Abstract Samanea tubulosa Benth. it has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory processes. The present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effect and mechanism of action of the fractions obtained from the Samanea tubulosa pods in mice. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated in formalin, capsaicin and glutamate tests and the. The possible mechanisms of action involved in the antinociceptive effect of the hexane and ethyl acetate fraction in the opioid system, also the the K + ATP channels and the L-arigine pathways of nitric oxide were evaluated. The chemical characterization analysis revealed in the hexane fraction the presence of triterpenes such as lupenone and lupeol. In the glutamate test, the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed antinociceptive activity at the dose of 12.5 and 25 mg kg-1. The antinociception produced by the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions was significantly reversed by naloxone, indicating that the fractions act through the opioid pathway. Antinociceptive response of the ethyl acetate fraction was blocked by glibenclamide, indicating that this fraction acts via the K + ATP channels activation. It is concluded that the fractions under study exert antinociceptive activity possibly related to the opioid route and through K+ ATP channels activation.

RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado para avaliar a hipótese de que a suplementação dietética com cromo antes, durante e após a desmama possa diminuir a concentração de cortisol causado por este processo em bezerros de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 150 bezerros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, entre cinco e seis meses de idade. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente por sexo e grupo genético em dois grupos homogêneos (n=75), um mantido como controle e outro suplementado com 0,9mg de carboaminofosfoquelato de cromo/100 kg PV misturado a um sal proteinado para ser consumido na base de 0,1% do PV via creep feeding, no decorrer de 60 dias antes e 60 dias após à desmama forçada. Os animais foram pesados e foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas e urinárias no M0 (60 dias antes da desmama), M1 (desmama), M2 (48 horas após a desmama) e M3 (60 dias após à desmama) para determinação de cromo, cortisol, proteína total e albumina no sangue e da concentração urinária de creatinina e cromo. O ganho acumulado de peso foi superior nos bezerros suplementados com cromo antes da desmama e no decorrer de todo o experimento (P<0,05). A suplementação com cromo reduziu os teores de cortisol e de proteína total durante a desmama. O estresse da desmama provocou aumento da excreção de cromo pela urina.

ABSTRACT: Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.

Abstract: The aims of this study were to investigate whether treatments with zinc edetate (Zn) and diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) enhance performance, immune responses, protein metabolism, and oxidant/antioxidant status in calf serum and muscle. Animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (without supplementation), and groups supplemented on days 50 and 70 of life with (PhSe)2, Zn, and a combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn. Animals treated with (PhSe)2 gained more weight by experimental day 220 than did the control group, but there was no difference by the end of the experiment (day 300). The absolute number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in groups Zn and (PhSe)2+Zn on day 20 of experiment, but decreased on day 40 in groups (PhSe)2, and (PhSe)2+Zn. The number of monocytes decreased in all groups compared with control. One of the principal findings was that (PhSe)2+Zn together had beneficial effects on protein metabolism, represented by increases total protein and globulin levels, compared with the control group. The combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn led to low levels of TBARS and ROS in serum and muscle, and stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, supplementation with (PhSe)2+Zn may be a compelling approach to augmenting the calf antioxidant system during weaning.

RESUMO: A transfusão de sangue é um procedimento terapêutico de grande importância para medicina veterinária, apesar disto, na literatura há poucos estudos sobre hemoterapia em caprinos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas bioquímicas, hemogasométricas, estresse oxidativo e peroxidação lipídica de caprinos submetidos à transfusão homóloga de sangue total fresco ou armazenado por 15 e 35 dias. Foram utilizados 18 caprinos adultos, machos, submetidos a uma única flebotomia para retirada de 30% do volume sanguíneo e transfundidos com 20mL/kg de sangue total armazenado em bolsas CPDA-1 de acordo com o grupo experimental, sendo: o G0 composto por animais que receberam sangue fresco; G15 e G35 animais que receberam sangue armazenado por 15 e 35 dias, respectivamente. Para a avaliação bioquímica, hemogasométrica, estresse oxidativo e peroxidação lipídica foram coletadas amostras de sangue nos seguintes momentos: antes da indução da anemia (TC0); 6 horas após a flebotomia e antes de transfusão (TC1); 1, 6, 12, 24 e 96 horas após a transfusão (T1, T6, T12, T24 e T96, respectivamente); 8, 16 e 32 dias após a transfusão (T8d, T16d e T32d, respectivamente). Antes da transfusão, amostras de sangue também foram retiradas das bolsas para realização das mesmas análises. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa estatístico GRAPHPAD PRISM 5.0, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. As bolsas de sangue armazenadas por 15 e 35 dias apresentaram mais alterações bioquímicas, hemogasométricas, estresse oxidativo e peroxidação lipídica do que as bolsas de sangue fresco. Quanto à análise bioquímica, após a transfusão observou-se aumento da proteína total, albumina, glicose e creatina quinase nos 3 grupos; e elevação da bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta e ureia no G15 e G35. As alterações observadas na análise hemogasométrica não tiveram significado clínico, pois estavam dentro dos valores de referência para a espécie. Os animais que receberam sangue armazenado apresentaram desordem no seu sistema antioxidante demonstrada pela alteração da atividade da SOD. Na análise da peroxidação lipídica não houve diferença entre os grupos para a concentração de malondialdeído. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que a transfusão de sangue homólogo total fresco ou armazenado em caprinos não comprometeu a gasometria, peroxidação lipídica e funções hepática e renal dos animais transfundidos. Além disso, mostrou-se eficiente em repor entre outros componentes, a proteína total e albumina. Desta forma, a transfusão, conforme realizada neste estudo, mostrou-se segura para ser utilizada na prática clínica desta espécie.

ABSTRACT: Blood transfusion is a therapeutic procedure of great importance for veterinary medicine, in spite of only few studies in the literature on hemotherapy in goats. We aimed to evaluate the biochemical, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of goats submitted to homologous transfusion of fresh whole blood or stored for 15 and 35 days. Eighteen adult male goats were submitted to a single phlebotomy to remove 30% of the blood volume, and we transfused 20mL/kg of whole blood stored in CPDA-1 bags according to the experimental group, being: G0 composed goats who received fresh blood, G15 and G35 goats that received blood stored for 15 and 35 days, respectively. For the biochemical evaluation, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, blood samples were collected at the following moments: before the induction of anemia (TC0); 6 hours after phlebotomy and before transfusion (TC1); 1, 6, 12, 24 and 96 hours after transfusion (T1, T6, T12, T24 and T96 respectively); 8, 16 and 32 days after transfusion (T8d, T16d and T32d respectively). Before transfusion, blood samples were also withdrawn from the bags for the same analyzes. Statistical analyzes were performed in the statistical program GRAPHPAD PRISM 5.0, adopting a significance level of 5%. The bags of blood stored for 15 and 35 days showed more biochemical changes, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation than fresh blood bags. As for the biochemical analysis, after the transfusion was observed an increase of the total protein, albumin, glucose and creatine kinase in the 3 groups, and elevation of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urea in G15 and G35. The changes observed in the blood gas analysis had no clinical significance, as they were within the reference values for the species. The goats that received stored blood showed disorder in their antioxidant system through alteration of the SOD activity. In the analysis of lipid peroxidation no difference between the groups for the concentration of malondialdehyde was found. Thus, it can be concluded that transfusion of whole fresh stored blood in goats did not compromise the blood gases, lipid peroxidation and liver and renal functions of the transfused animals. In addition, the method was proved to be efficient to restore, among other components, the total protein and albumin. The transfusion, as performed in this study, proved to be safe for used in the clinical practice of goats.

Resumo: Peixes-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inungui) jovens são frequentemente encontrados e resgatados de rios, no entanto para avaliar e monitorar o estado de saúde desses animais é necessário conhecer os valores de referência das variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas nessa faixa etária. O trabalho objetivou determinar os valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de peixes-boi da amazônia jovens e saudáveis, mantidos em cativeiros. Foram coletadas 20 amostras sanguíneas de peixes-boi para a realização do hemograma e bioquímica. Os valores médios e desvio padrão das variáveis hematológicas foram: volume globular, 37±4%; eritrócitos, 4,4±0,35x106/μL; hemoglobina, 12,5±1,6g/dL; volume corpuscular médio (VCM), 85,33±4,28fL; hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM), 28,29±1,39pg; e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM), 33,13±0,20%, leucócitos totais, 9.080±1.868x103/μL; segmentados, 5.078±1.044,24x103/μL; linfócitos 3.556±1,063x103/μL; eosinófilos, 288± 215,51x103/μL; e monócitos, 165± 114,11x103/μL. A média e o intervalo (mínimo e máximo) das variáveis bioquímicas foram: creatinina quinase (CK), 112,53 (50,10-295,80) U/L; aspartato aminotransferase (AST), 6,02 (2,80-10,20) U/L; gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), 25,24 (10,80-45,30) U/L; fosfatase alcalina (FA), 98,73 (14,66-198,30) U/L; proteína total, 6,12 (5,38-7,10) g/dL; albumina, 4,23 (3,50-5,00) g/dL; colesterol, 310,13 (144-518) mg/dL; triglicerídeos, 127,98 (57,50-213,50) mg/dL; glicose, 43,63 (24,50-73,80) mg/dL; ureia, 30,21 (14,30-54,25); creatinina, 1,34 (0,93-1,76) mg/dL; cálcio, 10,08 (9,25-11,10) mg/dL; e fósforo inorgânico; 6,50 (4,10-8,80) mg/dL. No presente trabalho foi possível determinar valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de peixes-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inungui) jovens, mantidos em cativeiro, os quais podem ser utilizados como referência para animais em cativeiro e de vida livre, mantidos em condições ambientais, e de manejo, semelhantes.

Abstract: Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) young are often found and rescued from rivers, however to assess and monitor the health status of the animals is necessary to know the reference values of hematological and biochemical variables in this age group. The study aimed to determine hematological and biochemical values of healthy young manatee amazonian, kept in captivity. Were collected 20 blood samples of manatees in captivity for the hematological and biochemical evaluation. Means and standard deviations of hematological variables were: pack cell volume, 37±4%; red blood cell, 4.4±0.35x106/μL; hemoglobin, 12.5±1.6g/dL; mean corpuscular volume (VCM), 85.33±4.28fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HCM), 28.29±1.39pg; and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (CHCM), 33.13±0.20%. White blood cell, 9,080±1,868x103/μL; neutrofil, 5,078±1,044.24x103/μL; lymphocytes 3,556±1,063x103/μL; eosinophil, 288±215.51x103/μL; and monocyte, 1.65±114.11x103/μL. Means and ranges (minimum and maximum) of values for the analytes were: creatine kinase (CK), 112.53 (50.10-295.80) U/L; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 6.02 (2.80-10.20) U/L; γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), 25.24 (10.80-45.30) U/L; alkaline phosphatase (FA), 98.73 (14.66-198.30) U/L; total protein, 6.12 (5.38-7.10) g/dL; albumin, 4.23 (3.50-5.00) g/dL; cholesterol, 310.13 (144-518) mg/dL; triglycerides, 127.98 (57.50-213.50) mg/dL; glucose, 43.63 (24.50-73.80) mg/dL; urea, 30.21 (14.30-54.25); creatinine, 1.34 (0.93-1,76) mg/dL; calcium, 10.08 (9.25-11.10) mg/dL; and inorganic phosphorum, 6.50 (4.10-8.80) mg/dL. In the present study we determined hematological and biochemical values of manatees Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) young held in captivity, which can be used as a reference for animals in bondage and free life, kept under similar ambient conditions, and management similar.