Resumo: Duas áreas localizadas no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil foram selecionadas para o levantamento da comunidade de abelhas, uma área com vegetação predominante de Cerrado e outra em ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. Durante cinco expedições em cada área em um período de 12 meses, entre os anos de 2019 e 2020 foram coletados 771 espécimes de abelhas, distribuídas em quatro famílias: Apidae, com a maior abundância e riqueza de espécies, seguida de Halictidae, Megachilidae e Andrenidae. Trigona pallens (Fabricius) (Apidae) foi a espécie com maior abundância em ambas as áreas, totalizando 118 espécimes, o que correspondeu a 26,9% da abundância total de indivíduos da tribo Meliponini. De um modo geral, a comunidade apresentou muitas espécies com poucos indivíduos e poucas espécies com muitos indivíduos. A metodologia de coleta com uso de rede entomológica permitiu a coleta do maior número de indivíduos e de espécies em relação a outros três métodos utilizados. Em ambas as áreas, poucas espécies foram classificadas como muito frequentes (MF) e muito abundantes (MA), de acordo com as classes de frequência e de abundância. Também para ambas as áreas, grande parte das espécies foram constantes (W) e um baixo número de espécies dominantes (D), com mais de 70% delas consideradas acidentais (Z). O presente estudo revelou que tanto o Cerrado como a área de transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica apresentou alta riqueza de espécies em comparação com outras áreas destes biomas amostradas no Brasil.

Abstract: Two sites located in Tocantins State, Brazil, were selected for the bee’s community survey. One of them was mostly covered by Cerrado vegetation and the other one is located in the Cerrado-Amazon Rainforest ecotone. Five expeditions were performed in each site throughout a 12-month period, between 2019 and 2020. The total of 771 bee specimens were collected and distributed into four families. Apidae presented the greatest species abundance and richness, it was followed by Halictidae, Megachilidae and Andrenidae, respectively. Trigona pallens (Fabricius) (Apidae) was the species presenting the greatest abundance in both sites, it totaled 118 specimens, which corresponded to 26.9% of the total abundance of individuals belonging to tribe Meliponini. In general, the community presented several species with few individuals and few species with many individuals. Bee collections were performed by using three different methodologies, among them one finds sampling based on the entomological net method, which allowed collecting the largest number of both individuals and species in comparison to the other used methods. Based on the frequency and abundance classes, only few species were classified as very frequent (VF) and very abundant (VA) in both sites based on the frequency and abundance classes. Most species were constant (W) in both regions, and there was a small number of dominant species (D); moreover, more than 70% of the sampled species were considered accidental (Z). According to the present study, either Cerrado or Cerrado-Amazon Rainforest studied sites presented higher species richness than other sites in these biomes sampled in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Forest-to-agriculture conversion and soil management practices for soybean cropping are frequently performed in the Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna). However, the effects of these practices on the soil microbial communities are still unknown. We evaluated and compared the fungal community structure in soil from soybean cropland with soil under native Cerrado vegetation at different times of the year in the Tocantins State. Soil samples were collected in two periods after planting (December) and in two periods during the soybean reproductive growth stage (February). Concomitantly, soil samples were collected from an area under native Cerrado vegetation surrounding the agricultural area. The soil DNA was analyzed using a fingerprinting method termed Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Space Analysis (ARISA) to assess the fungal community structure in the soil. Differences in the fungal community structure in the soil were found when comparing soybean cropland with the native vegetation (R = 0.932 for sampling 1 and R = 0.641 for sampling 2). Changes in the fungal community structure after management practices for soybean planting in Cerrado areas were related to changes in soil properties, mainly in copper, calcium, and iron contents, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and calcium to magnesium ratio. These results show the changes in the fungal community structure in the soil as an effect of agricultural soil management in Cerrado vegetation in the state of Tocantins.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Malaria and leishmaniasis are prevalent in tropical regions, which have environmental characteristics that are highly favorable to protozoa and vectors of these diseases; the transmission of these infections in sub-tropical regions, although recognized, represents only a small fraction of cases. Plants are constantly being used in the search for and acquisition of new drugs, and many compounds derived from them have been used to combat various diseases. In this study, we evaluated the action of the dichloromethanolic extract of Myrciaria dubia leaves against the protozoa Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania chagasi through bioassays. METHODS The extract from M. dubia was tested for its anti-P. falciparum activity in an anti-histidine-rich protein II immunosorbent assay. The antileishmanial assays were performed using the resazurin method, while cytotoxicity against human hepatoma (HepG2) strain was determined using the colorimetric MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2- thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide] method. RESULTS The M. dubia extract presented a half-maximal inhibitory concentration equal to 2.35 (1.05)μg/mL for P. falciparum, 190.73 (6.41) μg/mL for L. amazonensis, and greater than equal to 200µg/mL for L. chagasi and L. braziliensis strains. The cytotoxic concentration for 50% of the cells was above 500μg/mL for HepG2, indicating no toxicity and greater selectivity against parasites. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained indicate the presence of antiplasmodial and leishmanicidal bioactive compounds in the dichloromethanolic extracts of M. dubia leaves, and point towards future studies to elucidate the mechanism of action for each physiological effect.

A cultura da soja tem papel importante na questão do biodiesel, por apresentar potencial produtivo e viabilidade técnica capaz de atender parte da crescente demanda por combustíveis renováveis. No ano agrícola 2009/10, foram realizados quatro ensaios de competição de cultivares de soja, sendo dois no Campus Universitário de Palmas e outros dois no Campus Universitário de Gurupi e realizado um estudo de divergência genética. Em cada local, as cultivares foram conduzidas sob alto e baixo fósforo (150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 30 kg ha-1 de P2O5 respectivamente). O delineamento experimental utilizado, em cada ensaio, foi de blocos casualisados com três repetições e 11 tratamentos. Foi estudada a característica percentagem de óleo e determinada a eficiência do uso de fósforo pelas cultivares, através da metodologia adaptada de Fischer (1983). A divergência genética foi avaliada por meio de procedimentos multivariados: distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher. No estudo da divergência genética, cada ensaio representou uma variável distinta no modelo multivariado. As cultivares M-SOY 9350, M 8766RR e BR/EMGOPA 314 são as mais indicadas para a produção de biodiesel. As hibridações M 8766RR x M 9056RR, BR/EMGOPA 314 x M 9056RR, P98R91 x M 9056RR são promissoras para obtenção de populações segregantes para teor de óleo.

The soybean has an important role in the area of biodiesel, due to having a productive potential and technical feasibility able to meet the growing demand for renewable fuels. In the agricultural year of 2009/10, four competitive trials of soybean cultivars were carried out, two on the Campus of Palmas University and the other two on the University Campus at Gurupi, with a study of genetic divergence being undertaken. At each location, the cultivars were trained under conditions of both high and low phosphorus (150 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 30 kg ha-1 P2O5 respectively). The experimental design employed for each trial was of randomised blocks with three replications and 11 treatments. The percentage of oil as a characteristic was studied, and the efficiency of phosphorus usage by the cultivars determined employing the methodology adapted from Fischer (1983). Genetic divergence was evaluated using multivariate procedures: the generalised Mahalanobis distance and Tocher's optimisation method for clustering. In the study of genetic divergence, each test represented a distinct variable in the multivariate model. The cultivars M-SOY 9350, M 8766RR and BR/EMGOPA 314 are the most suitable for the production of biodiesel. The hybrids M 8766RR x M 9056RR, BR/EMGOPA 314 x M 9056RR, P98R91 x M 9056RR are promising for obtaining segregating populations to be used for their oil content.

Com objetivo de avaliar a variabilidade fenotípica e a divergência genética entre 50 clones de batata doce, foi realizado um ensaio na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins - Campus de Palmas, no ano agrícola 2009/2010. A divergência genética foi avaliada pelo método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher. As características estudadas foram produtividade, produção de matéria seca, teor de amido e rendimento de etanol. O método de otimização por Tocher separou os clones em oito grupos geneticamente distintos. As características produtividade (70,15%) e rendimento em etanol (15,06%) foram as que mais contribuíram na divergência genética entre os clones. A presença de variabilidade genética permitiu a identificação de cultivares dissimilares e com média elevada indicando a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos superiores para as características estudadas. Os cruzamentos Duda x 22.19, Marcela x 22.19, Barbara x 22.19, Duda x Barbara, Amanda x 22.19, Amanda x Marcela são promissores para obtenção de híbridos divergentes.

In order to evaluate the phenotypic variability and genetic divergence between 50 clones of the sweet potato, a test was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Federal Universidade of Tocantins, Palmas Campus, in the agricultural year of 2009/2010. The genetic diversity was assessed using the Tocher grouping optimization method. The characteristics studied were productivity, dry matter production, starch content and ethanol yield. The Tocher optimization method separated the clones into eight genetically distinct groups. The characteristics of productivity (70.15%) and ethanol yield (15.06%) were those that most affected genetic divergence among the clones. The presence of genetic variability permitted the identification of dissimilar cultivars with a high average, indicating the possibility of selecting superior genotypes for the traits studied. The Duda x 22.19, Marcela x 22.19, Barbara x 22:19, Duda x Barbara, Amanda x 22:19, Amanda x Marcela crossbreeds are those which are promising for obtaining divergent hybrids.

Avaliou-se a ocorrência de Leishmania infantum em cães do município de Palmas-TO, comparando dados diagnósticos obtidos pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e pelo diagnóstico parasitológico. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e de aspirado de linfonodo de 63 cães machos e fêmeas, várias idades e raças, domiciliares ou não de agosto de 2009 a junho de 2010. As lâminas contendo esfregaço dos aspirados de linfonodos foram coradas pelo corante Giemsa. Na PCR, a sequência alvo de 145 pb do fragmento LT1, situado no minicírculo do kDNA do grupo Leishmania donovani, foi detectada através dos oligonucleotídeos iniciadores RV1 e RV2. O teste χ² (Qui-quadrado), demonstrou haver relação significativa entre a sintomatologia e a positividade dos cães para Leishmaniose Visceral (LV). O exame parasitológico mostrou uma concordância de 66,7% com a PCR em sangue e 84,1% com a PCR de aspirado de linfonodo. Além destas análises, houve a avaliação dos diagnósticos em paralelo e em série, onde as concordâncias com o exame parasitológico foram de 76,2% e 74,6%, respectivamente. Os resultados permitem sugerir a utilização da PCR de linfonodos na avaliação de grandes populações (inquéritos), e o exame parasitológico para a avaliação clínica inicial em consultórios veterinários.

This study evaluated occurrences of Leishmania infantum in dogs in the municipality of Palmas, Tocantins, comparing diagnostic data obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and parasitological diagnosis. Blood samples and lymph node aspirates were collected from 63 dogs of males and females and various ages and races, with or without owners, between August 2009 and June 2010. Slides containing smears of lymph node aspirates were stained with Giemsa stained. In PCR, the 145 bp target sequence of the LT1 fragment, located in the Leishmania donovani kDNA minicircle was detected using the RV1 and RV2 oligonucleotide primers. The chi-square test revealed that there was a significant relationship between the symptoms and dogs that were positive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The parasitological investigation showed concordance of 66.7% with PCR on blood and 84.1% with PCR on lymph node aspirate. In addition to these tests, evaluations of the diagnoses in parallel and in series were conducted, which showed concordances with the parasitological test of 76.2% and 74.6%, respectively. The results make it possible to suggest that PCR on lymph nodes should be used in evaluating large populations (surveys) and that the parasitological test should be used for initial clinical evaluations in veterinary consultation offices.

INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar, através da PCR, a presença da infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi em cães no município de Palmas, no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil, de modo a elencar os hot spots de cães infectados no município e associar sua ocorrência a alterações ambientais marcantes nos locais de captura. MÉTODOS: O DNA foi extraído do sangue dos cães e as reações de PCR foram realizadas com os primers RV1/RV2. Após o screening da população estudada, foram detectadas as regiões do município que apresentavam as maiores ocorrências da infecção canina. Esses locais foram visitados, e parâmetros de distúrbio ecológico com origem antrópica foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Algumas características importantes foram constantes entre as regiões visitadas, entre elas a baixa urbanização, inexistência de coleta pública de esgoto, coleta publica de lixo pouco abrangente, lotes vagos com vegetação alta, e matéria orgânica em decomposição, com destaque para criação de cães soltos, e aves nas residências. CONCLUSÕES: A metodologia adotada para screening da população se mostrou bastante eficiente, sobretudo na avaliação de um grande número de indivíduos em tempo reduzido, com alto grau de automatização. Os resultados apresentados indicam associação entre os parâmetros observados e a ocorrência da infecção em cães. O modelo apresentado no município é ideal para estudos do desenvolvimento da doença, bem como sua expansão, além da avaliação das medidas de controle adotadas para a leishmaniose visceral canina.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify the presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs in the City of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil, using the PCR technique to list the hot spots of infected dogs in the city and associate their occurrence to significant environmental changes at capture sites. METHODS: DNA was extracted from blood of dogs, and the PCR were performed with primers RV1/RV2. After screening the population studied, the regions of the city that had the highest occurrence of canine infection were detected. These sites were visited, and ecological parameters denoting anthropogenic disturbance were evaluated. RESULTS: Some important features were listed in the regions visited, such as low urbanization, lack of public collection of sewage, limited garbage collection, vacant lots with tall vegetation, decaying organic matter, and, most importantly, the occurrence of stray dogs and poultry in homes. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology for screening the population was very efficient, especially in evaluating a large number of individuals in a short time, with a high degree of automation. The results indicate an association between the observed parameters and the occurrence of infection in dogs. The model presented in the city is ideal for studies of disease progression and expansion and for the evaluation of control measures adopted for canine VL.