ABSTRACT Background: The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine has made it a recommended intervention for people at high risk, including adults over 65. This work aimed to analyse the trends of annual vaccination rates, and identify subgroups in the population that have a significant risk of not receiving the vaccine. Methods: For the first objective, the source of information was the data reported by the Ministry of Health. To determine the trends in vaccination an analysis of interrupted time series was conducted. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out with the National Health Survey (ENSE) of 2017 for the second objective. Results: The rate of influenza vaccination showed an absolute annual decrease of 1,2 points since the 2006-07 season (95% CI: 0,8%, 1,6%). The prevalence of vaccination in 2017 was 54,9%. The variables independently associated with a higher probability of the influenza vaccine were males, older age, born in Spain, having more visits to the doctor, with prescription of medications, having a chronic illness, being non-smoker, and the lower consumption of fruits. Conclusions: The coverage of the flu vaccine in the population aged 65 and over is not only below the recommendation of the World Health Organization and indicated by the Interterritorial Council of the National Health System, but is significantly decreasing every year. Sub-groups with lover vaccination rates (women, younger than 75 years, foreign born, with less visits to primary care, no prescription of medicines, no chronic diseases, smokers and with higher intake of fruit) should be targets to develop campaigns and programs to increase their uptake of influenza vaccination so it could provide its potential population benefit.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: La efectividad de la vacuna de la gripe ha hecho que sea una medida recomendada para personas de alto riesgo, entre ellos los adultos de 65 y más años. En este trabajo se planteó analizar la evolución de las tasas anuales de vacunación, e identificar subgrupos en la población que tuviese un riesgo significativo de no vacunarse. Métodos: Para el primer objetivo, la fuente de información fueron los datos que informa el Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Para analizar las tendencias se llevó a cabo un análisis de series temporales interrumpidas. La fuente de información para el segundo objetivo fue la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España de 2017. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística multivariable. Resultados: La tasa de vacunación de la gripe mostró desde la temporada 2006-07 una disminución absoluta anual de 1,2 puntos (95% IC: 0,8%, 1,6%). La prevalencia de vacunación en 2017 era de 54,9%. Las variables independientemente asociadas con la mayor vacunación de la gripe eran ser hombre, la mayor edad, haber nacido en España, tener más visitas al médico, tener una prescripción de medicamentos, tener una enfermedad crónica, no ser fumador, y el menor consumo de frutas. Conclusiones: La cobertura de la vacuna de la gripe en población de 65 y más años no solo está por debajo de lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud e indicado por el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud sino que está disminuyendo significativamente cada año. Los subgrupos con menores tasas de vacunación (mujeres, menores de 75 años, no nacidos en España, con menos visitas al médico, sin prescripción de medicamentos, sin enfermedades crónicas, fumadores y con más consumo de frutas) deben ser identificados para desarrollar campañas y programas destinados a incrementar su vacunación de la gripe de forma que pueda aportar todo su beneficio potencial a la población específica.

ABSTRACT Background: The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine has made it a recommended intervention for people at high risk, including adults over 65. This work aimed to analyse the trends of annual vaccination rates, and identify subgroups in the population that have a significant risk of not receiving the vaccine. Methods: For the first objective, the source of information was the data reported by the Ministry of Health. To determine the trends in vaccination an analysis of interrupted time series was conducted. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out with the National Health Survey (ENSE) of 2017 for the second objective. Results: The rate of influenza vaccination showed an absolute annual decrease of 1,2 points since the 2006-07 season (95% CI: 0,8%, 1,6%). The prevalence of vaccination in 2017 was 54,9%. The variables independently associated with a higher probability of the influenza vaccine were males, older age, born in Spain, having more visits to the doctor, with prescription of medications, having a chronic illness, being non-smoker, and the lower consumption of fruits. Conclusions: The coverage of the flu vaccine in the population aged 65 and over is not only below the recommendation of the World Health Organization and indicated by the Interterritorial Council of the National Health System, but is significantly decreasing every year. Sub-groups with lover vaccination rates (women, younger than 75 years, foreign born, with less visits to primary care, no prescription of medicines, no chronic diseases, smokers and with higher intake of fruit) should be targets to develop campaigns and programs to increase their uptake of influenza vaccination so it could provide its potential population benefit.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: La efectividad de la vacuna de la gripe ha hecho que sea una medida recomendada para personas de alto riesgo, entre ellos los adultos de 65 y más años. En este trabajo se planteó analizar la evolución de las tasas anuales de vacunación, e identificar subgrupos en la población que tuviese un riesgo significativo de no vacunarse. Métodos: Para el primer objetivo, la fuente de información fueron los datos que informa el Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Para analizar las tendencias se llevó a cabo un análisis de series temporales interrumpidas. La fuente de información para el segundo objetivo fue la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España de 2017. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística multivariable. Resultados: La tasa de vacunación de la gripe mostró desde la temporada 2006-07 una disminución absoluta anual de 1,2 puntos (95% IC: 0,8%, 1,6%). La prevalencia de vacunación en 2017 era de 54,9%. Las variables independientemente asociadas con la mayor vacunación de la gripe eran ser hombre, la mayor edad, haber nacido en España, tener más visitas al médico, tener una prescripción de medicamentos, tener una enfermedad crónica, no ser fumador, y el menor consumo de frutas. Conclusiones: La cobertura de la vacuna de la gripe en población de 65 y más años no solo está por debajo de lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud e indicado por el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud sino que está disminuyendo significativamente cada año. Los subgrupos con menores tasas de vacunación (mujeres, menores de 75 años, no nacidos en España, con menos visitas al médico, sin prescripción de medicamentos, sin enfermedades crónicas, fumadores y con más consumo de frutas) deben ser identificados para desarrollar campañas y programas destinados a incrementar su vacunación de la gripe de forma que pueda aportar todo su beneficio potencial a la población específica.

Macroinvertebrados aquáticos (MIA) desempenham um importante papel na ecologia das zonas úmidas, quer pelo seu emprego como reguladores dos ciclos da matéria, como para a sua função de armazenamento de energia representada na sua biomassa, que é transferido para elevados níveis tróficos. Para responder à questão de como a biomassa de diferentes categorias tróficas de MIA está relacionada com as variáveis físicas e químicas da água do pantanal Jaboque (Bogotá, Colômbia), quatro amostragens foram realizadas entre abril de 2009 e janeiro de 2010, de acordo com os períodos de chuva e seca na região. Os valores de biomassa de MIA obtidos foram classificados como de grau intermediário. Nós não encontramos nenhuma diferença significativa no tempo, mas foram observadas diferenças espaciais. Aparentemente, estas diferenças parecem estar associadas com as variações espaciais na pressão antrópica, que difere em cada região do pantanal. Nos meses de menor precipitação (janeiro e agosto), a biomassa foi maior e dominado por detritívoros. Observou-se uma relação positiva entre a condutividade específica da água ena biomassa de predadores e detritívoros e entre a temperatura da água e a biomassa de detritívoros e trituradores. Estas relações sugerem que as variáveis físicas e químicas influenciam a distribuição, abundância e biomassa de grupos funcionais. As condições físicas e químicas da água tiveram flutuações espaço-temporais relacionadas com alterações na concentração de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, que foram presumivelmente relacionadas com a descarga do efluente e o elevado impacto das populações humanas locais.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates (AMI) play an important role in the ecology of wetlands, either by their job as regulators of the cycles of matter, as for their energy storage function represented in their biomass, which is transferred to higher trophic levels. To answer the question of how biomass of different AMI trophic guilds is related with physicochemical variables in the wetland Jaboque (Bogotá, Colombia), four samplings were achieved between April 2009 and January 2010, according to periods of rain and drought in the region. The AMI biomass values obtained were rated as of intermediate rank. No temporal but spatial significant differences were found. Apparently these spatial differences appear to be associated with variations in anthropogenic pressure, which differs in each area of the wetland. In dry months (January and August), biomass was greater and dominated by detritivores. We observed a positive relationship between the specific conductance of water and the biomass of predators and detritivores and between water temperature and the biomass of detritivores and shredders. These relationships suggest that the physical and chemical variables influence the distribution, abundance, and biomass of functional groups. The physical and chemical conditions of water exhibited spatiotemporal fluctuations related to changes in the concentration of organic matter and nutrients, which presumably were related to the affluents discharges and the high impact of local human populations.