Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is the fifth most produced cereal worldwide. However, some varieties of this cereal contain antinutritional factors, such as tannins and phytate that may form stable complexes with proteins and minerals which decreases digestibility and nutritional value. The present study sought to diminish antinutritional tannins and phytate present in sorghum grains. Three different treatments were studied for that purpose, using enzymes tannase (945 U/Kg sorghum), phytase (2640 U/Kg sorghum) and Paecilomyces variotii (1.6 X 10(7) spores/mL); A) Tannase, phytase and Paecilomyces variotii, during 5 and 10 days; B) An innovative blend made of tanase and phytase for 5 days followed by a Pv increase for 5 more days; C) a third treatment where the reversed order of B was used starting with Pv for 5 days and then the blend of tannase and phytase for 5 more days. The results have shown that on average the three treatments were able to reduce total phenols and both hydrolysable and condensed tannins by 40.6, 38.92 and 58.00 %, respectively. Phytase increased the amount of available inorganic phosphorous, on the average by 78.3 %. The most promising results concerning tannins and phytate decreases were obtained by the enzymes combination of tannase and phytase. The three treatments have shown effective on diminishing tannin and phytate contents in sorghum flour which leads us to affirm that the proposed treatments can be used to increase the nutritive value of sorghum grains destined for either animal feeds or human nutrition.

A biochemical characterization of the tannase from a Paecilomyces variotii strain isolated in São Paulo, Brazil was carried out. Paecilomyces variotii is a strain obtained from the screening of five hundred fungi that were tested for their production of tannase. The enzyme produced was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose. Effects of temperature and pH on the activity of crude tannase crude and purified tannase was studied. Km was found to be 0.61 µmol and Vmax = 0.55 U/mL. Temperature of 40 to 65ºC and pH 4.5 to 6.5 were optimum for tannase activity and stability; it could find potential use in the food-processing industry. The effects of different inhibitors, surfactants and chelators on the enzyme activity were also studied

Tanino acil hidrolase conhecida como tanase (E.C: 3.1.1.20) é uma enzima que hidrolisa ésteres e ligações laterais de taninos hidrolisáveis produzindo glicose e ácido gálico. A tanase é uma enzima extracelular, induzível, produzida por fungos, bactérias e leveduras pela fermentação sólida, líquida ou submersa. A fermentação sólida para a produção desta enzima oferece um grande número de vantagens sobre o método de fermentação submersa e líquida convencional. O meio de produção é simples, utiliza resíduos vegetais de uva, cajú, café ou subprodutos como farelo de trigo, arroz ou aveia, acrescidos de ácido tânico. A aplicação de resíduos é uma forma de utilizar substratos alternativos e solucionar problemas de poluição que possam causar. A tanase tem vasta aplicação na indústria de alimentos, sucos, cervejaria e indústria farmacêutica. Objetivou-se com este trabalho selecionar linhagens fúngicas potencialmente produtoras de tanase em resíduos vegetais ricos em taninos. A primeira etapa da seleção foi realizada utilizando como substrato farelo de trigo suplementado com 0,5% de ácido tânico. Dentre as 400 linhagens testadas 6,75% produziram tanase. As linhagens que apresentaram as melhores atividades foram: LAB345G, LAB53G e LAB153G com atividades de 0,2862; 0,2149; 0,1848 U. Essas linhagens foram testadas nos resíduos agroindustriais de café e uva acrescentando 0,5% e 1,5% de ácido tânico ao meio de fermentação. O melhor resultado foi obtido para o resíduo de café com a linhagem LAB153G apresentando atividade de 0.275 U.

Tannin acyl hydrolase (E.C: 3.1.1.20) or tannase is an enzyme which hydrolyses ester and depside bonds of hydrolysable tannins releasing gallic acid and glucose. Tannase is an extracellular, inducible enzyme, produced by fungi, bacteria and yeast. The tannase is produced by solid-state, liquid surface and submerged fermentation. The solid-state fermentation offers a number of advantages over submerged and liquid conventional fermentation for the enzimes production. The production is simple, using vegetable residues such as coffee wastes, grape, cashew or by-products as wheat bran, rice or oats, to which tannic acid is added. The use of residues is an alternative to solve pollution problems that can be caused by an incorrect environmental disposal. Tannase enzyme has several applications on food, juices and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this work was to select tannase producing fungi and to study the production of this enzyme in vegetable residues rich in tannin. The first stage of the selection was carried in solid-state fermentation using as substrate wheat bran supplemented with 0.5% of tannic acid. Among the 400 tested lineages, 6.75% of the fungi produced the enzyme. The lineages that showed the best activities were LAB345G, LAB53G and LAB153G, with 0.3862, 0.2149 and 0.1848 U activities values, respectively these lineages were tested in vegetables residues as coffee and grape, adding 0.5 and 1.5% of tannic acid in the fermentation environment. The best result was obtained using LA153G and coffee residues, with an activity of 0.275U being observed.

Efetuou-se a extração de solúveis de erva-mate, progênie Cambona 4, utilizando extrator com percolação de solvente (água). O extrato obtido apresentou uma concentração de sólidos de aproximadamente 3%. Ao extrato foi adicionada goma arábica nas concentrações de 0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0%, em relação aos sólidos contidos no mesmo. As misturas foram efetuadas com o objetivo de estudar a influência da goma arábica na secagem e no sabor das bebidas. Os extratos foram processados em secador por atomização nas condições operacionais médias: temperatura e vazão do ar: 190ºC e 32,1m³/h; alimentação de extrato 340mL/h. Os conteúdos de umidade do pó obtido variaram de 1,8 a 6,6%(bu). Efetuou-se análise sensorial de três formulações com concentrações: 0; 0,2 e 1,0%. Aos resultados experimentais aplicou-se tratamento estatístico e verificou-se maior preferência pela formulação contendo 0,2% de erva-mate, o que mostrou a influência do agente encapsulante na retenção de aromas.

It was effected extraction of soluble of mate, lineage Cambona 4, using extracting, with percolating of solvent (water). The gotten extract presented a 3% solid concentration. The extract was used for formularization of mixtures with arabica gum in the concentrations of 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0%, in relation to solids contained in the extract. The formularizations had been effected with the objective to study the volatile and aromatics substance clamping. The extracts had been processed in spray dryer in the average operational conditions: temperature and tax of air: 190ºC and 32.1m³/h; extract feed of 340mL/h. The contents of humidity of the gotten dust had varied of 1.8 to 6.6%(db). Sensorial analysis of three formularizations with concentrations was carried out: 0; 0.2 and 1.0%. A statistical analysis were carried out to experimental results and was verified bigger preference for the formularization contends 0,2% of gum arabic, what it showed the influence of the encapsulating agent in the clamping of flavor.