ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Neck circumference (NC) is a useful anthropometric measure for predicting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Ethnicity and sex also influence obesity phenotypes. NC cut-offs for defining OSA have not been established for the Latin American population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate NC, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) as predictors of OSA in the Colombian population and to determine optimal cut-off points. DESIGN AND SETTING: Diagnostic tests were conducted at the Javeriana University, Bogota. METHODS: Adults from three cities in Colombia were included. NC, WC, and BMI were measured, and a polysomnogram provided the reference standard. The discrimination capacity and best cut-off points for diagnosing OSA were calculated. RESULTS: 964 patients were included (57.7% men; median age, 58 years) and 43.4% had OSA. The discrimination capacity of NC was similar for men and women (area under curve, AUC 0.63 versus 0.66, P = 0.39) but better for women under 60 years old (AUC 0.69 versus 0.57, P < 0.05). WC had better discrimination capacity for women (AUC 0.69 versus 0.57, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in BMI. Optimal NC cut-off points were 36.5 cm for women (sensitivity [S]: 71.7%, specificity [E]: 55.3%) and 41 cm for men (S: 56%, E: 62%); and for WC, 97 cm for women (S: 65%, E: 69%) and 99 cm for men (S: 53%, E: 58%). CONCLUSIONS: NC and WC have moderate discrimination capacities for diagnosing OSA. The cut-off values suggest differences between Latin- and North American as well as Asian populations.

Resumen El objetivo fue diseñar y validar un instrumento para evaluar la disposición al cambio conductual durante la pandemia por covid-19 en población mexicana. La muestra la integraron 214 participantes (73.3% [n = 157] mujeres y 26.6% [n = 57] hombres). La edad media de los participantes fue de 32.01 (DE = 13.48). Se les aplicó una adaptación de la escala URICA (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment), de la cual se evaluó la confiabilidad con el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach y la estructura interna de las dimensiones con un análisis factorial exploratorio. La escala final resultó en 17 ítems con confiabilidad moderadamente aceptable: precontemplación α = 0.501, explicando el 19.27% de la varianza total; contemplación α = 0.586, explicando el 34.94%; acción α = 0.658, explicando el 46.17%; y mantenimiento α =0.672, explicando el 30.95%. Se demostró que la propuesta es válida y confiable, con una estructura que evalúa la disposición al cambio conductual en la pandemia por covid-19 en población mexicana.

Abstract The objective was to design and validate an instrument to assess the willingness to change behavior during the covid-19 pandemic in Mexican population. The sample was made up of 214 participants (73.3% [n = 157] women and 26.6% [n = 57] men). The mean age of the participants was 32.01 (SD = 13.48). An adaptation of the URICA (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment) scale was applied, whose reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the internal structure of the dimensions with an exploratory factor analysis. The final scale resulted in 17 items with moderately acceptable reliability: precontemplation α = 0.501, explaining 19.27% of the total variance; contemplation α = 0.586, explaining 34.94%; action α = 0.658, explaining 46.17%; and maintenance α = 0.672, explaining 30.95%. It was demonstrated that the proposal is reliable, with a structure that evaluates the willingness to change behavior in the covid-19 pandemic in Mexican population.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo qualitativo sobre o modo como adultos mais velhos a residirem sozinhos em Portugal experienciaram o primeiro confinamento domiciliário no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 em 2020. O confinamento domiciliário foi marcado por experiências negativas, com exceção de um participante que teve uma combinação particularmente favorável de recursos e circunstâncias. As experiências negativas envolveram perdas em diversas áreas, como a privação de atividades fora de casa, de independência e de interações sociais presenciais. Perder as atividades fora de casa e a independência promoveu uma sensação de aprisionamento, enquanto a perda de interações sociais cara a cara desencadeou um sentimento de solidão física. Considerando as potenciais implicações negativas destas perdas, é crucial criar soluções inovadoras que possam mitigá-las em futuros confinamentos.

Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude qualitative sur la façon dont les adultes plus vieux vivant seuls au Portugal ont vécu le premier confinement à domicile dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19 en 2020. Le confinement à domicile a été marqué par des expériences négatives, à l’exception d’un participant qui avait une combinaison particulièrement favorable de ressources et de circonstances. Les expériences négatives impliquaient des pertes dans plusieurs domaines, tels que la privation d’activités en dehors de la maison, l’indépendance et les interactions sociales face à face. La perte d’activités extérieures et d’indépendance a favorisé un sentiment d’emprisonnement, tandis que la perte d’interactions sociales en face à face a déclenché un sentiment de solitude physique. Compte tenu des implications négatives potentielles de ces pertes, il est crucial de créer des solutions innovantes qui peuvent les atténuer lors de futurs confinements.

Abstract This article presents findings of a qualitative study reporting older adults’ experiences of solitary home confinement during Portugal’s first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. Home confinement was marked by negative experiences, with the exception of one participant who had a particularly favorable combination of resources and circumstances. Negative experiences involved losses in several areas, such as being deprived of out-of-home activities, independence and face-to-face social interactions. Losing out-of-home activities and independence promoted a sense of imprisonment, while losing face-to-face social interactions triggered a feeling of physical loneliness. Considering the potential negative implications of these losses, it is crucial to create innovative solutions that can mitigate them in future lockdowns.

Abstract: Mental health care has traditionally paid little attention to mothers. Comprehensive perinatal mental health care programs are very scarce in our environment. We propose a framing model that serves for comprehensive perinatal care, including care for the mental processes of reproduction, pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum from an ecosystemic vision inspired by the proposals of Urie Bronfenbrenner and John Bowlby, among others. The model integrates data from neurobiology and epigenetics and theories from systemic and intergenerational transmission of attachment and trauma. It is embedded in a gender and ecological perspective that allows making visible the mother-baby dyad's needs in the center as a starting point for prevention and attention during the perinatal period. We propose a perinatal view as a model to continue deepening care for mothers and families at the beginning of life, as well as to care for the professionals who care for them. We bet on listening, support and psychotherapy as basic tools in community and individual care for mothers, babies, and families.

Resumen: La atención a la salud mental tradicionalmente ha prestado poca atención a las madres. Son muy escasos en nuestro medio los programas de atención integral a la salud mental perinatal. Proponemos un modelo de encuadre que sirva para la atención integral a la perinatalidad, incluyendo los cuidados a los procesos psíquicos de la reproducción, embarazo, parto y posparto desde una visión ecosistémica inspirada en las propuestas de Urie Bronfenbrenner y John Bowlby, entre otros, integrando las aportaciones de la neurobiología, la epigenética, los modelos de transmisión intergeneracional del apego y el trauma, la sistémica, y añadiendo una perspectiva de género y ecológica que permita visibilizar las necesidades de la díada madre-bebé en el centro como punto de partida para la prevención y la atención en perinatalidad. Proponemos una mirada perinatal como modelo para continuar profundizando en la atención a madres y familias en el inicio de la vida, así como para cuidar también a las profesionales que los atienden. Apostamos por la escucha, el acompañamiento y la psicoterapia como herramientas básicas en la atención comunitaria e individual a madres, bebés y familias.

Abstract Background: Wallenberg syndrome (WS) is a classic neurologic disorder secondary to vascular pathology of the vertebrobasilar circulation. Methods: Consecutive patients > 18 years with WS and isolated lateral medullary infarction syndrome were included from two Mexican hospitals. Risk factors, initial signs, symptoms, radiological findings, and acute treatment were evaluated; the prognosis was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Results: Twenty-six patients were studied in a 26-year period (1988-2014); 17 patients were men (67%); and the average age was 45 years (range 19-77). Fourteen patients were under 45 years old (54%). The most common risk factors were dyslipidemia (41%) and hypertension (37%). The main initial symptoms were vertigo-dizziness (89%) gait ataxia (70%), and crossed-sensory deficit; and the main signs were crossed-sensitive deficit (93%), Horner syndrome (85%), and nystagmus (82%). In the bivariate analysis, age under 45 years was associated with a vertebral arterial dissection (p = 0.001), and age > 45 with atherothrombotic etiology (p = 0.01). About 96% of patients presented good recovery at an average of 17 months follow-up. Conclusion: Non-atherosclerotic vasculopathy was the main cause of WS-ILBI in young people. The clinical characteristics were similar to those reported in other series with a usually benign prognosis.

Resumen Antecedentes: El síndrome de Wallenberg (SW) es un diagnóstico clásico en neurología, generalmente secundario a patología vascular de la circulación vertebro-basilar. Métodos: Se incluyeron a pacientes mexicanos consecutivos mayores de 18 años de edad con síndrome de SW e infarto bulbar lateral aislado (SW-IBLA) en dos hospitales mexicanos. Se evaluaron los factores de riesgo, signos y síntomas iniciales, hallazgos radiológicos, tratamiento agudo y pronóstico mediante el Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Resultados: Se estudiaron 26 pacientes en un periodo de 26 años (1988-2014); Diecisiete pacientes fueron hombres (67%); el promedio de edad fue de 45 años (rango 19-77). Catorce pacientes fueron menores de 45 años (54%). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron dislipidemia (41%) e hipertensión arterial (37%). Los principales síntomas al inicio fueron vértigo-mareo (89%) y ataxia para la marcha (70%), así como déficit sensorial cruzado (93%), síndrome de Horner (85%) y nistagmo (82%) a la exploración neurológica. En el análisis bivariado, la edad menor a 45 años se asoció a disección arterial vertebral (p = 0.001), y la edad > 45 a etiología aterotrombótica (p = 0.01). El 96% de los pacientes presentaron buena recuperación en un seguimiento promedio de 17 meses. Conclusión: La vasculopatía no ateroesclerosa fue la principal causa de SW-IBLA en jóvenes. Las características clínicas para esta localización fueron similares a lo reportado en otras series con un pronóstico habitualmente benigno.

ABSTRACT In the Nevado de Toluca, Mexico the indiscriminate use of pesticides for food production (principally potato) has generated negative impacts on the physical and chemical properties of soil, which represents an imminent risk to environmental and human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total concentration and geoavailability fraction of the main potentially toxic elements (As, Pb and Cd) from the most used pesticides in agricultural soils of the Nevado de Toluca. The determination of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) was carried out by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductive coupling and in the case of the As, by atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride generation. The results revealed a considerable total concentration of potentially toxic elements in the area whose geoavailability is evident. Therefore, there is evidence of global in the short term by the abuse of pesticides in this important region of the Nevado of Toluca, Mexico.

RESUMEN En el Nevado de Toluca, México, el uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas para la producción de alimentos (principalmente papa) ha generado impactos negativos en las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, lo que representa un riesgo inminente para la salud ambiental y humana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la concentración total y la fracción geodisponible de los principales elementos potencialmente tóxicos (As, Pb y Cd) provenientes de los plaguicidas más utilizados en suelos agrícolas del Nevado de Toluca. La determinación de metales pesados (Pb y Cd) se realizó mediante espectroscopia de emisión atómica por plasma de acoplamiento inductivo y para As, mediante espectroscopia de absorción atómica por generación de hidruros. Los resultados mostraron una concentración total considerable de elementos potencialmente tóxicos en la zona, así como una ostensible geodisponibilidad. Por tanto, hay evidencia de riesgo en el corto plazo por el abuso de plaguicidas en esta importante región del Nevado de Toluca, México.

Resumen El Síndrome de apnea - hipopnea obstructiva del sueño es una enfermedad con compromiso multisistémico, con especial repercusión en el sistema cardiovascular y por tanto con alto impacto en la morbimortalidad general. Se han demostrado múltiples mecanismos fisiopatológicos que explican y sugieren una asociación directa y proporcional al daño generado por esta entidad, en especial para las taquiarritmias, específicamente para fibrilación auricular y también para las bradiarrimias, con mejoría demostrada tras el tratamiento con presión positiva continua de la vía aérea. La asociación con aleteo auricular y arritmias ventriculares ha mostrado resultados contradictorios en algunos estudios, por lo que aún no es tan clara.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnoea / hypopnoea syndrome is a disease of multisystemic involvement, with particular repercussions on the cardiovascular system, and thus a high impact on morbidity and mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been demonstrated that explain and suggest a direct and proportional relationship to the damaged caused by the condition, especially for tachyarrhythmias, specifically for atrial fibrillation, and also for bradyarrhythmias, with a demonstrated improvement with continuous positive airway pressure. As the association with atrial flutter and ventricular arrhythmias has shown contradictory results in some studies, the relationship is still not clear.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a associação entre a exposição às áreas verdes no entorno da residência e a presença de transtornos mentais comuns entre adultos, segundo diferentes estratos de renda. MÉTODOS Estudo seccional com 2.584 participantes do Estudo Pró-Saúde (2006), residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os transtornos mentais comuns foram aferidos por meio do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) e a exposição às áreas verdes pelo índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada, em buffers com raios entre 100 e 1.500 metros em torno da residência. Foram utilizados o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada médio e máximo categorizado em quartis. A população do estudo foi dividida em três subgrupos, de acordo com a renda: baixa, intermediária e alta. Foram estimadas razões de chances e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança com modelos de regressão logística. Os modelos foram ajustados por sexo e idade, com e sem inclusão da prática de atividade física. RESULTADOS A proporção de transtornos mentais comuns foi de 30% e 39% entre homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Os resultados dos modelos ajustados mostraram associação inversa entre a presença de áreas verdes no entorno do domicílio e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, no buffer de 200 metros no grupo de renda intermediária e nos buffers de 400 e 1.500 metros no grupo de baixa renda. A razão de chances variou de 0,52 (buffer de 1.500 metros) a 0,68 (buffer de 200 metros). A associação encontrada foi independente da prática de atividade física. CONCLUSÕES As evidências encontradas sugerem a existência de um efeito benéfico de áreas verdes urbanas na saúde mental dos indivíduos de renda mais baixa. Tais achados podem ajudar na compreensão de como o meio ambiente urbano pode afetar a saúde mental da população.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between exposure to green areas in the surroundings of the residence and the presence of common mental disorders among adults, according to different income strata. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 2,584 participants from the Pró-Saúde Study (2006), residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Common Mental Disorders were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and exposure to green areas was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index, in buffers with radiuses between 100 and 1,500 meters around the residence. We used the mean and maximum normalized difference vegetation index categorized into quartiles. The study population was divided into three subgroups, according to the income: low, intermediate, and high. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated with logistic regression models. The models were adjusted by sex and age, with and without inclusion of physical activity practice. RESULTS The proportion of common mental disorders was 30% and 39% among men and women, respectively. The results of the adjusted models showed an inverse association between the presence of green areas in the surroundings of the residence and the occurrence of common mental disorders, in the buffer of 200 meters in the intermediate-income group and in the buffers of 400 and 1,500 meters in the low-income group. The odds ratio ranged from 0.52 (buffer of 1,500 meters) to 0.68 (buffer of 200 meters). The association found was independent of physical activity practice. CONCLUSIONS The evidence found suggests the existence of a beneficial effect of urban green areas on the mental health of lower-income individuals. These findings can help in understanding how the urban environment can affect the mental health of the population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a associação entre a exposição às áreas verdes no entorno da residência e a presença de transtornos mentais comuns entre adultos, segundo diferentes estratos de renda. MÉTODOS Estudo seccional com 2.584 participantes do Estudo Pró-Saúde (2006), residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os transtornos mentais comuns foram aferidos por meio do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) e a exposição às áreas verdes pelo índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada, em buffers com raios entre 100 e 1.500 metros em torno da residência. Foram utilizados o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada médio e máximo categorizado em quartis. A população do estudo foi dividida em três subgrupos, de acordo com a renda: baixa, intermediária e alta. Foram estimadas razões de chances e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança com modelos de regressão logística. Os modelos foram ajustados por sexo e idade, com e sem inclusão da prática de atividade física. RESULTADOS A proporção de transtornos mentais comuns foi de 30% e 39% entre homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Os resultados dos modelos ajustados mostraram associação inversa entre a presença de áreas verdes no entorno do domicílio e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, no buffer de 200 metros no grupo de renda intermediária e nos buffers de 400 e 1.500 metros no grupo de baixa renda. A razão de chances variou de 0,52 (buffer de 1.500 metros) a 0,68 (buffer de 200 metros). A associação encontrada foi independente da prática de atividade física. CONCLUSÕES As evidências encontradas sugerem a existência de um efeito benéfico de áreas verdes urbanas na saúde mental dos indivíduos de renda mais baixa. Tais achados podem ajudar na compreensão de como o meio ambiente urbano pode afetar a saúde mental da população.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between exposure to green areas in the surroundings of the residence and the presence of common mental disorders among adults, according to different income strata. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 2,584 participants from the Pró-Saúde Study (2006), residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Common Mental Disorders were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and exposure to green areas was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index, in buffers with radiuses between 100 and 1,500 meters around the residence. We used the mean and maximum normalized difference vegetation index categorized into quartiles. The study population was divided into three subgroups, according to the income: low, intermediate, and high. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated with logistic regression models. The models were adjusted by sex and age, with and without inclusion of physical activity practice. RESULTS The proportion of common mental disorders was 30% and 39% among men and women, respectively. The results of the adjusted models showed an inverse association between the presence of green areas in the surroundings of the residence and the occurrence of common mental disorders, in the buffer of 200 meters in the intermediate-income group and in the buffers of 400 and 1,500 meters in the low-income group. The odds ratio ranged from 0.52 (buffer of 1,500 meters) to 0.68 (buffer of 200 meters). The association found was independent of physical activity practice. CONCLUSIONS The evidence found suggests the existence of a beneficial effect of urban green areas on the mental health of lower-income individuals. These findings can help in understanding how the urban environment can affect the mental health of the population.

RESUMO: O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar as causas de fotossensibilização em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil, através da revisão dos laudos de exames arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Durante os quatro anos do estudo foram diagnosticados 22 surtos de fotossensibilização, incluindo 11 surtos de fotossensibilização primária e oito surtos de fotossensibilização hepatógena. A intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização e a única causa de fotossensibilização primária. As espécies mais gravemente afetadas por fotossensibilização primária foram os asininos, caprinos, bovinos e ovinos, mas os equinos e mulas também são afetados. A intoxicação por Brachiaria decumbens foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização hepatógena e afetou apenas os ovinos e bovinos. Outras plantas associadas com fotossensibilização hepatógena incluíram Enterolobium contortisiliquum e Lantana camara. Dermatite alérgica foi diagnosticada em dois rebanhos ovinos e em um cavalo. Os animais tinham lesões crônicas, caracterizadas por alopecia, crostas e hiperpigmentação no topo da cabeça, ao redor dos olhos (ovinos) e nos membros (equino). O prurido foi o principal sinal clínico observado nos casos de fotossensibilização primária e hipersensibilidade à picada de insetos.

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to determine the causes of photosensitization in ruminants and equidae in northeastern Brazil through a review of the files at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal da Paraíba. During four years of the study 22 outbreaks of photosensitization were diagnosed, including 11 outbreaks of primary photosensitization and eight outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization. Poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana was the main cause of photosensitization, and the only cause of primary photosensitization. The most severely affected animals by primary photosensitization are donkeys, goats, cattle and sheep, but horses and mules may also be affected. Poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens was the main cause of hepatogenous photosensitization, and affected only sheep and cattle. Other plants associated with hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle include Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Lantana camara. Allergic dermatitis was diagnosed in two flocks of sheep and in a horse. The animals had chronic lesions characterized by areas of alopecia, crusts and hyperpigmentation on the head, around the eyes (sheep) and at the legs (horse). Itching was the main clinical sign in cases of primary photosensitization and insect hypersensitivity.

ABSTRACT Objective: Gain knowledge on the profile of users of a residential care service provided by a hospital in Rio de Janeiro as part of a deinstitutionalization strategy for individuals in palliative care. Method: descriptive and retrospective study based on quantitative investigation. The medical records of patients who received care at a home care service from January 2012 to December 2016 (n = 655) were analyzed. Of these, 330 (50.4%) were women and 493 (75.3%) were older than 60 years. Most of them, 598 (91.3%) lived in the Metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and 406 (61.9%) have cancer. Regarding the demand for technical care, there was a prevalence of care related to skin lesions, 150 (22.9%); followed by oral feeding, 528 (80.6%); and gastrostomy, 123 (18.7%); ostomies, 178 (27.1%) and bladder catheter or cystostomy, 106 (16.1%). In addition, 424 (64.7%) users were entirely dependent on care. Conclusão: Regarding the profile of the users, most of them were elderly individuals entirely dependent on care and diagnosed with cancer. Strategies should be implemented for the management of these individuals.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer el perfil de los usuarios del servicio de deshospitalización de una unidad en Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, con base en el método de investigación cuantitativa. Se analizaron prontuarios de personas atendidas en el periodo de enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2016 (n = 655). La muestra tiene 330 (50,4%) usuarios del sexo femenino, con 493 (75,3%) mayores de 60 años. La mayoría, 598 (91,3%) viven en la región metropolitana de RJ, 406 (61,9%) tienen cáncer. Acerca de la demanda de cuidados técnicos, son prevalentes las lesiones de piel, 150 22,9%); la alimentación por vía oral, 528 (80,6%); y gástrica, 123 (18,7%); ostomías, 178 (27,1%); y sonda vesical o cistostomía 106 (16,1%). Presentaban dependencia total 424 (64,7%). Conclusión: el perfil de los usuarios fue predominantemente de ancianos, con dependencia total y patología oncológica, siendo necesaria implementación de estrategias para el acompañamiento de estos casos.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer o perfil dos usuários do serviço de desospitalização de uma unidade no Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, com base no método de investigação quantitativa. Foram analisados prontuários de pessoas atendidas no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2016 (n = 655). A amostra é constituída por 330 (50,4%) usuários do sexo feminino, com 493 (75,3%) acima de 60 anos. Maioritariamente 598 (91,3%) residem na região metropolitana do RJ, 406 (61,9%) têm câncer. Relativamente à demanda de cuidados técnicos prevalentes são as lesões de pele, 150 (22,9%); a alimentação por via oral, 528 (80,6%); e gástrica, 123 (18,7%); estomias, 178 (27,1%); e sonda vesical ou cistostomia 106 (16,1%). Apresentavam dependência total, 424 (64,7%). Conclusão: o perfil dos usuários é composto predominantemente por idosos, com dependência total e patologia oncológica requerendo implementação de estratégias que visem a condução destes casos.

ABSTRACT Martensitic stainless steels can be used in different applications such as surgical instruments where a good wear and corrosion resistance are required. Surface modification treatments such as nitriding improve the mechanical properties of these steels, however; they affect the corrosion resistance. For this reason, the DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coatings deposition can be convenient. The wear and corrosion behaviour was studied in duplex samples (nitrided and PACVD coated) and they were compared with nitrided and only coated samples and with those without treatment, only heat treated (quench and tempering). The coatings were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and EDS. Pin on disk tests were performed and the adhesion was evaluated using Scratch Test and Rockwell C Indentation. The nanohardness was measured with a Berkovich indenter. The corrosion tests for surgical instruments (according to the Standard ASTM F 1089 -02) and Spray Salt Fog tests were carried out. In the DLC coatings, the ID/IG ratio was 0.8 and the hydrogen content was calculated and resulted to be about 20 %. The coating thickness was 2 µm and the hardness reached 24 GPa. The nitrided layer thickness was 10 µm. The duplex and coated samples presented low friction coefficient and the wear volume loss was undetectable. The coatings had good corrosion behaviour in the corrosion tests. Nevertheless, the nitrided sample presented a corroded region in the copper sulfate and boil tests. The duplex samples had better adhesion than the coated samples in scratch test and indentation Rockwell C.

RESUMEN Los aceros inoxidables martensíticos como el AISI 420 tienen múltiples aplicaciones, entre ellas instrumentos quirúrgicos, donde se requiere buena resistencia al desgaste y a la corrosión. Los tratamientos de modificación superficial, como la nitruración iónica, permiten mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de estos aceros pero afectan su resistencia a la corrosión. Por esta razón, un tratamiento posterior de deposición de recubrimiento tipo DLC (“Diamond Like Carbon”, carbono símil diamante) puede ser conveniente. En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento al desgaste y a la corrosión de muestras dúplex (nitruradas y recubiertas por PACVD) y se compararon con muestras nitruradas, sólo recubiertas, nitruradas y sólo templadas y revenidas. Se analizaron los recubrimientos con espectroscopia Raman y EDS. Se realizaron ensayos de desgaste tipo “pin on disk” y se evaluó la adhesión mediante ensayos de Scratch Test e indentación Rockwell C. Se midió nanodureza con indentador Berkovich. Se llevaron a cabo los ensayos propuestos para instrumentos quirúrgicos en la Norma F 1089-02 (prueba de agua hirviendo y de hisopado con sulfato de cobre) y ensayos de niebla salina. Estos recubrimientos tienen una relación ID/IG de 0,8 y bajo contenido de hidrógeno aproximadamente del 20 %. El espesor de los recubrimientos fue de 2 µm y la dureza alcanzó 24 GPa. La capa nitrurada tuvo un espesor de 10 µm. Las muestras dúplex y recubierta presentaron bajo coeficiente de fricción y el volumen desgastado fue indetectable. Además, tuvieron buen comportamiento a la corrosión en el ensayo de niebla salina y en los ensayos propuestos en la Norma ASTM F 1089-02. No obstante, la muestra sólo nitrurada presentó una región corroída en el ensayo de sulfato de cobre y en el de agua hirviendo. La muestra dúplex presentó mejor adhesión que la muestra sólo recubierta en los ensayos de Scratch Test y de indentación Rockwell C.

RESUMO. Introdução: O Comprometimento Cognitivo Vascular Subcortical (CCVS) é um contínuo clínico de comprometimento cognitivo de causa vascular, que inclui o Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve Vascular (CCLV) e a Demência Vascular. Déficits em Função Executiva (FE) são marcantes no quadro, mas a melhor metodologia para avaliar essa função ainda necessita ser determinada. A evolução insidiosa e quase previsível do CCVS e o conceito atual multidimensional de FE sugerem que uma dissociação temporal de comprometimentos dos domínios da FE exista nos estágios iniciais do transtorno. Objetivo: Visou-se a revisar e analisar dados da literatura sobre o desempenho de sujeitos com CCLV nos testes mais usados de FE através de uma abordagem metanalítica. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas no Medline, Web of Knowledge e PsycINFO, usando os seguintes termos: “comprometimento cognitivo vascular” OU “comprometimento cognitivo não demência vascular” OU “transtorno neurocognitivo leve vascular” E “função executiva” OU “disexecutiva”. Metanálises foram conduzidas para cada um dos testes, usando-se modelos de efeitos aleatórios. Resultados: A revisão sistemática demonstrou grande discrepância entre os resultados dos estudos incluídos. A metanálise evidenciou desempenhos piores no Teste de Trilhas parte B e no teste de cores do Stroop em sujeitos com CCLV em comparação com controles. Conclusão: Um contínuo de comprometimentos em FE no CCVS foi proposto. Déficits iniciais parecem ocorrer em flexibilidade cognitive e controle inibitório.

ABSTRACT. Background. Subcortical Vascular Cognitive Impairment (SVCI) is a clinical continuum of vascular-related cognitive impairment, including Vascular Mild Cognitive Impairment (VaMCI) and Vascular Dementia. Deficits in Executive Function (EF) are hallmarks of the disorder, but the best methods to assess this function have yet to be determined. The insidious and almost predictable course of SVCI and the multidimensional concept of EF suggest that a temporal dissociation of impairments in EF domains exists early in the disorder. Objective: This study aims to review and analyze data from the literature about performance of VaMCI patients on the most used EF tests through a meta-analytic approach. Methods: Medline, Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO were searched, using the terms: “vascular mild cognitive impairment” OR “vascular cognitive impairment no dementia” OR “vascular mild neurocognitive disorder” AND “dysexecutive” OR “executive function”. Meta-analyses were conducted for each of the selected tests, using random-effect models. Results: Systematic review showed major discrepancies among the results of the studies included. Meta-analyses evidenced poorer performance on the Trail-Making Test part B and the Stroop color test by VaMCI patients compared to controls. Conclusion: A continuum of EF impairments has been proposed in SVCI. Early deficits appear to occur in cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control.

ABSTRACT This document aims to provide an updated guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute gastroenteritis in pediatrics, as this disease is one of the main causes of consultations and hospitalizations. By performing an exhaustive review of the literature to produce a useful tool, this proposal aims to reduce the impact of the disease incidence, morbidity and mortality. The goal of gastroenteritis treatment is to prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalance that it can produce, with adequate liquids, oral rehydration salts and maintenance of oral feeding. The causes of this disease are mostly viral and the criteria for antibiotic use is controversial. Treatment modalities to reduce the time of illness as well as the frequency of diarrhea are, in many cases, currently under study; therefore, guided, structured and systematized management will ensure the successful treatment of gastroenteritis in most children.

RESUMEN Este documento pretende poner al alcance de todo profesional de salud una guía actualizada en el diagnóstico y manejo de la gastroenteritis aguda en pediatría, ya que esta enfermedad es una de las principales causas de consultas y hospitalizaciones. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura proponiendo una herramienta útil con el objetivo de reducir el impacto de la enfermedad en términos de incidencia, morbilidad y mortalidad. El tratamiento de la gastroenteritis debe ir dirigido a la prevención de la deshidratación y el desequilibrio electrolítico que produce, con líquidos adecuados, sales de rehidratación oral y el mantenimiento de la alimentación oral. La causa de esta enfermedad es principalmente viral y los criterios para el uso de antibióticos es controversial. Los coadyuvantes para disminuir el tiempo de enfermedad así como la frecuencia de la diarrea, en muchos de los casos están en estudio; por lo tanto el manejo guiado, estructurado y sistematizado garantizará en muchos casos el éxito del tratamiento de la gastroenteritis en los niños.

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown origin that causes outbreaks episodes alternating with periods of remission. During outbreaks complications may occur and cause admission hospitalization. Objective: To identify complications in SLE patients admitted to the Medical Clinic of the Central Hospital "Dr. Emilio Cubas" Institute of Social Welfare in 2013. Methodology: observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional. Were excluded patients not known with SLE and who developed complications, as well as those with SLE admitted to the Medical Clinic from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Results: 40 patients with SLE were admitted during the study period. predominance of females (92.5%) were observed, with an average age of 38.8 years. Symptoms more frecuent on admission were: respiratory symptoms (35.0%), neurological (25.0%) and feeling feverish (20.0%). The most common comorbidities were present: hypertension (40.0%), another autoimmune disease (18.0%) and chronic renal disease (15.0%). The most common complications were infection (67.5%), renal (22.5%), hematologic (20.0%) and neurological (20.0%). Regarding the evolution of patients, 87.5% were discharged, 7.5% died and 5.0% were transferred to the ICU. The 3 patients died from infectious causes (septic shock). Conclusion: Infectious complications are frequent cause of admission in patients with SLE, due to the disease itself and immunosuppressive therapy are wich more prone to develop this complication.

Introducción: el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune de origen desconocido, que cursa con episodios de brotes alternados con periodos de remisión. Durante los brotes pueden aparecer complicaciones que motivan la hospitalización. Objetivo: identificar complicaciones en pacientes con LES que ingresaron al Servicio de Clínica Médica del Hospital Central "Dr. Emilio Cubas" del Instituto de Previsión Social en el año 2013. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Se excluyeron a pacientes no conocidos portadores de LES y que debutaron con complicaciones, así como también aquellos con LES que ingresaron al Servicio de Clínica Médica provenientes de la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Resultados: 40 pacientes con LES fueron internados en el periodo estudiado. Se observó predominio del sexo femenino (92,5%), con un promedio de edad de 38,8 años. Los síntomas de ingreso más importantes en orden de frecuencia fueron: sintomatología respiratoria (35,0%), neurológica (25,0%) y sensación febril (20,0%). Las comorbilidades presentes con mayor frecuencia fueron: hipertensión arterial (40,0%), otra enfermedad autoinmune (18,0%) y enfermedad renal crónica (15,0%). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: infecciones (67,5%), renales (22,5%), hematológicas (20,0%) y neurológicas (20,0%). Con respecto a la evolución de los pacientes, el 87,5% fueron dados de alta, 7,5% fallecieron y 5,0% fueron trasladados a la UTI. Los 3 fallecimientos correspondieron a causas infecciosas (choque séptico). Conclusión: las complicaciones infecciosas constituyen motivo frecuente de ingreso en pacientes con LES, ya que debido a la enfermedad y al tratamiento inmunosupresor se encuentran más propensos a desarrollar este tipo de complicación.