Resumo O estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar no contexto da COVID-19 e sua associação com o programa de transferência de renda Auxílio Emergencial e o recebimento de doação de alimentos na população em vulnerabilidade social. Estudo transversal, realizado com famílias em vulnerabilidade social, oito meses após a confirmação do primeiro caso de COVID-19 no Brasil. Foram incluídas 903 famílias, residentes em 22 aglomerados subnormais de Maceió, em Alagoas. Avaliaram-se características sociodemográficas e foi aplicada a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. A associação da insegurança alimentar com as variáveis estudadas foi realizada por meio de regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta das variâncias, considerando α = 5%. Do total da amostra, 71,1% estavma em insegurança alimentar, situação que se associou com o recebimento de doação de alimentos (RP = 1,14, IC95%: 1,02; 1,27) e ser beneficiário do Auxílio Emergencial (RP = 1,23, IC95%: 1,01; 1,49). Os resultados mostram que a população em vulnerabilidade social foi fortemente afetada pela insegurança alimentar. Em contrapartida, essa população foi beneficiada por ações que foram implementadas no início da pandemia.

Abstract The scope of this study was to investigate the prevalence of food insecurity in the context of COVID-19 and its association with the emergency aid income-transfer program and the collecting of food donations by the population in a situation of social vulnerability. A cross-sectional study was carried out with socially vulnerable families eight months after confirming the first case of COVID-19 in Brazil. A total of 903 families, living in 22 underprivileged communities of Maceió, in the state of Alagoas, were included. Sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated, and the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale was applied. The association of food insecurity with the variables studied was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation, considering α = 5%. Of the total sample, 71.1% were food insecure, a situation associated with receiving food donations (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.27) and being a beneficiary of emergency aid (PR =1.23; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.49). The results show that the population in a situation of social vulnerability was strongly affected by food insecurity. On the other hand, the population group in question benefited from actions implemented at the outset of the pandemic.

Abstract The scope of this study was to investigate the prevalence of food insecurity in the context of COVID-19 and its association with the emergency aid income-transfer program and the collecting of food donations by the population in a situation of social vulnerability. A cross-sectional study was carried out with socially vulnerable families eight months after confirming the first case of COVID-19 in Brazil. A total of 903 families, living in 22 underprivileged communities of Maceió, in the state of Alagoas, were included. Sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated, and the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale was applied. The association of food insecurity with the variables studied was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation, considering α = 5%. Of the total sample, 71.1% were food insecure, a situation associated with receiving food donations (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.27) and being a beneficiary of emergency aid (PR =1.23; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.49). The results show that the population in a situation of social vulnerability was strongly affected by food insecurity. On the other hand, the population group in question benefited from actions implemented at the outset of the pandemic.

Resumo O estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar no contexto da COVID-19 e sua associação com o programa de transferência de renda Auxílio Emergencial e o recebimento de doação de alimentos na população em vulnerabilidade social. Estudo transversal, realizado com famílias em vulnerabilidade social, oito meses após a confirmação do primeiro caso de COVID-19 no Brasil. Foram incluídas 903 famílias, residentes em 22 aglomerados subnormais de Maceió, em Alagoas. Avaliaram-se características sociodemográficas e foi aplicada a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. A associação da insegurança alimentar com as variáveis estudadas foi realizada por meio de regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta das variâncias, considerando α = 5%. Do total da amostra, 71,1% estavma em insegurança alimentar, situação que se associou com o recebimento de doação de alimentos (RP = 1,14, IC95%: 1,02; 1,27) e ser beneficiário do Auxílio Emergencial (RP = 1,23, IC95%: 1,01; 1,49). Os resultados mostram que a população em vulnerabilidade social foi fortemente afetada pela insegurança alimentar. Em contrapartida, essa população foi beneficiada por ações que foram implementadas no início da pandemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the COX2 gene (rs689466 and rs5275) and local and systemic signs and symptoms of teething. Material and Methods: Forty-four pairs of mothers-babies/toddlers were included. Erupted primary teeth were evaluated during clinical examination. Local and systemic signs and symptoms of teething were obtained from mothers' reporting via anamnesis. Samples of buccal cells were retrieved for DNA genotyping using real-time PCR. The T-test, Chi-square test, logistic regression, and haplotype analyses were applied. Results: Almost all mothers (95.5%) reported at least one local or systemic sign and symptom of teething. The most common was increased salivation (79.5%), diarrhea (72.3 %), and fever (70.5 %). The mean number of signs and symptoms per child was higher in boys than girls (mean = 5.1; SD= 1.5; p=0.008). Sleep disturbance (p=0.03) and loss of appetite (p=0.05) were more reported in boys. The rs689466 and rs5275 were not associated with signs and symptoms of teething (p>0.05). Conclusion: The single nucleotide polymorphisms in the COX2 gene (rs689466 and rs5275) were not associated with local and systemic signs and symptoms of teething.

Resumo O Conselho de Alimentação Escolar (CAE) é um instrumento que visa ofertar condições para que a população tenha como avaliar de forma direta como o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é executado e estabelecer canais para cobrança dos governos quanto a melhorias demandadas. Diante de tantos desafios para o fortalecimento do PNAE e de seu controle social, surge o interesse no aprofundamento sobre a temática, com vistas a contribuir com a melhor compreensão do contexto de atuação do CAE, de forma a possibilitar a reflexão para o desenho de iniciativas que promovam os princípios da participação social no contexto da alimentação escolar. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa social e aplicada, com três fases, exploratória, descritiva e analítica, a fim de verificar os aspectos normativos e organizacionais, assim como quantos CAEs do Paraná e respectivas gestões de determinada amostra atendiam aos requisitos mínimos de transparência exigidos pela legislação do PNAE. Entre os principais resultados, verificou-se que o CAE apresenta um papel relevante para a gestão do PNAE, mas seus desafios e limitantes se evidenciam ao se analisar algumas poucas atribuições, como o acompanhamento às escolas e a prestação de informações sobre a sua atuação. Enquanto a relação conselheiro/escola se demonstrou como um potencial de ação em municípios de pequeno e médio porte, em gestões com mais de 70 unidades escolares, os desafios e gargalos aumentam consideravelmente. Em relação ao fornecimento de informações ao público, apenas 15% entre 146 diferentes gestões apresentaram ao menos um espaço institucional para o CAE em seus sites, e 6% apenas disponibilizaram atas para consulta, ilustrando a baixa transparência quanto à atuação desses CAEs.

Abstract The School Meals Council (CAE) is an instrument that aims to offer conditions for the population to have a direct assessment of how the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is executed and to establish channels for charging the governments regarding improvements demanded. In the face of so many challenges to strengthen the PNAE and its social control, there is an interest in deepening the theme, contributing to a better understanding of the context of CAE’s performance, to allow reflection for the design of initiatives that promote the principles of social participation in the context of school feeding. To this end, a social and applied research was developed, with three phases, exploratory, descriptive, and analytical, to verify the normative and organizational aspects, as well as how many CAEs in Paraná and the respective managements of a given sample met the minimum transparency requirements required by the PNAE legislation. Among the main results, it was found that the CAE has a relevant role for the management of the PNAE, but its challenges and limitations are evident when analyzing a few attributions, such as monitoring schools and providing information about their performance. While the relationship between counselor and school proved to be an action potential in small and medium-sized municipalities, in administrations with more than 70 school units, the challenges and bottlenecks increase considerably. Regarding the provision of information to the public, only 15% among 146 different administrations presented at least one institutional space for the CAE on their websites, and 6% only made minutes available for consultation, illustrating the low transparency regarding the performance of these CAEs.

Resumen El Consejo de Alimentación Escolar (CAE) es un instrumento que tiene como objetivo ofrecer condiciones para que la población tenga un diagnóstico directo de cómo se ejecuta el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE) y establezca canales para cobrar a los gobiernos por las mejoras demandadas. Ante tantos desafíos para fortalecer el PNAE y su control social, existe un interés en profundizar el tema, a fin de contribuir a una mejor comprensión del contexto de la actuación del CAE, con el fin de permitir la reflexión para el diseño de iniciativas que promuevan los principios de participación social en el contexto de la alimentación escolar. Para ello, se desarrolló una investigación social y aplicada, con tres fases, exploratoria, descriptiva y analítica, con el fin de verificar los aspectos normativos y organizativos, así como cuántos CAEs en Paraná y las respectivas gestiones de una muestra dada cumplieron con los requisitos mínimos de transparencia requeridos por la legislación del PNAE. Entre los principales resultados, se encontró que el CAE tiene un rol relevante para la gestión del PNAE, pero sus desafíos y limitaciones son evidentes al analizar algunas atribuciones, como monitorear las escuelas y brindar información sobre su desempeño. Si bien la relación entre orientador y escuela demostró ser un potencial de acción en municipios pequeños y medianos, en administraciones con más de 70 unidades escolares, los desafíos y cuellos de botella aumentan considerablemente. En cuanto a la provisión de información al público, solo el 15% de 146 administraciones diferentes presentó al menos un espacio institucional para el CAE en sus sitios web, y el 6% solo puso a disposición actas de consultas, lo que demuestra la baja transparencia en cuanto al desempeño de estos CAEs.

Abstract The aim of this scoping review was to provide sufficient information about the effectiveness of ozone gas in virus inactivation of surfaces and objects under different environmental conditions. The review was performed according to the list of PRISMA SrC recommendations and the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis for Scoping Reviews. The review was registered in Open Science Framework (OSF). EMBASE (Ovid), Lilacs, LIVIVO, MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science were primary sources, and “gray literature” was searched in OpenGray and OpenThesis. A study was included if it reported primary data on the effect of ozone gas application for vehicle-borne and airborne virus inactivation. No language or publication date restriction was applied. The search was conduct on July 1, 2020. A total of 16,120 studies were screened, and after exclusion of noneligible studies, fifteen studies fulfilled all selection criteria. Application of ozone gas varied in terms of concentration, ozone exposure period and the devices used to generate ozone gas. Twelve studies showed positive results for inactivation of different virus types, including bacteriophages, SARS-CoV-2 surrogates and other vehicle-borne viruses. Most of the studies were classified as unclear regarding sponsorship status. Although most of the population has not yet been vaccinated against COVID-19, disinfection of environments, surfaces, and objects is an essential prevention strategy to control the spread of this disease. The results of this Scoping Review demonstrate that ozone gas is promising for viral disinfection of surfaces.

Resumo: Nos últimos anos, os Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE) cresceram três vezes mais rápido que a população mundial e 13% mais que o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial. Somente 17,4% desses resíduos são tratados adequadamente e o despejo incerto impõe riscos ao meio-ambiente e à saúde humana. O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar um alinhamento sobre a geração, gestão e legislações aplicadas aos REEE e sua interface com o eco-design, produção mais limpa e logística reversa. A metodologia tem abordagem qualitativa baseada na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental alinhada ao protocolo Prisma. Os resultados apontam que a industrialização, maiores níveis de renda da população em crescente urbanização levam ao aumento do consumo de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, que associados aos curtos ciclos de vida desses equipamentos, dificuldades de reciclagem e de infraestrutura física e legal geram o aumento exponencial das REEE. Nesse cenário, os preceitos da economia circular surgem como uma rota de solução a essa problemática mundial.

Abstract: In recent years, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has grown three times faster than the world's population and 13% more than the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Only 17.4% of this waste is properly treated and uncertain disposal poses risks to the environment and human health. The objective of this study is to present an alignment with regard to the generation, management and legislation of WEEE and its interface with eco-design, cleaner production and reverse logistics. The methodology uses a qualitative approach based on bibliographic and documentary research aligned with the Prisma protocol. The results indicate that industrialization and higher income levels of the population in increasing urbanization have led to an increase in the consumption of electrical and electronic equipment, which, together with the short life cycles of this equipment, recycling difficulties and physical and legal infrastructure, has generated an exponential increase in WEEE. In this scenario, the precepts of the circular economy emerge as a solution to this global problem.

Resumo A importância dos arranjos institucionais para a conservação da natureza, como os Pagamentos por Serviços Ecossistêmicos (PSA) é reconhecida na literatura, mas precisa de exploração mais empírica nos contextos periurbanos onde desequilíbrios de poder se manifestam mais fortemente devido aos vetores de urbanização. Documentamos as configurações de atores no ambiente periurbano de um PSA hídrico de Curitiba e realizamos uma Análise de Rede Social (SNA) para melhorar nossa análise com uma camada de poder. A análise aponta para vantagens de acesso de poderosos atores urbanos para promover a comoditização da natureza através do PSA, sem participação de atores, ampliando as desigualdades nos territórios periurbanos. No cenário político atual do Brasil, a negligência das instituições ambientais mostra efeitos crescentes sobre a conservação. Apontamos o potencial de participação de atores mais diversos e a integração de instituições para beneficiar o arranjo de PSA em termos de fluxos de ecossistemas e equidade social..

Abstract The importance of institutional arrangements for nature conservation, like Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) is recognized in the literature but needs more empirical exploration in peri-urban contexts where power imbalances play out more strongly due to urbanization drivers. We documented the actor configurations in the peri-urban environment of a watershed PES in Curitiba and conducted a Social Network Analysis (SNA) to enhance our analysis with a power layer. The analysis points to access advantages of powerful urban stakeholders to promote the commoditization of nature through PES, lacking stakeholder engagement which amplifies inequalities in peri-urban territories. In Brazil’s current political scenario the neglect of environmental institutions shows increasing effects on conservation. We point out potential for participation of more diverse actors and the integration of institutions to benefit the PES arrangement in terms of ecosystem flows and social equity.

Resumen La importancia de arreglos institucionales para la conservación, como los Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA), es reconocida en la literatura, pero necesita mayor análisis empírico en contextos periurbanos donde desequilibrios de poder actúan más fuertemente debido a vectores de urbanización. Documentamos las configuraciones de actores en el entorno periurbano de un PSA hídrico en Curitiba y realizamos un Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) para mejorar nuestro análisis con una capa de poder. El análisis señala ventajas de acceso de poderosos actores urbanos para promover la mercantilización de la naturaleza por PSA, careciendo de participación de actores, lo que amplifica desigualdades en territorios periurbanos. En el escenario político actual brasileño, el descuido de instituciones ambientales muestra efectos crecientes en la conservación. Señalamos el potencial de la participación de actores más diversos y la integración de instituciones para beneficiar el arreglo de PSA en términos de flujos de ecosistemas y equidad social.

Resumo As opções de planejamento público das cidades materializadas nos Planos Plurianuais estão, muitas vezes, pautadas em brandings urbanos (rótulos) que nem sempre refletem as necessidades sociais e soluções de problemas, como a redução da vulnerabilidade. É preciso que as cidades, além de inteligentes, sejam sustentáveis e centradas nas pessoas. Nesta perspectiva o objetivo deste estudo é analisar se os Planos Plurianuais propostos pela Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba/PR para o período de 2014 a 2021 refletem os conceitos adotados de smart city (cidades inteligentes) e de cidades sustentáveis. O estudo é exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, e se figura como estudo de caso da cidade de Curitiba/PR em que são analisados os planos plurianuais e sua relação aos rótulos de cidade inteligente e de cidade sustentável, refletindo em programas e projetos de alcance as necessidades sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Os resultados indicam que Curitiba nos PPAs analisados se aproximam mais do branding de cidade sustentável, sendo percebido em 89,47% dos programas, já o rótulo de smart city contempla apenas três dos 19 programas propostos no período avaliado.

Abstract The public planning options for cities materialized in the Multi-Year Plans are often based on urban brandings that do not always reflect social needs and problem solutions, such as reducing vulnerability. In addition to being smart, cities need to be sustainable, and people centered. In this perspective the aim of this study is to analyze whether the Multi-Year Plans proposed by the Municipality of Curitiba/PR for the period 2014 to 2021 reflect the adopted concepts of smart city (smart cities) and sustainable cities. The study is exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative approach, and appears as a case study of the city of Curitiba/PR in which the multi-year plans and their relationship to the smart city and sustainable city labels are analyzed, reflecting on programs and projects of meet social, economic and environmental needs. The results indicate that Curitiba in the analyzed PPAs is closer to the sustainable city branding, being perceived in 89.47% of the programs, whereas the smart city label includes only three of the 19 programs proposed in the evaluated period.

Abstract Filamentous fungi are the organisms of choice for most industrial biotechnology. Some species can produce a variety of secondary metabolites and enzymes of commercial interest, and the production of valuable molecules has been enhanced through different molecular tools. Methods for genetic manipulation and transformation have been essential for the optimization of these organisms. The genus Simplicillium has attracted increased attention given several potential biotechnological applications. The Simplicillium genus harbors several entomopathogenic species and some isolates have been explored for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminants. Furthermore, the myriad of secondary metabolites isolated from Simplicillium spp. render these organisms as ideal targets for deep exploration and further biotechnological mining possibilities. However, the lack of molecular tools hampered the exploration of this genus. Thus, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method was established for Simplicillium subtropicum, employing the far-red fluorescent protein TURBOFP635/Katushka, as a visual marker, and the selection marker SUR gene, that confers resistance to chlorimuron ethyl. Notably, one round of transformation using the established method yielded almost 400 chlorimuron resistant isolates. Furthermore, these transformants displayed mitotic stability for, at least, five generations. We anticipate that this method can be useful for deep molecular exploration and improvement of strains in the Simplicillium genus.

Abstract: A challenge for the use of medium spatial resolution imagery for land use change detection consists of the reduced availability of ground reference data for previous dates. This study aims to obtain invariant training points using the backdating process for supervised classification of images that have no field data available. The study area comprises 1,353 km² in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. We compared the accuracy performance of invariant area sets (binary change maps) generated by using three methods (IR-MAD - Iteratively Reweighted Multivariate Alteration Detection, CVA - Change Vector Analysis and SGD - Spectral Gradient Difference) for two periods (2017-2011 and 2011-2006). The classification of the Landsat-5 TM image of 2006 was performed using as training data the sets of points indicated as invariant in the binary maps resulted from the three abovementioned methods. The accuracies for seven land-use classes were computed. The overall accuracy was greater (80,5% and 80,2%) when using training areas achieved by CVA and SGD, respectively than IR-MAD (76%). Were obtained accuracies greater than 80% for the forest class. The results stress that the combination of the IR-MAD and SGD is preferable since the CVA is more time consuming due to the subjective application of thresholds.

Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a produção de carne de frango brasileira cresceu 112%. Esse desempenho posicionou o Brasil como o maior exportador e o terceiro maior produtor mundial. A cadeia produtiva de frangos de corte é representada por milhares de produtores, diversas empresas beneficiadoras e exportadoras. Sua organização, capacidade gerencial, inovações tecnológicas introduzidas e o uso de um sistema eficiente de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D)5 foram as razões desse sucesso. O presente artigo analisou o processo de P&D dessa cadeia, nas etapas de produção e industrialização, por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com uso de questionários semiestruturados. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a maior parte das empresas pesquisadas têm estrutura própria de P&D e desenvolvem pesquisa mais fortemente direcionada para o desenvolvimento de produtos ou processos, algumas buscando inovações tecnológicas, outras apenas testando produtos já desenvolvidos. Um fato positivo é que as instituições públicas, como universidades e IPPs (Institutos Públicos de Pesquisa), são parceiros importantes nesse processo, o que demonstra confiança nessas instituições, além da preocupação em maximizar os recursos físicos, humanos e financeiros.

Abstract: Over the last years, the production of Brazilian broiler increased by 112%, pushing up exports sharply. This excellent performance has settled Brazil as the largest exporter and third largest producer of broiler. Thousands of producers and hundreds of processing and exporting companies represent this sector. Its organization, use of technology and management skills have been an example of success for other meat chains. This success resulted from technological innovations, as well as the use of an efficient system of Research and Development (R&D). This article aims to analyze the R&D process in the production chain of Brazilian broiler, especially the stages of production and industrialization. A search had been carried out with the use of semi-structured questionnaires with professionals in the production and industrialization areas. The results showed that most of the surveyed companies has its own structure of R&D and develop research more strongly directed to the development of products or processes, some more intensively, looking for technological innovations, and others just test products already developed. A positive fact is that public institutions, such as universities and PRIs (Public Research Institutes), are important partners in this process, which demonstrates confidence in these institutions, as well as a concern to maximize physical, human and financial resources.

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the use of economic valuation-methods has become an important tool for decision-making processes, which gives it a remarkable scientific recognition within contemporary society. Considering this reality, this paper aims to discuss the relevance of different Environmental Economic Valuation-Methods as instruments for environmental policy development. The methods presented were the followings: Avoided Cost Method, Travel Cost Method, Hedonic Price Method and Contingent Valuation Method, which correspond to the experiences obtained in four case studies developed in Colombia, Iran, Switzerland and Cuba, respectively. Based on a bibliographical review, the research demonstrated their pertinence for the development of environmental policies, considering how it provides data and knowledge that integrate simultaneously, natural, economic and social criteria, giving a systemic character that allows a right assignment and distribution of financial resources dedicated for activities that involve protection, conservation and natural spaces rehabilitation.

RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, el empleo de métodos de valoración económica se ha convertido en una importante herramienta para los procesos de toma de decisiones, lo que le confiere un notable reconocimiento científico dentro de la sociedad contemporánea. Ante esta realidad, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito discutir la utilidad de un conjunto de Métodos de Valoración Económica Ambiental como instrumentos para el desarrollo de políticas ambientales. Los métodos presentados son los siguientes: Método de Costos Evitados, Método de Costo de Viaje, Método de Precios Hedónicos y Método de Valoración Contingente, los cuales corresponden a las experiencias obtenidas en cuatro estudios de casos realizados en Colombia, Irán, Suiza y Cuba, respectivamente. A partir de una revisión y análisis documental, la investigación demostró la pertinencia de estos métodos para el desarrollo de políticas ambientales por cuanto ofrece datos y conocimientos que integran simultáneamente criterios naturales y socioeconómicos, lo cual le confiere un carácter sistémico que favorece una justa asignación y distribución de recursos financieros dirigidos a las actividades de protección, conservación y rehabilitación de espacios naturales.

Resumo: Este artigo a presenta um modelo de Observatório para as Instituições de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICTs), que atuam junto às cadeias agropecuárias. O objetivo é utilizar um processo sistemático para vislumbrar a médio e longo prazo, o futuro da ciência e da tecnologia, identificando áreas estratégias de pesquisa e de tecnologias emergentes que se relacionam a benefícios econômicos e sociais. A principal forma de atuação do modelo proposto é a interação entre os pesquisadores e os atores da cadeia. O modelo foi avaliado e aprovado por 96,7%dos participantes da pesquisa.

Abstract: This article presents a model of an Observatory for Science and Technology Institutions (ICT's), which work together with the agricultural chains. The objective is to use a systematic process to antecipate the future of science and technology in the medium and long term, identifying areas of research strategies and emerging technologies that relate to economic and social benefits. The main form of action of the proposed model is the interaction between researchers and actors in the chain. The model was evaluated and approved by 96.7% of the study participants.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta un modelo de Observatorio para Instituciones de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICTs), que actúan junto a cadenas agropecuarias. El objetivo es el uso de un proceso sistemático para la búsqueda de un medio y largo plazo, el futuro de la ciencia y la tecnología, identificando las áreas de investigación y de tecnologías emergentes que se relacionan con los beneficios económicos y sociales. Una forma principal de actuación del modelo propuesto es una interrelación entre los investigadores y los atores de la cadena. O modelo fue aprobado y aprobado por 96,7% dos participantes de la investigación.

Résumé: Cet article présente un modèle d'Observatoire pour les Institutions Scientifiques et Technologiques (ICT's), qui coopère avec les chaînes agricoles. L'objectif est d'utiliser un processus systématique pour anticiper l'avenir de la science et de la technologie à moyen et à long terme, en identifiant les domaines de stratégies de recherche et les technologies émergentes qui concernent les avantages économiques et sociaux. La forme d'action principale du modèle proposé est l'interaction entre les chercheurs et les acteurs de la chaîne. Le modèle a été évalué et approuvé par 96,7% des participants à l'étude.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the relevance of different Environmental Economic Valuations-Methods as instruments for environmental policy development. The methods presented were the followings: Avoided Cost Method, Travel Cost Method, Hedonic Price Method and Contingent Valuation Method, which correspond to the experiences obtained in four case studies developed in Colombia, Iran, Switzerland and Cuba, respectively. Based on a bibliographical review, the research demonstrated their pertinence to development environmental policies, considering how it provides data and knowledge that integrate simultaneously, natural, economic and social criteria, giving a systemic character that allows a right assignment and distribution of financial resources dedicated for activities that involve protection, conservation and natural spaces rehabilitation.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como propósito discutir la utilidad de un conjunto de Métodos de Valoración Económica Ambiental (MVEA) como instrumentos para el desarrollo de políticas ambientales. Los métodos presentados son los siguientes: Método de Costos Evitados, Método de Costo de Viaje, Método de Precios Hedónicos y Método de Valoración Contingente, los cuales corresponden a las experiencias obtenidas en cuatro estudios de casos realizados en Colombia, Irán, Suiza y Cuba, respectivamente. A partir de una revisión y análisis documental, la investigación demostró la pertinencia de estos métodos para el desarrollo de políticas ambientales por cuanto ofrece datos y conocimientos que integran simultáneamente criterios naturales y socioeconómicos, lo cual le confiere un carácter sistémico que favorece una justa asignación y distribución de recursos financieros dirigidos a las actividades de protección, conservación y rehabilitación de espacios naturales.

ABSTRACT Biomass is an important energy source, since it considers wastes discarded by other productive processes as inputs. As such, the determination of the most relevant variables, within an institutional dimension, exerts a significant influence to point out actions that should receive greater attention for the satisfactory implementation and monitoring of national public policies. Therefore, the general objective of this study is to determine, within the institutional dimension of the State, the most relevant variables for the decision making of public policies that consider the biomass source as an alternative to the energy matrix of the Brazilian territory. In order to reach the proposed objective, the method used for this research is qualitative and descriptive, using content analysis and the establishment of indexes for the determination of the variables. As a result, 12 most relevant variables have been considered, following the criterion of greater direct and / or indirect frequency, in the formation of these public policies considering the reuse of waste and energy generation: 1) greenhouse effect, 2) contamination, 3) waste disposal, 4) inputs, 5) technology, 6) biofuel, 7) biogas, 8) electric power, 9) society, 10) composting, 11) costs, and 12) investments.