ABSTRACT Global warming potential (GWP) of rice paddies depends on straw management. This study evaluated methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soil C stocks to determine GWP and yield-scaled GWP under different strategies and intensities of rice straw management in a subtropical climate. We hypothesized that decreasing soil management intensity and straw incorporation in the soil would reduce GWP. Methane fluxes were substantially higher during the rice growing season than in the off-season, while the opposite was observed for N2O fluxes. The cumulative emissions of CH4 during the growing season among the straw management strategies evaluated ranged from 165.8 to 586.0 kg ha-1. Annual CH4 emissions were lower when soil and straw received some type of management compared to no-tillage. Daily N2O fluxes ranged from -2.8 to 201.7 g ha-1 day-1; cumulative N2O emissions during the off-season ranged from 455.2 to 2816.5 g ha-1. During the off-season, strategies to reduce N2O emissions include post-harvest straw incorporation using a disc harrow, winter straw removal, and ryegrass cropping. Soil organic C stocks ranged from 35.96 to 38.36 Mg ha-1. Straw management using a disc harrow reduced soil organic C stocks, with more adverse effects than straw removal. Soil and rice straw management did not affect rice grain yield, with an average of 10.4 Mg ha-1. Methane emissions were the main component of GWP in all straw management systems. The contribution of N2O emissions to GWP was small and mostly (>85 %) determined by off-season emissions. Yield-scaled GWP ranged from 0.64 to 1.06 Mg CO2eq Mg-1 yield and was lower when soil and straw management systems occurred shortly after the rice harvest. Our results indicate that soil and straw management immediately after rice harvest reduces CH4 emissions, GWP, and yield-scaled GWP.

ABSTRACT Cover crops have numerous benefits when used in a no-till system. Understanding the processes of decomposition and N release of summer cover crops (SCC) may help select species and management to be used in cropping systems. This study aimed to evaluate C and N loss of SCC shoots. Six SCCs were evaluated: velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), showy rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). The experiment was conducted for two years under no-till in soil classified as Typic Hapludalf (Argissolo). The C and N remaining of crop shoots were evaluated for 140 days using litter bags and the results were fitted with a simple nonlinear regression model. Elevated air temperature and rainfall volume accelerated C and N loss in the first year. Carbon and N loss was characterized by a rapid initial phase followed by a slower one. Jack bean had the highest C loss rates, while the lowest rates were found in pearl millet. Velvet bean and pearl millet had the lowest N loss rates in the first year, together with showy rattlebox in the second year. The rates of C (kC) and N (kN) loss were positively correlated with total N and water-soluble C and N in crop shoots. During the 35 days after cover crop termination, SCCs released 35 to 137 kg ha-1 N in 2010 and 5 to 66 kg ha-1 N in 2011. Velvet bean and showy rattlebox showed more gradual N release, which may favor the synchronization between N release and N uptake by the succeeding crop. The sunn hemp was the legume species that combined higher remaining residues on the soil surface, releasing less N but preventing soil erosion.

Resumo: A precocidade do SINAES como um sistema norteador se percebe pelas dificuldades relacionadas ao seu efetivo desenvolvimento. O presente artigo busca analisar uma proposta de interpretação dos dados da avaliação institucional da URI, Campus de Santo Ângelo, no período de 2008 a 2012, com foco nas disciplinas dos cursos de Graduação. Na análise, prioriza-se a perspectiva de análise diacrônica dos dados, apontando as oscilações dos percentuais dos conceitos "Plenamente Satisfatório" e "Satisfatório". Os dados apresentados agrupam todas as disciplinas do Campus, organizados em gráficos para visualização da evolução da avaliação em cada item do questionário. Assim, a proposta vai ao encontro da cultura de autoavaliação, elencada como uma das maiores dificuldades do momento, na medida em que: se desenrola pelo processo evolutivo; tem como referência a instituição e o seu crescimento.

Abstract: The precocity of SINAES as a guiding system realizes the difficulties related to its effective development. This paper analyzes a proposed interpretation of the data of the institutional self-assessment of URI, Campus of St. Angelo, in the period 2008-2012, focusing on the disciplines of Undergraduate courses. In the analysis, we prioritize the perspective of diachronic data analysis, pointing fluctuations of the percentage of concepts "Satisfactory Fully" and "Satisfactory". The data presented consist of all disciplines on campus, organized into charts to visualize the evolution of assessment in each questionnaire item. The proposal meets the culture of self-assessment, put in one of the greatest difficulties of the moment, in that: the evolutionary process unfolds; reference is to the institution and its growth.

OBJETIVO: Determinar as principais indicações de transplante penetrante de córnea no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo nos pacientes operados no período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2005 e compará-las com os dados obtidos entre janeiro de 1991 e dezembro de 1995. MÉTODOS: Realizado estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos a transplante penetrante de córnea no período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2005. Para comparação dos resultados utilizamos o estudo realizado no nosso serviço em 1998. RESULTADOS: Quinhentos e oitenta e sete transplantes penetrantes de córnea foram realizados no período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2005. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 49,6 anos e variou de 1 a 91 anos. As principais indicações de transplante penetrante de córnea foram ceratite infecciosa (17,9%), trauma (16%), ceratopatia bolhosa do pseudofácico (14,7%), ceratocone (13,1%), reoperação (12,8%) e herpes (6,6%). CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento nas indicações de transplante penetrante de córnea nos últimos 10 anos nos casos de ceratite infecciosa, trauma, ceratopatia bolhosa do pseudofácico e herpes e diminuição nos de ceratocone e reoperação.

PURPOSE: To identify the indications for penetrating keratoplasty at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Santa Casa of São Paulo from January 1996 to December 2005 and to compare them with those from January 1991 to December 1995. METHODS: Charts of patients who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty from January 1996 to December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: There were 587 keratoplasties done in this period. The average age of patients was 49.6 ± 21.1 years (range 1 to 91 years). The most common indications were infectious keratitis (17.9%), trauma (16%), pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (14.7%), keratoconus (13.1%), regrafts (12.8%) and herpetic keratitis (6.6%). CONCLUSION: The leading indications for penetrating keratoplasty were infectious keratitis, trauma, bullous keratopathy, herpetic keratitis. There was a decreasing trend in penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus and regraft during the last 10 years.