ABSTRACT Introduction: Tibial shaft fracture is the most common long-bone fracture, and the standard treatment is intramedullary (IM) nail fixation. Regardless of the development of this technique pseudoarthrosis remains prevalent. Objectives: Evaluate the correlation between wedge fragment size and displacement, displacement of the main fragments of the 42B2 type, and pseudoarthrosis incidence. Methods: We retrospectively assessed all patients with 42B2 type fracture treated with IM nailing between January, 2015 and December, 2019. Six radiographic parameters were defined for preoperative radiographs in the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views. Another six parameters were defined for postoperative radiographs at three, six, and 12 months. The Radiographic Union Score for Tibial Fractures score was used to assess bone healing. Results: Of 355 patients with tibial shaft fractures, 51 were included in the study. There were 41 (82.0%) male patients, with a mean age of 36.7 years, 37 (72.5%) had open fractures, and 28 (54.9%) had associated injuries. After statistical analysis, the factors that correlated significantly with nonunion were wedge height > 18 mm, preoperative translational displacement of the fracture in the AP view > 18 mm, and final distance of the wedge in relation to its original anatomical position after IM nailing > 5 mm. Conclusion: Risk factors for nonunion related to the wedge and42B2 fracture are wedge height > 18 mm, initial translation in the AP view of the fracture > 18 mm, and distance > 5 mm of the wedge from its anatomical position after IM nailing. Evidence level III; Retrospective comparative study .

RESUMO Introdução: A fratura da diáfise da tíbia é a fratura mais comum dentre os ossos longos, sendo o tratamento padrão a fixação com haste intramedular (HIM). Independentemente do desenvolvimento da técnica cirúrgica, a pseudoartrose continua prevalente. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o tamanho e o desvio da cunha, os desvios dos fragmentos principais do tipo 42B2 e a incidência de pseudoartrose. Métodos: Avaliamos, retrospectivamente, todos os pacientes com fraturas tipo 42B2 tratados com hastes intramedulares entre janeiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2019. Seis parâmetros radiográficos foram definidos para as radiografias pré-operatórias nas incidências anteroposterior (AP) e perfil. Outros seis parâmetros foram definidos para as radiografias pós-operatórias em 3, 6 e 12 meses de acompanhamento pós-operatório. O Escore Radiográfico de União para as Fraturas da Tíbia (RUST) foi o instrumento usado para avaliar a consolidação óssea. Resultados: Dos 355 pacientes com fraturas da diáfise da tíbia, 51 foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes incluídos foram 41 (82,0%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 36,7 anos, 37 (72,5%) com fraturas expostas e 28 (54,9%) com lesões associadas. Após análise estatística, os fatores que se correlacionaram significativamente com a não consolidação foram a altura da cunha > 18 mm, o deslocamento translacional pré-operatório da fratura na incidência AP > 18 mm e a distância final da cunha em relação à sua posição anatômica original após a cravação do MI > 5 mm. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco para a pseudartrose relacionada com a fratura em cunha e42B2 são a altura da cunha > 18 mm, a translação inicial na vista AP da fratura > 18 mm e a distância > 5 mm da cunha em relação à sua posição anatómica após a fixação IM. Nível de evidência III; estudo comparativo retrospectivo. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo .

Abstract The light source can regulate the morphogenesis of the in vitro culture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of four different LED light: white, red, blue and pink (50% blue and 50% red) under the stages of multiplication and rooting of in vitro cultures of Cedrela odorata. In the multiplication phase, the MS culture medium was added to 8.8 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.28 μM of gibberellic acid (GA3) under the effect of the types of light. Rooting was evaluated the interaction of light types under two concentrations of indolebutyric acid IBA (4.9 and 9.8 μM). In multiplication, under white LED light, 3.9 sprouts per explant were obtained, with longer sprouts (2.1 mm) and no oxidation. Similarly, at rooting, cultures under white LED light were higher in the number of roots formed and lower oxidation. It was found that white LED light optimized the multiplication and rooting phase in the micropropagation of this forest species according to this study.

Resumo A fonte de iluminação pode regular a morfogênese da cultura in vitro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de quatro diferentes fontes de luz do tipo LEDs: branco, vermelho, azul e rosa (50% azul e 50% de vermelho) sob as fases de multiplicação e enraizamento de culturas in vitro de Cedrela odorata. Na fase de multiplicação, usou-se o meio de cultura MS adicionado a 8,8 μM de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) e 0,28 μM de ácido giberélico (GA3) sob efeito dos tipos de luz. Para o enraizamento, foi avaliada a interação dos tipos de luz sob duas concentrações de ácido indolbutírico AIB (4,9 e 9,8 μM). Na multiplicação, sob a luz LED branco obteve-se 3,9 brotações por explante, com maior comprimento dos brotos (2,1 mm) e ausência de oxidação. Da mesma forma, no enraizamento, as culturas sob luz LED branco foram superiores no número de raízes formadas e menor valor de oxidação. Verificou-se que a luz LED branco otimizou a fase de multiplicação e enraizamento na micropropagação dessa espécie florestal segundo este estudo.

Resumen El potencial productivo de un suelo se puede estimar mediante indicadores de propiedades, procesos o características físicas, químicas y biológicas que pueden reflejar su nivel de apoyo en el cultivo y desarrollo de plantas. Las adaptaciones de Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (1899-1961) al trabajo desarrollado en biodinámica por Kolisko y Kolisko (1939), dieron lugar a la cromatografía circular de Pfeiffer (CCP), para analizar la calidad de suelos. La digitalización de los cromatogramas otorga mayor confiabilidad a la técnica al permitir la correlación de las propiedades del suelo por su nivel de organización y puede correlacionarse con calidad/salud. Las altas diluciones dinamizadas y la homeopatía están reguladas en la producción orgánica en Brasil y han mostrado excelentes resultados en la agricultura mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los cambios que ocurren en suelos tratados con altas diluciones dinamizadas mediante estadísticas de CCP para verificar las alteraciones en los cromatogramas. El experimento se realizó en Fraiburgo, SC, Brasil. Se obtuvieron muestras de suelo en área de conservación a una profundidad de 15 cm. Las diluciones altamente dinamizadas se obtuvieron en el laboratorio de Homeopatía y Sanidad Vegetal de Lages/Epagri. Se usó el diseño de bloques completos al azar, cada tratamiento originó 10 bloques, un recipiente de cada tratamiento, en cada recipiente se realizaron tres submuestras, 30 cromatogramas por tratamiento. Los tratamientos fueron: i) agua destilada; ii) alcohol etílico al 30%; iii) Calcarea carbonica 30CH; iv) Silicea terra 30CH. El diseño fue en bloques al azar. Se demostró que la entropía es la variable eficaz en el análisis digitalizado de cromatografía CCP mediante los algoritmos (14 en total) presente en el complemento ImageJ Texture Analyzer. Calcarea carbonica 30CH y Silicea terra 30CH tuvieron los valores más altos de MZ (middle zone ou zona media), mientras que Silicea terra 30CH fue significativamente superior a los tratamientos.

Abstract The productive potential of a soil can be estimated by indicators of properties, processes or physical, chemical and biological characteristics that can reflect their level of support in the cultivation and development of plants. The adaptations of Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (1899-1961) to the work developed in biodynamics by Kolisko and Kolisko (1939) gave rise to Pfeiffer’s circular chromatography (PCC), used to analyze the quality of soils. The digitalization of chromatograms gives greater reliability to the technique as it allows the correlation of soil properties by their level of organization and that this can be correlated with quality/health. High dynamized dilutions and homeopathy are regulated in organic production in Brazil and have shown excellent results in agriculture in various parts of the world. The objective of this work was to evaluate the changes that occur in soils treated with high dynamized dilutions by PCC statistics to verify the alterations in the chromatograms. The experiment was conducted in Fraiburgo, SC, Brazil. Soil samples were obtained in a permanent preservation area at a depth of up to 15 cm. The highly dynamized dilutions were obtained in the laboratory of Homeopathy and Plant Health of Lages/Epagri. The design of randomized complete blocks was used, each treatment originated 10 blocks, one container of each treatment, in each container three subsamples were performed, 30 chromatograms per treatment. The treatments were: i)distilled water; ii)30% ethyl alcohol; iii) Calcarea carbonica 30CH; and iv) Silicea terra 30CH. The design was in randomized blocks. The entropy parameter was shown to be the most effective variable in the digitalized analysis of PCC chromatography using the algorithms (14 in total) present in the ImageJ Texture Analyzer plug-in. Calcarea carbonica 30CH and Silicea terra 30CH had the highest MZ (median zone) values, while Silicea terra 30CH was significantly superior to treatments.

Abstract A 73-year-old male patient developed a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in the anal canal nine months ago. He was treated with two cycles of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin and concomitant radiotherapy (6 MeV linear photon accelerator, total dose of 54 Gy), with complete remission. Since forty-five days he presentes a painful perianal and intergluteal erosion with circinate pustular borders. Light microscopy showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the epidermis with microabscesses of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and eosinophils) and acantholytic keratinocytes . Indirect immunofluorescence was positive for IgG, with an intercellular pattern, 1:80 titer. The diagnosis of radiotherapy-induced pemphigus vegetans was established and there was significant regression with oral prednisone (40 mg) and topical betamethasone.

Resumen El control de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) generalmente se realiza con insecticidas sintéticos, lo que puede ser un problema si se considera exportar frutas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la mortalidad y el efecto de la descendencia en A. fraterculus en frutas de duraznos, guayabos peruanos y manzanas tratadas con aceite de andiroba (Carapa guianensis). Se observó una mayor tasa de mortalidad en comparación con el control para las frutas de guayabo peruano y manzana tratadas con aceite de andiroba (incremento del 18,4 % y 35,0 % puntos más que el control). El número medio de pupas observado en la descendencia fue inferior al control de guayabos peruanos y frutas de manzana tratadas con aceite de andiroba (control 100 %) y en frutas de durazno (68,3 % menos pupas). El aceite de andiroba muestra resultados prometedores como un producto alternativo para controlar A. fraterculus. Son necesarios más estudios, en especial al considerar la efectividad del aceite de andiroba en condiciones de campo.

Abstract Control of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is usually accomplished with synthetic insecticides, which can be a problem considering exportation of fruits. This study aimed to evaluate mortality and offspring effects on A. fraterculus using peach, strawberry guava and apple fruits treated with andiroba (Carapa guianensis) oil. Higher mortality rate was observed when compared to control on strawberry guava and apple fruits treated with andiroba oil (18.4 % and 35.0 % points more than the control). The mean number of pupae observed in the offspring was inferior to the control on strawberry guava and apple fruits treated with andiroba oil (100 % control) and, on peach fruits (68.3 % fewer pupae). Andiroba oil shows promising results as an alternative product to control A. fraterculus. Studies are still needed especially considering effectiveness of andiroba oil under field conditions

RESUMO: Cedrela fissilis é uma espécie de grande diversidade genética, com baixa densidade populacional florestal, de propagação seminal, que apresenta dificuldade de ser propagada vegetativamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o regate e propagação vegetativa a partir do enraizamento de estacas de origem epicórmicas e de copa de C. fissilis. Para isso, a brotação epicórmica foi avaliada 52 dias após o anelamento completo e semianelamento nas alturas de 20 e 40 cm, e tratamento sem anelamento, durante primavera (2018), verão (2018) e outono (2019). Foram avaliados: sobrevivência das árvores (%), brotação (%), número, comprimento (cm) e diâmetro (mm) de brotos. A estaquia utilizou brotos epicórmicos de primavera, divididos em duas categorias: estacas com 10 cm colocadas verticalmente em covas e estacas de 5 cm colocadas horizontalmente em sulcos. Brotos de copa foram coletados no verão, cortados em estacas apicais e intermediárias (15 cm). Após 60 dias avaliou-se das estacas: sobrevivência (%), enraizamento (%), calos (%), número médio e comprimento de raízes (cm). Os resultados apresentam que apenas o anelamento completo formou brotos (média >67%), sem diferença entre a altura 20 e 40 cm, com maior número de brotos durante a primavera. As estacas de brotos epicórmicos, plantadas verticalmente em covas, apresentaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento (44%) que estacas plantadas horizontalmente em sulcos (17%). Estacas de copa obtiveram enraizamento desconsiderável (apicais - 2%; intermediárias - 0%). As épocas de anelamento influenciam no número de brotos epicórmicos e seu uso como estacas foi mais eficiente no enraizamento.

ABSTRACT: Cedrela fissilis is a species of great genetic diversity, with low population density and seminal propagation, which causes difficulties in the vegetative propagation process. This research evaluated the vegetative rescue and propagation of stem cutting rooting originated from epicormic and canopy sprouts of C. fissilis. For this, the induction of epicormic sprouts was evaluated 52 days after the complete girdling and semi-girdling 20 and 40 cm from the ground, and no girdling treatment, during spring (2018), summer (2018) and autumn (2019). The variables evaluated were, survival (%), sprouting (%), number, length (cm) and diameter (mm) of sprouts. The cuttings were made from spring epicormic sprouts, divided in two categories: 10 cm cuttings placed vertically in pits and 5 cm cuttings placed horizontally in furrows. The canopy sprouts were collected in the summer, then cut in apical and intermediate cuttings (15 cm). After 60 days, the cuttings were evaluated in survival (%), rooting (%), callus (%), average number and length of roots (cm). Results showed that only the complete girdling produced sprouts (average >67%) with no difference between 20 and 40 cm heights, with a greater number of sprouts during spring. The cuttings from epicormic sprouts, planted vertically in pits presented higher percentage of rooting (44%) than cuttings planted horizontally in furrows (17%). Cuttings from the canopy had inconsiderable rooting (apical - 2%; intermediate - 0%). The girdling periods influences the number of epicormic sprouts and its use for cutting was more efficient in rooting.

RESUMEN Poiretia latifolia Vogel tiene un potencial bioactivo que incluye propiedades antibióticas para usos humanos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un método eficiente para la propagación vegetativa de P. latifolia utilizando esquejes como ayuda para la selección y multiplicación de genotipos interesantes. En el primer experimento, los esquejes se recolectaron en etapas vegetativas y reproductivas y se trataron con seis reguladores del crecimiento vegetal y agua destilada. En el segundo experimento, los tratamientos consistieron en estacas de rama apical, mediana y basal. El tratamiento con la inmersión de esquejes en 4,000 mg L-1 de IBA proporcionó un mayor número y longitud de las raíces, mientras que la alta dilución de Calcarea phosphorica a 20CH produjo ramas más largas. Se encontró que los esquejes de la parte media y basal de la rama eran más viables. Se logró el 79,17% de los esquejes de enraizamiento utilizando Calcarea phosphorica 20CH. La propagación vegetativa empleada en este trabajo es una opción factible para la domesticación, preservación y cultivo de Poiretia latifolia.

ABSTRACT Poiretia latifolia Vogel has bioactive potential that includes antibiotic properties for humans. The aim of this research was to develop an efficient method for the vegetative propagation of P. latifolia with cuttings to aid the selection and multiplication of interesting genotypes. In the first experiment, the cuttings were collected in vegetative and reproductive stages and treated with six plant growth regulators and distilled water. In the second experiment, the treatments consisted of cuttings from the apical, median, and basal branch segments. The treatment that immersed cuttings in 4,000 mg L-1 of IBA provided a greater number and length of the roots, while the high dilution of Calcarea phosphorica at 20CH produced longer branches. The cuttings from the middle and basal part of the branches were more viable. 79.17% rooting of the cuttings was achieved with Calcarea phosphorica 20CH. The vegetative propagation employed in this study is a feasible option for the domestication, preservation, and cultivation of Poiretia latifolia.

RESUMO: O manejo de doenças nos cultivos convencionais de batata requer emprego de maior quantidade de produtos fitossanitários e de maior toxicidade em relação ao cultivo orgânico, que pode acarretar riscos a saúde humana e impacto ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento e a reação de genótipos de batata à requeima e à pinta preta sob sistema orgânico de cultivo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos a campo nas safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em Lages/SC e em Quilombo/SC. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se oito clones locais oriundas da serra catarinense: SJ01273-1; SJ01251-1; SJ01213-1; SMSJ07344-54; SJ04510-1; SJ05621-11; SJ02411-5; SJ04521-3 e oito cultivares comerciais: Ágata, Asterix e Monalisa de origem holandesa; Panda de origem alemã e BRS Ana, BRS Eliza, Cota e Catucha de origem brasileira. Foram realizadas avaliações de incidência e severidade da requeima e pinta preta e do peso e número de tubérculos produzidos. Os genótipos de batata apresentaram variabilidade na produção de tubérculos e de resistência a doenças. O clone regional 15 e as cultivares BRS Ana e Cota apresentaram resistência à pinta preta e a requeima, em ambos os locais cultivados. O genótipo 35 e as cvs. Asterix e BRS Ana apresentaram as maiores produções. O genótipo 35 foi o mais produtivo (16.926,81kg ha-1). Genótipos locais de batata apresentam variabilidade quanto ao potencial produtivo e resistência a doenças sob o sistema orgânico de cultivo, evidenciando fonte de resistência a programas de melhoramento genético.

ABSTRACT: Disease management in conventional potato crops requires the use of larger amounts of phytosanitary products and increased toxicity with regard to organic cultivation which may pose a risk to human health and have a negative impact on the environment as well. The present study aimed to evaluate the yield and the reaction of potato genotypes to both late blight and to early blight under an organic system of cultivation. Eperiments were conducted in the field in the municipalities of Lages, SC and Quilombo, SC, south Brazil, during the crops of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications; The following eight local clones from the Santa Catarina mountain range (serra) were evaluated: SJ01273-1; SJ01251-1; SJ01213-1; SMSJ07344-54; SJ04510-1; SJ05621-11; SJ02411-5; and SJ04521-3; and 8 commercial cultivars were assessed as follows: Agate, Asterix, and Monalisa of Dutch origin; Panda of German origin; and BRS Ana, BRS Eliza, Cota, and Catucha of Brazilian origin. Incidence and severity of late blight and early bright and the weight and number of tubers produced were evaluated. Potato genotypes showed variability in terms of tuber production and disease resistance. The regional clone 15 and cultivars BRS Ana and Cota presented resistance to early blight and to late blight in both cultivated sites. Genotype 35 and cvs. Asterix and BRS Ana were the ones that had the largest productions. Genotype 35 was the most productive one among all genotypes/clones evaluated (16,926.81kg ha-1). There was variability between different local potato genotypes in terms of productivity potential and resistance to diseases under the organic system of cultivation. These findings showed that there is a source of resistance to genetic improvement programs.

Resumen Las moscas de las frutas causan daños económicos en una amplia gama de frutos sudamericanos, cultivados o nativos. Por lo tanto, se hace importante conocer las especies y las dinámicas poblacionales de estos insectos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el ensamble y la fluctuación de las moscas de las frutas en un huerto de feijoa (Acca sellowiana) en la región de Lages, Brasil, entre 2009 y 2012. Se utilizaron trampas tipo Mcphail y proteína hidrolizada como cebo para captura de las moscas. Se capturó un total de 2.197 moscas (957 machos y 1.240 hembras). A través de los análisis de abundancia, constancia, dominancia y frecuencia se constató que Anastrepha fraterculus fue la especie predominante, considerada muy frecuente, constante y altamente dominante en todo el período de evaluación. El huerto de feijoa mostró baja equidad, baja diversidad y alta dominancia de moscas de las frutas, en las tres cosechas evaluadas. No se encontró correlación significativa entre los factores climáticos y los niveles poblacionales de A. fraterculus.

Abstract Fruit flies cause economically important damage on several cultivated and native South American fruit trees. Hence, it is important to understand the population dynamics of these insects. This study aimed to characterize the assemblage and population fluctuations of fruit flies in a feijoa (Acca sellowiana) orchard in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil from September 2009 to May 2012. Captures of flies were made with McPhail traps baited with hydrolyzed protein. Evaluations and bait change were performed weekly. A total of 2,197 flies were captured (957 males and 1,240 females). Analysis of abundance, constancy, dominancy and frequency showed that Anastrepha fraterculus was the main species captured; it was considered to be very frequent, constant and highly dominant throughout the study period. The orchard presented low equitability, low diversity, and high dominance of A. fraterculus during the three fruit seasons evaluated. No correlation was found between climatic factors and population levels of A. fraterculus.

Resumen Los inmigrantes europeos (y aquellos mezclados con nativos, denominados caboclos) en el sur de Brasil conservan peculiaridades terapéuticas derivadas de la experiencia con la biodiversidad presente en los ecosistemas de las tierras altas, asociados con los bosques de araucaria. El estudio sistematizó el conocimiento popular sobre las prácticas de medicina herbal adoptadas por agricultores familiares en la meseta sur del estado de Santa Catarina. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas para la recopilación de información. Además, los índices se adoptaron como estimaciones. El conocimiento de las plantas medicinales compartidas por los agricultores familiares de la región aparece como un patrimonio sociocultural aún presente en las comunidades rurales a pesar de los cambios en la tierra y las alteraciones en el uso de la terreno.

Abstract European immigrants —and those mixed with native people called caboclos— keep in Southern Brazil therapeutic peculiarities derived from the experience with the biodiversity present in highland fields ecosystems, associated with araucaria forests. The study systematized the popular knowledge about herbal medicine practices adopted by family farmers in the South Plateau of Santa Catarina State. Semi-structured interviews were adopted for the collection of information. Also, indices were adopted as estimates. The knowledge of medicinal plants shared by family farmers of the region appears as a sociocultural heritage, which is still present in rural communities in spite of land changes and alterations in land use.

RESUMO. Altas diluições podem apresentar efeito biológico diferenciado em função do método de dinamização utilizado e sua ordem de diluição. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade forrageira da formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex laticeps submetida aos preparados em alta diluição oriundos da trituração de formigas operárias e elaborada nas seguintes dinamizações: 6, 12 e 30 CH (ordem de diluição centesimal hahnemanniana), 5 LM (ordem de diluição cinquenta milesimal hahnemanniana) e 35 K (ordem de diluição korsakoviana). As aplicações dos preparados foram diárias durante 10 dias, na forma de pulverização sobre as formigas em movimento nos carreiros próximo ao formigueiro. As avaliações constaram da contagem realizada antes de cada aplicação de formigas transportando fragmentos vegetais nas trilhas e adicionalmente, aos 20 e 30 dias após a primeira aplicação. Os preparados em alta diluição na 6 e 30 CH e na 35 K reduziram a atividade forrageira da formiga cortadeira A. laticeps, após 10 aplicações. O tratamento 30 CH, apresentou maior redução da atividade forrageira de formigueiros de A. laticeps. Efeito prolongado foi observado 20 dias após a primeira aplicação, na redução da atividade forrageira de formigueiros de A. laticeps, com os tratamentos 35 K e 30 CH.

ABSTRACT. High dilutions may have different biological effects due to the dynamization method and the dilution order used. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the foraging activity of the leafcutter ant Acromyrmex laticeps subjected to high dilution preparations originating from grinding worker ants and developing dilutions at the following dynamizations: 6, 12, and 30 CH (centesimal Hahnemannian dilution order), 5 LM (fifty millesimal Hahnemannian dilution order) and 35 K (Korsakovian dilution order). The preparations were applied daily for 10 days by spraying them on moving ants on tracks close to the anthill. The evaluations included counting the number of ants transporting vegetable fragments on the tracks before each application, after application, and 20 and 30 days after the first application. The high dilution preparations for the 6 and 30 CH and 35 K treatments reduced the foraging activity of the leafcutter ant A. laticeps after 10 applications. The 30 CH treatment showed a higher reduction in the foraging activity of A. laticeps anthills. Prolonged reduction of the foraging activity of A. laticeps anthills was observed 20 days after the first application with the 35 K and 30 CH treatments.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de preparados en altas diluciones en el crecimiento de plántulas y producción de brócoli en sistema orgánico. Fueron realizados tres experimentos en diseño completamente al azar (invernadero) y dos experimentos en diseño de bloques completos al azar (campo), todos con cuatro repeticiones y nueve tratamientos. Los tratamientos fueron preparados de Arnica montana, Silicea terra, Carbo vegetabilis y Sulphur en 6CH o 30CH, como testigo fue utilizado agua. En invernadero fueron evaluadas: altura de planta, longitud de raíz, diámetro de tallo, masa fresca y seca de la parte aérea y de la raíz. En campo fueron evaluadas: masa fresca y seca de inflorescencias, altura de plantas y diámetro de tallo. Silicea terra 30CH aumentó en las plántulas el diámetro de tallo, longitud de raíz, masa seca de la parte aérea y de la raíz. Sulphur 6CH incrementó masa fresca y seca de las inflorescencias. Silicea terra 6CH, Carbo vegetabilis 30CH y Sulphur 30CH aumentaron la altura de las plantas en experimentos de campo. Esto sugiere que preparados en altas diluciones pueden ser utilizados para aumentar la producción de biomasa y otras características deseables en el cultivo orgánico del brócoli.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evalúate the influence of high dilution preparations on seedlings growth and production of broccoli under organic system. Three experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with completely randomized design. Two others experiments were conducted under field conditions, and the experimental design was randomized in blocks. Both designs were done with four replications and nine treatments. The treatments consisted of high dilution preparations of Arnica montana, Silícea terra, Carbo vegetabilis and Sulphur at 6CH or 30CH, water was used as control. In greenhouse, plant height, root length and stem diameter of seedlings were evaluated, along with the fresh and dry mass of shoot and root. In field, fresh and dry mass of inflorescences, plant height and stem diameter were evaluated. Silicea terra at 30CH increased the stem diameter, root length and dry mass of shoot and root in the broccoli seedlings. Sulphur at 6CH increased the fresh and dry mass of broccoli inflorescences. Silicea terra at 6CH, Carbo vegetabilis, and Sulphur at 30CH increased the plant height in field experiments. This suggests that high dilution preparations can be utilized to increase the biomass production and others desirable characteristics of broccoli crop under organic system.

Feijoa, Acca sellowiana es un frutal nativo del sur de Brasil. Se estudió la ocurrencia y se caracterizaron los daños causados por el gorgojo en frutos de A. sellowiana. Se realizó el trabajo durante dos ciclos de cosecha, en cultivo y ambientes naturales localizados en diferentes municipios de los estados de Santa Catarina (SC) y Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. En cultivo de feijoa en Lages, SC, fueron monitoreados semanalmente 30 frutos por planta de quince plantas seleccionadas aleatoriamente en el cultivo para la descripción de daños, medición del diámetro, y presencia y severidad del ataque causado por el gorgojo. La identificación taxonómica confirmó la presencia de Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). La mayor incidencia de los daños y de la severidad del ataque ocurrió en monocultivo de feijoa. Tanto los frutos verdes como los maduros sufren daños por el gorgojo, los cuales causan rompimiento de la epidermis del fruto resultando en orificios ennegrecidos. Las larvas dañan la pulpa y las semillas de los frutos causando podredumbre. Los gorgojos poseen capacidad de dañar los frutos de feijoa inmediatamente después del fructificación. En el monocultivo de feijoa, 100% de los frutos evaluados hasta la cosecha sufrieron daños por C. psidii. La severidad del ataque aumentó proporcionalmente con el incremento del tamaño de los frutos.

The feijoa, Acca sellowiana, is a native fruit species from Southern Brazil. In this work, we study the occurrence and damage caused by a weevil species to the fruits of feijoa. The study was conducted during two seasons in orchards and the natural forests of A. sellowiana at two locations in the States of Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the feijoa orchard in Lages, SC, fruits were sampled to typify the injury. The fruit size, incidence, and severity of damage to the fruits were measured. Fifteen plants were randomly selected in which 30 fruits were measured weekly and the number of weevil injuries per fruit was counted. The taxonomic expertise confirmed the species as Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The incidence and severity of weevil damage was higher on fruits from monoculture orchards than on fruits from native forests. Both unripe and ripe fruits were damaged by weevils through epidermis disruption resulting in blackened holes. The larvae damage the pulp and seeds, there by causing rotten fruits. Weevils are able to damage the feijoa fruits immediately after the onset of fruiting. In feijoa monoculture, 100% of the fruits evaluated until harvest were damaged by C. psidii. The severity of the weevil damage increased proportionately to the increase of fruit size.

Cabbage is preferentially consumed in natura and in many cases is produced conventionally, leaving traces of chemical residues which can cause direct effects on the health of the consumer and the farmer. The aim was to evaluate the influence of high dilutions preparations on growth and production under organic system of cabbage evaluating seedlings and plants in field. The study was composed of five experiments with nine treatments and four replications. Three greenhouse and two field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were prepared of Arnica montana, Silicea terra, Carbo vegetabilis and Sulphur at 6CH and 30CH in high dilutions, water being used as control. Sulphurat 6CH increased the height and root length in comparison with a control, in two of the three experiments with cabbage seedlings. Silicea terra at 30CH and Sulphur at 6CH increased the production and the dry mass of cabbage heads. Arnica montana at 6CH and 30CH also increased the dry mass. In conclusion, Sulphurat 6CH stands out as promising for improving the quality of cabbage seedlings as much as the production and dry mass of cabbage heads in field conditions, these last characteristics also being improved by Silicea terra at 30CH.

El repollo es consumido preferencialmente in natura y en muchos casos es producido de manera convencional, dejando trazas de residuos químicos, lo cual puede generar afecciones directas sobre la salud del consumidor y del agricultor. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de preparados homeopáticos en altas diluciones en el crecimiento de plántulas y en la producción de repollo, en sistema orgánico. El trabajo fue compuesto por cinco experimentos para estudiar nueve tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones siendo la conducción de tres experimentos en invernadero, utilizando el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, y de dos experimentos en el campo utilizando el diseño experimental de bloques al azar. Los tratamientos estudiados fueron los preparados de Arnica montana,Silicea terra, Carbo vegetabilisy Sulphur en la 6CH y 30CH (orden de dilución centesimal hahnemanniana); y agua como testigo. Sulphur6CH aumentó en dos de los tres experimentos la altura y la longitud de raíz en relación al testigo, en plántulas de repollo. Silicea terra 30CH y Sulphur6CH aumentaron la producción y la materia seca de cabezas de repollo cultivadas en campo, así como, Arnica montana 6CH y 30CH también incrementaron la materia seca de cabezas. Se concluyó que Sulphur6CH se destacó como promisorio para mejorar la calidad de las plántulas de repollo, así como en la producción y materia seca de cabezas de repollo en condiciones de campo siendo estas últimas características también mejoradas por Silicea terra30CH.

The fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus is considered the main pest of fruit trees, including feijoa, Acca sellowiana, in the southern region of Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Carapa guianensis on A. fraterculus. The research was carried out in a feijoa orchard in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, from December 2009 to December 2010. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of andiroba oil at 0.5, 1% and 2%, associated with 5% hydrolyzed protein (Bioanastrepha™), which was also used alone as control. Andiroba oil at 1% and 2% reduced the attractive potential of hydrolyzed protein; also, fewer females were captured in these two treatments.

La mosca de las frutas, Anastrepha fraterculus es considerada la principal plaga de frutales de clima templado en la región del Sur del Brasil. Existe poca información sobre el manejo y control de esta especie asociada a la guayaba serrana, Acca sellowiana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del aceite de andiroba, Carapa guianensis, en el monitoreo de A. fraterculus. El experimento fue conducido en un cultivo comercial de guayaba serrana en el municipio de Lages, Santa Catarina, en el período de diciembre de 2009 a diciembre de 2010. El experimento diseñado fue de bloques aleatorios con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron constituidos por el aceite de andiroba en tres concentraciones, 0,5%, 1% y 2%, en asociación con proteína hidrolizada 5% (Bioanastrepha®), que también fue utilizada sin mezcla, como testigo. El aceite de andiroba en las concentraciones de 1% y 2% redujo el potencial atractivo de la proteína hidrolizada y también un menor número de hembras de A. Fraterculus fueron capturadas en estos tratamientos.