RESUMEN: La realidad virtual (RV) permite su aplicación en diferentes campos, como la asistencia sanitaria. En odontología, esta tecnología tiene un enorme potencial, en el ámbito educativo y clínico. Sus aplicaciones son de creciente interés e importancia en odontología, especialmente en la enseñanza, ya que ofrece interactividad y alta efectividad en el aprendizaje. En el tratamiento de la fobia a los tratamientos dentales, esta tecnología también es prometedora, ya que muestra resultados satisfactorios y en el área quirúrgica tiene un alto potencial para tratamientos complejos, permitiendo resultados predecibles y seguros. Sin embargo, los estudios futuros deberían centrarse en establecer estándares tecnológicos con alta calidad de datos y en el desarrollo de aplicaciones aprobadas para la rutina clínica. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue proporcionar aclaraciones sobre el conocimiento y el desarrollo científico de la RV en odontología.

ABSTRACT: Virtual reality (VR) allows its application in different fields, such as healthcare. In dentistry, this technology has enormous potential, in the educational and clinical scope. Its applications are of increasing interest and importance in dentistry, especially in teaching, as it offers interactivity and high effectiveness in learning. In the treatment of phobia to dental treatments, this technology is also promising, since it shows satisfactory results and in the surgical area it has a high potential for complex treatments, allowing predictable and safe results. However, future studies should focus on establishing technological standards with high data quality and on the development of approved applications for the clinical routine. Thus, the objective of this literature review was to provide clarification on the knowledge and scientific development of VR in dentistry.

ABSTRACT Bone substitutes based on hydroxyapatite (HA) and Bonefill® (BO - inorganic bovine bone) associated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (HA/PLGA and BO/PLGA) were evaluated concerning cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity as potential candidates for bone repair. The materials were developed and provided by Bionnovation Biomedical Products Ltda. Eluates from these bone substitutes were prepared for toxicity evaluations using eukaryotic cell cultures. HA/PLGA was used as a comparison for Bonefill®. Cell viability was evaluated by XTT assay and surviving fraction was calculated for clonogenic survival. Additionally, tail moment was used to assess genotoxicity (comet assay). The frequencies of binucleated cells with micronucleus (FBMN), micronucleus (FMN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) were analysed by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN assay). Results showed no statistical difference in cell viability compared with negative control (NC) The eluates did not promote delayed cytotoxicity whereas the surviving fraction rate for cultured cells was similar to NC. Furthermore, no genotoxicity or mutagenicity effects were observed for cultured cells with the Bonefill/PLGA and HA/PLGA eluates. In conclusion, the negative cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity results indicate that these bone substitutes presented interesting preliminary results as potential biomaterials for bone repair.

The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomotopographic location of the mandibular foramen in the right and left ramus, and to verify the influence of the amount of dental alveoli on the foramen position. Thirty-five adult dry human mandibles of Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - São Paulo State University were assessed, with or without dental alveoli. Measurements were obtained, using a ruler and a digital caliper. The following distances were measured: FI - distance between the lowest point of the mandibular incisure and the mandibular foramen (F point); FB - distance between the mandibular base and F point; FP - distance between the posterior margin of the ramus and F point; FA - distance between the anterior margin of the ramus and F point; FT - distance between the apex of the retromolar trigone and F point. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare each measurement according to hemi-arch, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the influence of the presence of alveoli on the measures. For multiple comparison, Dunn's method was used. There was no statistically significant difference in the location of the mandibular foramen when compared to the right and left hemi-arches. The amount of dental alveoli influenced, significantly, only on FA and FP distances. Thus, it was concluded that the right and left mandibular ramus showed symmetry in the location of the mandibular foramen, and the amount of alveoli influenced on the distances of the anterior and posterior margins of the mandibular ramus, in relation to the mandibular foramen.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la posición anátomo-topográfica del foramen mandibular en ambas ramas de la mandíbula y verificar la influencia de la cantidad de alvéolos dentales en la posición del foramen. Se evaluaron 35 mandíbulas humanas secas de individuos adultos de la Facultad de Odontología de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, con o sin alvéolos dentales. Se utilizó regla y calibrador digital para realizar las mediciones de las distancias entre: el punto más profundo de la incisura de la mandíbula y el foramen mandibular (FI); base de la mandíbula y el foramen (FB); margen posterior de la rama mandibular y el foramen mandibular (FP); margen anterior de la rama mandibular y el foramen (FA) y la distancia entre el vértice del trígono retromolar y el foramen mandibular (FT). Para la comparación de cada medida según hemiarcada se realizó el test de Mann-Whitney y para la influencia de la presencia de alvéolos en las medidas se utilizó el test de Kruskal-Wallis y para comparación múltiple el método de Dunn. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa en la localización del foramen mandibular al comparar el hemiarco mandibular derecho con el izquierdo. La cantidad de alvéolos dentales interfirió, de manera significativa, sólo en las distancias FA y FP. Se concluyó que las ramas mandibulares derecha e izquierda presentan simetría en el posicionamiento del foramen mandibular y la cantidad de alvéolos interfirió en las distancias de las márgenes anterior y posterior de la rama mandibular en relación con el foramen de la mandíbula.

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence and the degree of expression of the molar tubercle according to sex, dentition and hemi-arches. Study casts of 126 patients were assessed, and those were under orthodontic treatment at the University of Franca, UNIFRAN; they were from both sexs, from 4 to 13 years old. The upper second primary molars and the upper first permanent molars, from both sides, were evaluated regarding the presence and the degree of expression of the molar tubercle. For an association study, the qui-square test was utilized. The concordance about the presence or absence of the molar tubercle according to dentition, hemi-arch and sex, was estimated by the Kappa Statistics. There was a sexual dimorphism concerning the presence/absence of the molar tubercle (p=0.009), however there was no significant association between the degree of expression of the tubercle and the sex (p=0.791). The molar tubercle was more frequently observed in the male sex, in upper second primary molars and in the form of depression. There was a significant and "moderate" concordance between the left and right sides in primary dentition (k=0.596), there was a "good" concordance in permanent dentition (k=0.708) and a "weak" and significant concordance between the presence of the molar tubercle and dentition (k=0.207).

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la presencia y el grado de expresión del tubérculo molar de acuerdo con el sexo, dentición y hemiarcos. Fueron evaluados modelos de estudio de 126 pacientes que estaban bajo tratamiento ortodóntico en la Universidad de Franca, UNIFRAN, de ambos los sexos, de 4 a 13 años de edad. Los segundos molares superiores primarios y primeros molares superiores permanentes, de ambos los lados, fueron evaluados cuanto la presencia y el grado de expresión del tubérculo molar. Para estudio de asociación, se utilizó el test de Qui-cuadrado. La concordancia de la presencia o ausencia del tubérculo molar segundo dentición, hemiarco y sexo fue estimada por la Estadística Kappa. Se observó dimorfismo sexual cuanto la presencia/ausencia del tubérculo molar (p=0,009), todavía no hubo asociación significativa entre el grado de expresión del tubérculo y el sexo (p=0,791). El tubérculo molar fue más frecuentemente observado en el sexo masculino, en segundos molares primarios y en la forma de depresión. Se verificó concordancia significativa y "moderada" entre los lados derecho e izquierdo en la dentición primaria (k=0,596), "buena" en la dentición permanente (k=0,708) y concordancia "débil" y significativa entre la presencia del tubérculo molar y el tipo de dentición (k=0,207).

Como o uso da abrasão a ar tem aumentado em odontopediatria, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento da resina composta Z100 sobre a superfície dentinária de dentes decíduos após abrasionamento a ar associado ou não a técnica de condicionamento total (ácido fosfórico + Scotchbond Multi Purpose) ou "primer" autocondicionante (Clearfil SE Bond). A superfície oclusal de 25 molares decíduos foi removida para exposição completa da superfície dentinária. Após polimento com lixas abrasivas, foram divididos em 5 grupos (5 espécimes em cada) tratados por abrasão + adesivo Scotchbond (G1); condicionamento ácido + adesivo Scotchbond (G2); adesivo Clearfil (G3); abrasão a ar + condicionamento ácido + adesivo Scotchbond (G4); abrasão a ar + adesivo Clearfil (G5). Uma matriz bipartida foi adaptada à superfície dentinária e preenchida com resina composta. Após polimerização, corpos-de-prova de 2 mm x 6 mm foram obtidos. O teste de Duncan mostrou a desigualdade (G1 = G4) < (G2 = G3 = G5). Desse modo, conclui-se que, após o abrasionamento dentinário, deve ser utilizado o sistema de "primer" autocondicionante a fim de se obter maior força de adesão.

Since the use of air abrasion has grown in pediatric dentistry, the aim of this study was to evaluate, by means of shear bond strength testing, the need to use the total etching technique or self-etching primers on dentin of primary teeth after air abrasion. Twenty-five exfoliated primary molars had their occlusal dentin exposed by trimming and polishing. Specimens were treated by: Air abrasion + Scotchbond MultiPurpose adhesive (G1); 37% phosphoric acid + Scotchbond MP adhesive (G2); Clearfil SE (G3); Air abrasion + 37% phosphoric acid + Scotchbond MP adhesive (G4); Air abrasion + Clearfil SE (G5). On the treated surface, a cylinder of 2 mm by 6 mm was made using a composite resin (Z100). Duncan's test showed that: (G2 = G3 = G5) > (G1 = G4). The use of a self-etching primer on air abraded dentin is recommended to obtain higher bond strengths.