ABSTRACT Soil water saturation requires different adaptative strategies by tree species that live under such conditions. We aimed to study the responses that ensure flooding tolerance by tree species and so provide support for recovery projects with degraded areas subject to flooding. We evaluated the ecophysiology of Cedrela fissilis under different water saturations, including anatomical traits, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant system analysis and growth. We subjected 100 day-old plants to three treatments: Control (FC) where the substrate was kept at field capacity; Flooded Roots (FR), where the substrate remained submerged but with no surface layer of water, and Flooded Stem (FS), with a water layer accumulation of around 3.0 cm over the substrate, flooding part of the stems. The plants were kept under such conditions for 90 days. Plants survived in all treatments due to a marked development of cortical intercellular spaces in flooded plants. However, photosynthesis and other gaseous exchange were limited under FR and FS treatments. In addition, the periderm thickness was reduce by flooding and there was an accumulation of starch grains in the parenchyma cells of the xylem, cortex and pith of the stem. There was also a significant lipid peroxidation on the leaves under FR and FS treatments. The superoxide dismutase activity was decreased, but the activities of the ascorbate perioxidases and catalase in the leaves were increased. We concluded that young Cedrela fissilis plants partially tolerate flooding since they developed ecophysiological changes in order to survive in this condition. Consequently, this species is a good candidate for the reforestation projects in environments where intermittent flooding occurs, such as riverside and riparian forests.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The etiology of pulmonary infections in HIV patients is determined by several variables including geographic region and availability of antiretroviral therapy. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted from 2012 to 2016 to evaluate the occurrence of pulmonary fungal infection in HIV-patients hospitalized due to pulmonary infections. Patients’ serums were tested for (1-3)-β-D-Glugan, galactomannan, and lactate dehydrogenase. The association among the variables was analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: 60 patients were included in the study. The patients were classified in three groups: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (19 patients), community-acquired pneumonia (18 patients), and other infections (23 patients). The overall mortality was 13.3%. The time since diagnosis of HIV infection was shorter in the pneumocystosis group (4.94 years; p = 0.001) than for the other two groups of patients. The multivariate analysis showed that higher (1-3)-β-D-Glucan level (mean: 241 pg/mL) and lactate dehydrogenase (mean: 762 U/L) were associated with the diagnosis of pneumocystosis. Pneumocystosis was the aids-defining illness in 11 out of 16 newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients. Conclusion: In the era of antiretroviral therapy, PJP was still the most prevalent pulmonary infection and (1-3)-β-D-Glucan and lactate dehydrogenase may be suitable markers to help diagnosing pneumocystosis in our HIV population.

Objective To study the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors cluster in young adults. Methodology The subjects of this study were 278 males and 151 females between 18 and 25 years of age whose intention was to start the Physical Education course of study in 2012 and 2013. A cross-sectional correlational design was used. Cardiorespitary fitness was assessed with the Course Navette test and then the cardiovascular risk factors cluster in the group with the highest level of cardiorespiratory fitness (upper quartile) was compared to the group with lowest fitness. The cardiovascular risk factors studied were cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycemia, systolic blood pressure, and sum of five skinfolds. The sample was divided in three subgroups: subjects without risk factors, with one or two risk factors, and with three o more. The Chi-square test was used to establish any association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factors cluster. Results Both men and women with a low cardiorespiratory fitness were significantly associated with clustering of risk factors (p<0.05). Conclusions In this sample of young Argentinean people, the risk factor profile is more favorable the higher their cardiorespiratory fitness is.

Objetivo Estudiar la relación entre la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y la agrupación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos jóvenes. Metodología Los sujetos fueron 278 varones y 151 mujeres de 18 a 25 años de edad ingresantes a la carrera de profesor de Educación Física en 2012 y 2013. El diseño fue transversal correlacional. La aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se valoró con la prueba de Course Navette y se comparó la agrupación de factores de riesgo en el grupo de mayor aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (cuartil superior) con el de menor aptitud (cuartil inferior). Los factores de riesgo fueron colesterol total, colesterol lipoproteína de alta densidad, glucemia, presión arterial sistólica y sumatoria de 5 pliegues cutáneos. Luego se dividió la muestra en tres: sin factores de riesgo, con uno o dos factores de riesgo y con tres o más. Se utilizó la prueba Chi2 para establecer la asociación entre la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y la agrupación de factores de riesgo. Resultados Tanto en varones como en mujeres una baja aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se asoció significativamente con la agrupación de factores de riesgo (p<0,05). Conclusiones En esta muestra de jóvenes argentinos el perfil de factores de riesgo es más favorable cuanto mayor sea su aptitud cardiorrespiratoria.

Resumo: A demanda por segurança alimentar e nutricional delimita modelos de intensificação da agricultura em que a prevenção de perdas na produção é essencial. O cenário de agricultura globalizada, o aumento das rotas de comércio e o deslocamento de pessoas e produtos maximiza o potencial de introduções inadvertidas de pragas em áreas indenes, colocando em risco os sistemas produtivos. A quarentena vegetal é apresentada como medida disciplinadora à movimentação de vegetais, para limitar a dispersão de pragas agrícolas. A vigilância preconiza a antecipação e reconhece a ameaça, privilegiando a acurácia e a eficiência do diagnóstico, a consolidação de metodologias de análise de risco de pragas e a evolução das ferramentas operacionais. Com apropriação de novas tecnologias, melhoria das estruturas fiscalizadoras e forte capacidade inovativa, esperam-se respostas aos desafios impostos à segurança da agricultura. Este trabalho aborda aspectos históricos relacionados às ações quarentenárias, ao arcabouço legal, à influência do comércio internacional, às ferramentas analíticas, às perspectivas de inovação e à qualificação da infraestrutura. O objetivo deste trabalho é contextualizar a importância do risco de introdução de novas pragas ante uma agricultura pujante e a intensificação do intercâmbio comercial. Analisa, igualmente, desafios para ações de quarentena vegetal, ao mesmo tempo em que alinha bases biológicas sobre as quais a regulação fitossanitária deve se sustentar, como subsídio para a formulação de dispositivos legais.

Abstract: The demand toward food and nutritional security delimitates models for agricultural intensification, in which yield loss prevention is essential. The globalized agriculture scenario, the increase of trade routes, and the displacement of people and products maximize the potential of nondeliberate pest introductions in undamaged areas, endangering the production systems. Plant quarantine is presented as a measure to control plant product movement, in order to limit the dispersal of agricultural pests. Surveillance advocates the anticipation and recognizes the threat, focusing on the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnosis, on the consolidation of methods of pest risk analysis, and on the evolution of operational tools. Responses to the challenges posed to agriculture security are expected, considering the appropriation of new technologies, enhancement of inspectorate structures, and a strong, innovative capacity. This work approaches the historical aspects related to quarantine actions, legal framework, influence of international trade, analytical tools, innovation perspectives, and infrastructure qualification. The objective of this work is to contextualize the risk importance of introducing new pests, faced with a thriving agriculture and the intensification of commercial interchange. It also analyses the challenges to plant quarantine actions, while it aligns the biological grounding on which the phytosanitary regulation should be sustained, in order to subside the formulation of legal security measures.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as informações qualitativas e quantitativas sobre as interceptações de pragas ausentes não regulamentadas e quarentenárias em material vegetal importado. As informações sobre interceptações de pragas pelo serviço de quarentena vegetal da Embrapa, no período de 1977 a 2013, foram obtidas em um banco de dados, atas laboratoriais e listas de interceptação publicadas. As interceptações foram analisadas de acordo com regulamentação das pragas, espécie vegetal, parte vegetal importada e origem. O material foi categorizado em sementes botânicas e material de propagação vegetativa. No período do levantamento, foram interceptadas 75 espécies de pragas em 114 eventos de interceptação. Fungos, vírus e ácaros constituem a maior parte das interceptações, e a maioria delas ocorreu em lírio, oliveira, trigo, uva, arroz, batata e maçã. A taxa média anual de infestação/infecção do material vegetal analisado é de 2% dos processos de importação. O material para propagação vegetativa apresentou maior taxa de infestação/infecção por pragas do que as sementes botânicas. Das espécies-pragas interceptadas, 63% não são regulamentadas como quarentenárias para o Brasil. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade premente de revisão da atual lista de pragas quarentenárias do País.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative information on interceptions of quarantine and absent non-regulated pests in imported plant material. Information concerning pest interceptions by Embrapa's plant quarantine service during the period of 1977-2013 was obtained from a database, laboratory reports, and published lists of intercepted pests. Data interceptions were evaluated according to pest regulations, plant species, imported plant parts, and origin of importation. The plant material was categorized as botanical seeds and plant material for vegetative propagation. In the survey period, 75 pest species were intercepted in 114 interception events. Fungi, viruses, and mites were the most intercepted ones, and most interceptions occurred in lily, olive, wheat, grapes, rice, potato, and apple. The average annual rate of infestation/infection of the evaluated plant material was 2% of the import processes. The material for vegetative propagation had a higher rate of infestation/infection with pests than botanical seeds. Of the intercepted pests species, 63% are not regulated as quarantine pests for Brazil. These results indicate the urgent need to review the current list of quarantine pests in the country.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi delinear a distribuição e o impacto econômico potenciais de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), recente praga invasora, no Brasil. Foram feitos dois mapas de potencial de estabelecimento da espécie baseados no índice ecoclimático (EI), que utiliza as seguintes exigências termicas da espécie: com estresse de temperatura, cenário mais restrito para a expansão; e sem estresse de temperatura. O EI foi classificado em quatro faixas: não favorável, ≤25%; pouco favorável, >25 a ≤50%; favorável, >50 a ≤75%; e altamente favorável, >75%. As perdas econômicas foram estimadas a partir do mapa com a distribuição mais restritiva. As áreas consideradas altamente favoráveis foram sobrepostas às dos mapas de produção de cada hospedeiro possível (maçã, uva, pêssego, caqui, figo e pera). Ao se considerar esses seis hospedeiros, a sobreposição das áreas altamente favorável e de produção variou de 45,5% (uva) a 98,3% (maçã). No entanto, a estimativa monetária de perdas potenciais no pior cenário possível (sem medidas de controle) foi possível apenas para figo e pêssego. O Sul do Brasil é a área climaticamente mais favorável para o desenvolvimento de D. suzukii e onde as perdas econômicas potenciais podem ser máximas. As temperaturas médias máximas (>30°C) são o principal fator para restringir a dispersão de D. suzukii no Brasil.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to outline the potential distribution and economic impact of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a recent invasive pest, in Brazil. Two maps of the potential establishment of the species were drawn based on the ecoclimatic index (EI), which uses the following thermal requirements for the species: with thermal stress, most restrictive scenario for spread; and without thermal stress. The EI was classified into four ranges: unfavorable, ≤25%; less favorable, >25 to ≤50%; favorable, >50 to ≤75%; and highly favorable, >75%. Economic losses were estimated based on the most restrictive map. The highly favorable areas were overlapped with those of the maps of production data for each possible host (apple, grape, peach, persimmon, fig, and pear). Considering these six hosts, the overlap between the highly favorable and the production areas varied from 45.5% (grape) to 98.3% (apple). However, the monetary estimation of the potential losses in the worst case scenario (no control measures) was possible only for figs and peaches. Southern Brazil is the most climatically favorable area for D. suzukii development and where potential economic losses are expected to be the greatest. Maximum average temperatures (>30°C) are the main ecological factor to limit D. suzukii spread in Brazil.

Este trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de avaliar o crescimento das espécies e identificar o seu padrão de crescimento e discutir sobre a eficiência do método em relação ao processo de restauração vegetal. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado 32 meses após o plantio das mudas. Para a amostragem foi empregado o método de amostragem de área fixa com parcelas, sendo utilizadas cinco áreas amostrais, que foram selecionadas de modo a abranger toda a extensão reflorestada, contendo 200 indivíduos/área amostral. Foram realizadas, em todas as plantas amostradas do estrato arbóreo com altura superior a 1 m, medições de altura e de diâmetro. Os dados foram analisados como delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) e submetidos à análise de variância, seguida do teste de Scott & Knott a 5% de significância, utilizando-se o programa SISVAR. Por fim, concluiu-se que espécies pioneiras ou que apresentam ciclo de vida curto são consideradas ideais para a implantação na fase inicial do reflorestamento, devido ao seu rápido crescimento. Entretanto, devem ter seu manejo associado a espécies não pioneiras ou perenes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the species growing, to identify their growth pattern and to discuss the method quality in relation to plant reforestation. The survey was conducted after 32 months of planting seedlings, through sampling of fixed area by using plots, in which five sampling areas, selected to cover the entire length reforested, containing 200 individuals/sample area was used. Height and diameter were measured in all sampled plants, with a height greater than 1 (one) meter. Data were analyzed as a randomized block lineation (RBL), subjected to analysis of variance followed by Scott & Knott test at 5% of significance level, using the program SISVAR. Finally, it was concluded that pioneer species or those that have a short life cycle are considered ideal for deployment in early of reforestation due to fast growth; however they should have their management associated with not pioneer species or perennials species.

OBJETIVOS: Analisar as alterações na curvatura corneana e acuidade visual após o implante de anéis intraestromais assimétricos, modificando o nomograma proposto pelo fabricante. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados sete olhos, de sete pacientes portadores de ceratocone nos quais foram implantados segmentos de anéis assimétricos (350 a 100 micra de espessura). RESULTADOS: Constatou-se através do estudo que em todos os pacientes houve um aplanamento da ceratometria corneana média com aumento da assimetria corneana no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: O implante de anel corneano intraestromal assimétrico leva à melhora da acuidade visual pós-operatória tanto sem correção quanto com correção. Resulta no aplanamento da curvatura corneana nos pontos estudados, obtendo assim, diminuição das distorções centrais pelo aplanamento topográfico da região central da córnea

PURPOSE: To analyze corneal curvature and visual acuity after asymmetric intrastromal corneal rings implantation, not following the nomogram proposed by the manufacturer. METHODS: Seven eyes of seven keratoconus patients which had asymmetric corneal rings implanted in their corneal stroma were studied. RESULTS: A flattening of the average corneal keratometry was noted in all patients, as well as an increase of the postoperative corneal asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: Asymmetric intrastromal corneal ring implant improves the postoperative visual acuity with and without correction. As a result we noticed flattening of the corneal curvature at the thicker ring implantation spot and increase of corneal asymmetry.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. é uma planta da família Lamiaceae, considerada uma espécie tipicamente invasora. Entretanto, é produtora de óleo essencial, ao qual várias atividades biológicas são atribuídas. Informações sobre o desenvolvimento reprodutivo nesta espécie seriam úteis à elucidação de mecanismos adaptativos relacionados à indução floral em espécies invasoras, e ao incremento na produção de óleo essencial, devido sua preponderância nas flores. Assim, aqui caracterizamos alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento reprodutivo em Hyptis suaveolens. Plantas de H. suaveolens foram submetidas a dois tratamentos fotoperiódicos (fotoperíodo natural de Alfenas e fotoperíodo mínimo de 16 h) para amostragem de ápices aéreos vegetativos e florais em cinco datas. Nestes materiais botânicos foram realizadas análises anatômicas, ensaios de hibridização in situ para detecção dos transcritos de um ortólogo putativo de LEAFY e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Hyptis suaveolens é uma planta de dias curtos, com fotoperíodo crítico em torno de 13 h. A atividade meristemática vegetativa ou floral pôde ser evidenciada pela densidade celular. O ortólogo putativo de LEAFY em H. suaveolens exibiu o padrão de expressão clássico descrito em Antirrhinum e Arabidopsis, mas também foi expresso em ápices vegetativos de plantas cultivadas sob fotoperíodo natural, independente da época de amostragem. Entretanto, não foi expresso em meristemas vegetativos de plantas cultivadas em fotoperíodo mínimo de 16 h. Estes resultados sugerem uma expressão basal de LEAFY em meristemas vegetativos de H. suaveolens, que é fortemente reduzida sob fotoperíodo mínimo de 16 h ou incrementada em fotoperíodos inferiores a 13 h, atingindo níveis satisfatórios à determinação floral.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae) is a typical invasive plant that produces an essential oil with several biological properties. The largest essential oil content is found at the flowers. So, advances in the current knowledge about the H. suaveolens reproductive development are important when the essential oil productivity is sought. Furthermore, the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the H. suaveolens floral induction would be useful to clarify the adaptive responses in invasive plants. We here reported some H. suaveolens reproductive development features. The plants were grown at two photoperiodic treatments (natural photoperiod from Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil and natural photoperiod extended of 16 h). Samples of floral and vegetative aerial apices were taken at five different periods of time, for anatomical and scanning electron microscopic analysis, as well as in situ hybridization experiments, in order to detect the transcripts of a putative ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana LEAFY gene. Hyptis suaveolens is a short day plant, with critical photoperiod nearby 13 h. The cell density has increased according to higher vegetative or floral meristem activities. The putative ortholog of LEAFY in H. suaveolens has shown an expression pattern similar to that reported in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis, although it was also expressed in vegetative apices at the natural photoperiod plants. Nevertheless, under extended natural photoperiod (16 h) no gene expression was detected in vegetative meristem. These results suggest a basal expression of LEAFY in H. suaveolens vegetative meristem, which is strongly decreased by extended day length conditions, or is increased under photoperiods lower than 13 h, when suitable levels are reached for floral determination.

This study was performed to establish the correlation between the growth conditions and essential oil composition of Hyptis suaveolens from Alfenas (MG), Brazil. The plants were grown in a greenhouse, four treatments were used and they were harvested at two different periods of time (60 and 135-day-old plants). The essential oil composition was determined by GC-MS analysis. The terpenes spathulenol, globulol, dehydroabietol, a-cadinol and beta-phellandrene were the major constituents found in the essential oil. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes represented the main group of constituents in most of the treatments. The major changes in the essential oil composition were found in 135-day-old plants grown under NPK deficiency. We also identified three groups of volatile components that have not been previously described in H suaveolens.