RESUMO Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (L-NCFM) foi microencapsulado pela técnica de coextrusão com manitol. A otimização do material de revestimento, goma de alfarroba (0% a 2%, p / v) e prebiótico, manitol (0% a 5%, p / v) foi testada no tamanho do grânulo e eficiência de microencapsulação. Células L-NCFM microencapsuladas em três formas diferentes foram testadas em suco gástrico simulado (pH 2,0) e suco intestinal simulado (pH 7,5) e teste de armazenamento a 4 °C e 25 °C por 4 semanas. 0,5% (p / v) de goma de alfarroba e 3% (p / v) de manitol são as concentrações óptimas para produzir um tamanho de pérola de 570 µm, eficiência de microencapsulação de 96,81% e contagem de células 8,92 log CFU / mL. A microencapsulação de L-NCFM com manitol protege melhor as células em ambiente ácido. A viabilidade de L-NCFM encapsulado com manitol a 4 °C durante o período de armazenamento por 30 dias variou de 8,62 log ufc / mL a 6,80 log ufc / mL, atendendo ao mínimo necessário para probiótico (106 UFC / mL).

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (L-NCFM) was microencapsulated via co-extrusion technique with mannitol. Optimization of coating material, locust bean gum (0% to 2%, w/v) and prebiotic, mannitol (0% to 5%, w/v) was tested on bead size and microencapsulation efficiency. L-NCFM cells microencapsulated in three different forms were tested in simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0) and simulated intestinal juice (pH 7.5) and storage test at 4 °C and 25 °C for 4 weeks. 0.5% (w/v) locust bean gum and 3% (w/v) of mannitol are the optimal concentrations to produce bead size of 570 µm, microencapsulation efficiency of 96.81% and cell count 8.92 log CFU/mL. Microencapsulation of L-NCFM with mannitol protect cells better in acidic environment. The viability of encapsulated L-NCFM with mannitol at 4 °C throughout the storage period for 30 days ranged from 8.62 log cfu/mL to 6.80 log cfu/mL, which met the minimum required for probiotic (106CFU/mL).

INTRODUCTION: ecological studies were carried out on mollusk populations of medical and veterinary importance with emphasis on Fasciola hepatica intermediary hosts species. OBJECTIVES: to determine the relative abundance of populations and the possible use of some species as biological control agents against F. hepatica intermediary hosts. METHODS: a total of 13 freshwater bodies were sampled during March and November, 2008 using Capture by effort unit method to capture the mollusks RESULTS: thirteen mollusk species (12 gastropods and 1 bivalve) were found after sampling. The relative abundance of species varied in different types of habitat. The intermediary host species of fascioliasis were dominant in two sites. Fossaria cubensis was dominant in Canal de la Entrada despite the presence of Melanoides tuberculata. The specie Pseudosuccinea columella was more abundant in Los Mangos. In La Presa del Matadero y Las Palmas despite the presence of these species, the prevailing ones were Physa acuta and some planorbids. CONCLUSIONS: the sites where intermediary hosts of Fasciola hepatica predominated were identified through data on the distribution and relative abundance. In some sites Melanoides tuberculata was present and acted as a biological control agent but it did not in others. Therefore, an evaluation on using a different thiarid would be useful to control these species.

INTRODUCCIÓN: se realizaron estudios ecológicos sobre las poblaciones de moluscos de importancia médico-veterinaria con énfasis en las especies hospederas de Fasciola hepatica. OBJETIVOS: determinar la abundancia relativa de las poblaciones, así como el posible uso de algunas especies competidoras en el control biológico de hospederos intermediarios de Fasciola hepatica. MÉTODOS: se muestrearon 13 cuerpos de agua dulce durante el período marzo-noviembre de 2008 utilizando el método de captura por unidad de esfuerzo para la colecta de los moluscos. RESULTADOS: por medio de los muestreos se identificaron 13 especies de moluscos dulceacuícolas pertenecientes a las clases Gastropoda (12) y Bilvalvia (1). Las abundancias relativas de las especies presentaron variaciones según el tipo de hábitat. Las especies hospederas intermediarias de fasciolosis predominaron en 2 de los sitios de muestreo. Fossaria cubensis fue dominante en la localidad del Canal de la Entrada, a pesar de estar presente Melanoides tuberculata, posible control biológico. Pseudosuccinea columella fue más abundante en la localidad de Los Mangos. En La Presa del Matadero y Las Palmas, a pesar de estar presente estas especies, las que predominaron fueron Physa acuta y algunos planórbidos. CONCLUSIONES: se identificaron los sitios donde están presentes los hospederos de Fasciola hepatica, con datos de su distribución y abundancia relativa. En algunos sitios Melanoides tuberculata actúa como control biológico y en otros no, por lo que habría que evaluar el uso de otros tiáridos para poder controlar estas especies.

A population of Pseudosuccinea columella was raised under laboratory conditions and its life tables were determined in isolated and paired snails. Isolated snails were significantly larger in shell size than paired snails from five weeks of age onward. Also, statistically significant differences were found for the number of eggs per mass per individual from week 5 to 9, isolated snails exhibiting the highest values. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase were greater in isolated than in paired snails. Either an inhibition of the reproductive output between individuals or the advantage of selfing may be the cause of the differences in this species, acting as a possible mechanism that increase the fitness of isolated snails.

The effect of exposing the lymnaeid snail Fossaria cubensis to the trematode Fasciola hepatica on the snail population's life-history traits was studied under laboratory conditions. Exposed individuals showed a lower survival rate than control snails, although from week 7 onward a slower decrease of this parameter in relation to the control group was observed. There were higher values of fecundity rate for the controls compared to the exposed group except during weeks 9, 10, 11 and 12, which was the time that followed the period when almost all of the infected snails died. Both the intrinsic and finite rates of natural increase were significantly higher for the control group, but exposed snails still attained a lower mean generation time. Age-specific trade-offs were found, mainly for the weekly increase in size versus the number of eggs per mass, the weekly increase in size versus the number of viable eggs per mass, the number of masses versus the hatching probability and the number of eggs versus the hatching probability. All these negative associations were significant for juveniles of both control and exposed snails and not for adults; however, exposed young individuals exhibited much higher values of the correlation coefficient than control animals.