os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Estimaram-se teores mínimos de FDN nas silagens de milho tratadas com os inoculantes Silobac e Maize-All, respectivamente, de 52,14 e 50,75%, aos 37,34 e 46,1 dias após a ensilagem. Quanto à celulose, verificou-se, entre as silagens de milho, menores valores nas silagens tratadas, mas não foi detectado efeito de inoculante nas silagens de sorgo. Os teores médios de hemicelulose foram influenciados por silagem, período e inoculante, registrando-se na silagem de milho (29,8%) valor maior que na de sorgo (28,4%). Houve efeito quadrático do período de fermentação sobre a DIVMS da silagem de milho tratada com os inoculantes Silobac e Maize-All, estimando-se valores máximos de 71,1 e 71,7%, aos 42,29 e 50,3 dias de ensilagem, respectivamente. As DIVMS das silagens de sorgo, no entanto, não foram influenciadas pelo período de fermentação.

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn and sorghum silages with and without microbial inoculants after several fermentation periods were evaluated in laboratory silos. A 6 x 2 x 3 factorial treatment combination (6 fermentation periods x 2 silages x 3 inoculants) was assayed in a completely randomized design to evaluate the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents and a 4 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 fermentation periods x 2 silages x 3 inoculants) to evaluate the fiber constituents and IVDMD; in either case, there were three replications. Fermentation periods <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> silage <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> inoculant and inoculant <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> period interactions were observed for silage DM and CP silage contents, respectively. The neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) had a triple interaction effect. Minimum NDF contents of 52.14 and 50.75% were observed in corn silage inoculated with Silobac and Maize-All inoculants, respectively. Corn silage with microbial inoculant showed lower cellulose content than the untreated silages. However, there was no inoculant effect on cellulose content in sorghum silage. The mean value of hemicelullose content was affected by silage, period and inoculant, higher value being observed in corn silage (29.8%) than in sorghum silage (28.4%). The IVDMD of corn silages treated with Silobac and Maize-All inoculants, increased quadratically with fermentation period, showing maximum values of 71.1 and 71.7% after 42.29 and 50.3 days of fermentation, respectively. IVDMD of sorghum silage was not influenced by fermentation period.