RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a composição centesimal (cinzas, umidade, proteínas, lipídeos e carboidratos totais) e mineral (Na, K, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn e Zn) das plantas medicinais Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville), Carqueja (Baccharis trimera (Less) D.C.), Mangava-Brava (Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil.), e Quebra Pedra (Phyllanthus niruri L.) comercializadas no mercado do Porto de Cuiabá, MT. As amostras foram identificadas botanicamente por meio da exsicata feita no Instituto de Botânica da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Cuiabá. A composição centesimal foi determinada de acordo com as recomendações da Association of Official Analytical Chemists e a concentração dos minerais foi quantificada por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica em Chama. Os resultados obtidos foram: umidade (7,72% a 12,10%); cinzas (1,64% a 8,44%); proteínas (2,36% a 9,35%); lipídeos (0,41% a 2,05%); carboidratos totais (72,09% a 82,37%) e, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as amostras (p < 0,05). As concentrações dos minerais nas amostras variaram de 0,01 a 21,57 mg/g nas plantas secas e 0,01 a 32,17 mg/200mL das infusões. Os resultados médios obtidos indicam que, exceto para o K, Ca e Mn todas as amostras não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p ≥ 0,05) nas concentrações de minerais. A capacidade de extração dos minerais da matéria seca para a infusão obedeceu à seguinte ordem: Na>K>Zn>Cu>Mg>Mn>Ca>Fe. Os valores obtidos em 200 mL das infusões quando comparados aos índices diários recomendados para minerais sugerem que os chás avaliados podem ser fonte de minerais, principalmente de K e Mn.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the proximal (ash, moisture, protein, lipids, and total carbohydrates) and mineral (Na, K, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn) composition of the medicinal plants barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville), carqueja (Baccharis trimera (Less) D.C.), mangava-brava (Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil.), pau-tenente (Quassia amara L.), and quebra pedra (Phyllanthus niruri L.), commercialized in the Cuiabá Port Market in Mato Grosso. The samples were botanically identified by the voucher specimen grown in the Botanical Institute of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, at the Cuiabá campus. Proximal composition was determined according to the recommendations of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and the concentration of minerals was quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained were: moisture content (7.72% to 12.10%); ashes (1.64% to 8.44%); protein (2.36% to 9.35%); lipids (0.41% to 2.05%), and total carbohydrates (72.09% to 82.37%), and significant differences were found between the samples (p≥0.05). The mineral concentrations varied from 0.01 to 21.57 mg/g in the plants and 0.01 to 32.17 mg/200mL in the infusions. No significant differences (p≥0.05) were found between the samples for mineral composition, except for K, Ca, and Mg. The mineral extraction capacity of the dry matter for infusions was as follows: Na>K>Zn>Cu>Mg>Mn>Ca>Fe. The daily index values of the metal species quantified in 200 mL infusions suggest that teas can be a source of minerals, especially K and Mn.

AbstractPhytopharmaceutical products are being used in the treatment and prevention of health problems. Nowadays, the development and evaluation of novel pharmaceutical products is expensive and time consuming. A statistical approach is a good tool for optimal development processes. Nectandra falcifolia (Nees) J.A. Castigl. ex Mart. Crov. & Piccinini, Lauraceae, a Brazilian species, is reported as anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanial and anti-microbial. However, there is little known about its chemical composition. For other species of Nectandra genus, the presence of antioxidant compounds is reported. In order to optimize the process of obtaining extract with high antioxidant activity, different extraction conditions were tested following a statistical approach. Two sequential experimental designs were used – first, a factorial 23 design, followed by central composite 22. The extracts manufactured by these experimental statistical matrixes had their antioxidant activity and phenolic contents quantified and the response surface plots were fitted in quadratic models and they predicted the best extraction condition for the best antioxidant activity. This standardized extract and its antioxidant activity were better evaluated by two complementary tests (ABTS and Burst respiratory). A topical formulation containing 1% (w/w) of standardized extract was prepared and used for an in vivo skin permeation study using a two-dose application. The photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to analyze the samples from the permeation study and the composition profile of standardized extract. In rat skin samples, the data demonstrated that for the higher dose of topical formulation (5 g/cm2), the standardized extract could cross skin and be seen in epidermis and dermis. This was not the case for the lower dose (2 g/cm2) which was only present in the epidermis. This information suggests that this novel standardized extract of N. falcifoliacould be explored for skin damage prevention or treatment for diseases developed by oxidative damage.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are important human gastroenteritis agents. The prevalence of six non-LEE genes encoding type 3 translocated effectors was investigated. The nleC, cif and nleB genes were more prevalent in typical than in atypical EPEC, although a higher diversity of genes combinations was observed in atypical EPEC.

Twisted-tape inserts are frequently used in heat exchangers as a passive and inexpensive heat transfer enhancement method. However, their use results not only heat transfer coefficient increments, but also pressure drop penalties. The present study analyses the literature on single and two-phase frictional pressure drop inside tubes with twisted-tape inserts focusing on the physical mechanism and the effects of the use of twisted-tape in comparison to plain tubes. Experimental data were gathered from the open literature and compared against the available correlations developed in order to predict two-phase frictional pressure drop in tubes containing twisted-tape inserts. It was found that none of the correlations was able to predict such a database accurately. A new correlation to estimate the friction factor for two-phase flows inside tubes with twisted-tape is also proposed. Contrarily to previous studies, the proposed correlation presents reasonable predictions under single and two-phase flow conditions and obeys the trends when the twisted-tape ratio tends to zero and infinite.

O trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o desenvolvimento do currículo ao longo das quatro séries do curso de enfermagem da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (Famema) no ano de 2003. Utilizou-se, como método, a reflexão sobre a prática pedagógica, com base na análise documental dos programas de ensino-aprendizagem de cada série. Nos resultados, verificam-se pontos a serem trabalhados no projeto político-pedagógico, como: redefinição dos papéis dos docentes e do enfermeiro dos serviços de saúde; diferentes entendimentos sobre os referenciais da metodologia da problematização e competência; insegurança dos professores em trabalhar com a incerteza no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Identificam-se, também, mudanças que contribuíram para a implementação do projeto, destacando: o fortalecimento da parceria ensino-serviço; a articulação entre os cursos de enfermagem e medicina; a utilização dos princípios da aprendizagem significativa; instituição do processo de educação permanente, permitindo a avaliação de processos e estratégias do currículo.

The study aims at reporting the curriculum development along the four grades of the Nursing Course of Marília Medical School (FAMEMA) in 2003. The method used was the reflection about the pedagogical practice, from the documental analysis of the teaching-learning programs in each grade. The results show some points to be worked in the political-pedagogical project, such as: redefinition of the professors' and the nurse's roles from the health services; different understanding about the reference of the methodology of problematization and competence; professors' insecurity working with uncertainty in the teaching-learning process. It's also possible to identify changes that contributed to the implementation of the project, which are: the strengthening of the partnership between teaching and service; the relation between the medical and nursing courses; the use of the principles of the meaningful learning; introduction of the continuous education process, enabling the evaluation of the curriculum processes and strategies.

El trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el desarrollo del currículo a lo largo de las cuatro etapas del curso de enfermería de la Facultad de Medicina de Marília (Famema) en 2003. El método usado fue la reflexión sobre la práctica pedagógica, fundamentado en el análisis documental de los programas de instrucción-aprendizaje de cada etapa. Los resultados demuestran puntos que deben ser trabajados en el proyecto político-pedagógico, por ejemplo: redefinición de los papeles de los profesores y del enfermero de los servicios de salud; diversas comprensiones sobre los referenciales de la metodología de la problematización y de la capacidad; inseguridad del profesor en trabajar con incertidumbre en el proceso instrucción-aprendizaje. Se identifican también los cambios que contribuyeron a la implementación del proyecto, destacando: la consolidación de la alianza enseñanza-servicio; la articulación entre los cursos de enfermería y medicina; el uso de los principios del aprendizaje significativo; institución del proceso de educación permanente, permitiendo la evaluación de procesos y de las estrategias del currículo.

We solve the problem of a resistive toroid carrying a steady azimuthal current. We use standard toroidal coordinates, in which case Laplace's equation is R-separable. We obtain the electric potential inside and outside the toroid, in two separate cases: 1) the toroid is solid; 2) the toroid is hollow (a toroidal shell). Considering these two cases, there is a difference in the potential inside the hollow and solid toroids. We also present the electric field and the surface charge distribution in the conductor due to this steady current. These surface charges generat not only the electric field that maintains the current flowing, but generate also the electric field outside the conductor. The problem of a toroid is interesting because it is a problem with finite geometry, with the whole system (including the battery) contained within a finite region of space. The problem is solved in an exact analytical form. We compare our theoretical results with an experimental figure demonstrating the existence of the electric field outside the conductor carrying steady current.

Cerâmicas de titanato de bário e cálcio com composição Ba0.77Ca0.23TiO3 (BCT23) foram produzidas usando o método de síntese por reação de estado sólido. Um estudo sistemático de temperatura e tempo de calcinação foi realizado com o objetivo de se determinar as condições experimentais ótimas para a obtenção da fase única BCT23. Observou-se a presença das fases BaTiO3 e CaTiO3 para os pós calcinados em temperaturas inferiores a 1200 ºC e tempo de até 12 horas. Um aumento na temperatura para 1250 ºC leva a formação da fase BCT23. Os pós calcinados a 1250 ºC foram prensados uniaxialmente em diferentes condições e sinterizados a 1450 ºC / 4h. Verificou-se que o método utilizado para a preparação dos compactos influenciou na microestrutura e densidade relativa das cerâmicas. Cerâmicas mais densas foram obtidas a partir da prensagem com pressão uniaxial equivalente a 1x10(7) N/m² dos pós de BCT23 peneirados.

Barium calcium titanate ceramics with composition Ba0,77Ca0,23TiO3 (BCT23) were prepared by solid state reaction. A systematic study of temperature and time of calcination was performed aiming to determine the experimental conditions to obtain only BCT23 phase. It was only observed the BaTiO3 and CaTiO3 phases at calcination temperature up to 1200 ºC and time up to 12 h. However, it was possible to obtain the BCT23 phase by increasing the temperature to 1250 ºC for 12 h. The powders calcined at 1250 ºC for 12 h were uniaxially pressed at different conditions and sintered at 1450 ºC / 4h. The method utilized to prepare the compacts influenced on the microstructure and relative density of the ceramics. Denser ceramics were obtained by pressing a BCT23 powder with 1x10(7) N/m².