Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the periradicular responses in endodontic infections among members of two populations: an urban Brazilian population and a non-mixed indigenous population. Samples were collected immediately and 7 days after the cleaning and shaping procedures (after reducing the intracanal microbial load) in an attempt to characterize the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-9, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and the chemokines CXCR4, CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and CCR6. The endogenous cytokine and chemokine expression levels were analyzed using real-time PCR. Only the urban population showed a significant increase in TNF-α, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCR4, and CCR6 expression following the cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. The IFN-γ levels were increased at the 2nd collection (p < 0.05) in the indigenous population. In turn, a significant increase in IL-10 and IL-17 expression (p < 0.05) was observed after the cleaning and shaping procedures (2nd collection) in both populations. No significant differences in the IL-1β, IL-9, and CCL4 expression levels were observed between the 1st and 2nd collections in both populations. The results demonstrate a cytokine and chemokine expression profile that is specific to each analyzed population. However, immune modulation mediated by IL-10 began on the 7th day after the beginning of the endodontic treatment in both populations.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of oral health of Sateré-Mawé indigenous people living in Barreirinha, Amazonas (AM), Brazil, and the Tikuna indigenous people living in the urban area of Manaus (AM), in addition to characterizing the need for endodontic treatment between the two ethnic groups. A total of 138 individuals participated in the study, of whom 98 were Tikuna and 40 were Sateré-Mawé; they were distributed in age groups ranging from seven to 75 years. A very high prevalence of caries was observed in both ethnic groups. For the Sateré-Mawé in the 7–12 age group, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index presented a mean value of 3.17. Comparing the DMFT index and the need for endodontic treatment in each of the ethnicities, these variables were found to be correlated, because as the DMFT index increases, the chances of needing endodontic treatment increase. The Sateré-Mawé presented a higher prevalence of need for endodontic treatment compared to the Tikuna. The association of comorbidities and the need for endodontic treatment were demonstrated only in the Tikuna, and there was only a correlation of this necessity with the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in one case. The need to expand access to oral health in these communities is emphasized, taking into account geographical access and technological, environmental, linguistic, and cultural barriers.

A produção de substâncias antagonistas por espécies bacterianas presentes em sistema de canais radiculares (SCR) infectados, tem um papel importante na colonização deste sítio. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar parcialmente a substância antagonista produzida por amostra de Clostridium butyricum isolado de SCR infectados.A produção de substância antagonista foi avaliada pela técnica de difusão em ágar utilizando como bactérias indicadoras Fusobacterium nucleatum e Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Os parâmetros físico-químicos utilizados durante a caracterização parcial foram: pH, estabilidade térmica, susceptibilidade à ação das enzimas tripsina, a-quimiotripsina e papaína. Foi observada zona de inibição contra as duas amostras indicadoras e ainda foi demonstrado que ácidos e bacteriófagos não eram responsáveis por este fenômeno. A atividade inibitória mostrou-se diminuída em uma faixa de pH de 3.5 a 6.5 e estável em temperaturas de 60º, 70º e 100ºC, sendo completamente inativada quando exposta a 121ºC. A atividade antagonista foi resistente à ação das enzimas proteolíticas: tripsina, a-quimiotripsina e papaína. A substância antagonista produzida por C. butyricum é termoresistente e provavelmente de natureza não protéica.

The production of antagonistic substance by bacterium present in the infected root canal system (RCS) probably is an important ecological factor for its successful colonization of the local. The objective of this study was to partially characterize an antagonistic substance produced by a Clostridium butyricum isolated from infected RCS.Production of inhibitory compound was evaluated by the agar double layer diffusion technique using Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis as indicator bacteria. The physicochemical and biochemical factors tested for the partial characterization were influence of pH and temperature and susceptibility to the action of some proteolytic enzymes. An inhibition zone was observed against the two indicator strains and acidity and bacteriophage were rejected as responsible for this phenomenon. The inhibitory activity showed to be decreasing in a pH range from 3.5 to 6.5 and being stable at temperatures of 60º, 70º and 100ºC, but completely inactivated when exposed at 121ºC. The antagonistic activity was resistant to the proteolytic action of trypsin, a-chymotrypsin and papain. An antagonistic substance was produced by C. butyricum, which was thermo-resistant and probably of non-protein nature.