Abstract Introduction: recent studies have suggested the use of neck circumference as a parameter capable of identifying risks of cardiometabolic complications and the accumulation of truncal fat caused by both antiretroviral therapy and the lifestyle of people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: to investigate the relationship between neck circumference and anthropometric indicators and to assess cardiometabolic risk and truncal obesity through proposed cut-off points. Methods: cross-sectional study including 233 people with HIV. Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The anthropometric evaluation included: weight, height, body mass index (BMI) measurements; waist (WC), neck (NC), arm and arm muscle circumferences; triceps and subscapular skinfolds and their sum. ROC curves were constructed to determine the accuracy of NC in predicting cardiometabolic risk in people living with HIV. Results: the sample was 57.5 % male, with a mean age of 38.4 years (95 % CI: 37.2-39.7 years). NC showed a positive and significant correlation with all anthropometric variables analyzed (p < 0.05), and a higher correlation strength with WC and BMI. The NC cut-off point selected as a predictor of risk of cardiac metabolic complications and truncal obesity in women was ≥ 32.4 cm, considering both WC and BMI. For men, the NC cut-off points were different when considering WC (≥ 39.6 cm) and BMI (≥ 38.1 cm) as a reference. It is worth noting that NC performed well in ROC curve analysis for men, while in women it was a poor performance. Conclusion: NC proved to be a promising indicator in the assessment of nutrition and health of people living with HIV, especially in men.

Resumen Introducción: estudios recientes han sugerido el uso de la circunferencia del cuello como parámetro capaz de identificar los riesgos de complicaciones cardiometabólicas y la acumulación de grasa troncal causados tanto por la terapia antirretroviral como por el estilo de vida de las personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Objetivo: investigar la relación entre la circunferencia del cuello y los indicadores antropométricos y evaluar el riesgo cardiometabólico y la obesidad troncal a través de los puntos de corte propuestos. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a 233 personas con VIH. Se recogieron datos demográficos, socioeconómicos, de estilo de vida y clínicos mediante un cuestionario estructurado. La evaluación antropométrica incluyó: medidas de peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de cintura (CC), cuello (CN), brazo (CA) y músculo del brazo (MCB); pliegues cutáneos del tríceps y subescapular y su suma. Se construyeron curvas ROC para determinar la precisión de la CN en la predicción del riesgo cardiometabólico en personas que viven con el VIH. Resultados: el 57,5 % de la muestra eran varones, con una edad media de 38,4 años (IC 95 %: 37,2-39,7 años). La CN mostró una correlación positiva y significativa (p < 0,05) con todas las variables antropométricas analizadas, y una mayor fuerza de correlación con la CC y el IMC. El punto de corte de la CN seleccionado como predictor de riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas cardiacas y obesidad troncular en mujeres fue ≥ 32,4 cm, considerando tanto la CC como el IMC. En el caso de los hombres, los puntos de corte de la CN fueron diferentes al considerar como referencia la CC (≥ 39,6 cm) y el IMC (≥ 38,1 cm). Cabe destacar que la CN obtuvo buenos resultados en el análisis de la curva ROC en el caso de los hombres, mientras que en el de las mujeres fue deficiente. Conclusión: la CN demostró ser un indicador prometedor en la evaluación de la nutrición y la salud de las personas que viven con el VIH, especialmente en los hombres.

Abstract Introduction: research shows the potential effect of vitamin D supplementation with an improvement in the glycemic profile of pre-diabetic patients. Objective: this study evaluates the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control markers in pre-diabetic individuals. Methods: we analyzed studies published over the last ten years, and indexed in the Science Direct, PubMed, and LILACS databases. We searched studies using health descriptors related to vitamin D, pre-diabetes, and glycemic control markers. We considered randomized controlled trials eligible for inclusion. All phases of selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by two independent evaluators. Results: we identified 309 articles, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 3 studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation does not alter glycemic control markers in pre-diabetic individuals. Only one study showed a positive effect after supplementation with 60,000 IU/month of vitamin D3 for 12 months, with a significant reduction in the concentrations of glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and two-hour postprandial glucose. Conclusion: there is insufficient scientific evidence to confirm the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control markers in pre-diabetic individuals.

Resumen Introducción: las investigaciones muestran el efecto potencial de la suplementación con vitamina D con una mejora del perfil glucémico de los pacientes prediabéticos. Objetivo: este estudio evalúa los efectos de la suplementación con vitamina D sobre los marcadores de control glucémico en personas prediabéticas. Métodos: analizamos los estudios publicados en los últimos diez años e indexados en las bases de datos Science Direct, PubMed y LILACS. Se realizaron búsquedas de estudios mediante descriptores de salud relacionados con la vitamina D, la prediabetes y los marcadores de control glucémico. Los ensayos controlados y aleatorizados se consideraron elegibles para su inclusión. Todas las fases de selección, extracción de datos y evaluación del riesgo de sesgos fueron realizadas por dos evaluadores independientes. Resultados: identificamos 309 artículos, de los que 4 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. De estos, 3 estudios demostraron que la suplementación con vitamina D no altera los marcadores de control glucémico en las personas prediabéticas. Solo un estudio mostró un efecto positivo después de la suplementación de 60.000 UI/mes de vitamina D3 durante 12 meses, con una reducción significativa de las concentraciones de hemoglobina glucosilada, glucosa en ayunas y glucosa posprandial a las dos horas. Conclusión: no hay evidencia científica suficiente para confirmar los efectos beneficiosos de la suplementación de vitamina D sobre los marcadores de control glucémico en las personas prediabéticas.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar a relação do jejum intermitente no peso corporal de indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. MÉTODOS Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, baseada em ensaios clínicos randomizados. Os artigos foram consultados nas bases de dados: Science Direct, PubMed e BVS. A avaliação dessa revisão ocorreu por meio da recomendação Prisma. RESULTADOS Após o processo de seleção, quatro artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão, comparando o jejum intermitente (JI) com dieta de restrição calórica (DRC) como grupo controle. Em dois estudos com utilização de protocolos semelhantes não houve redução significativa no peso corporal dos indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Já nos outros dois estudos com utilização de protocolos distintos, a perda de peso foi significativa no grupo JI em comparação ao grupo DRC. CONCLUSÕES Os achados desta revisão não fornecem evidências plausíveis do efeito do jejum intermitente na perda de peso em indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To verify the relationship of intermittent fasting in the bodyweight of overweight and obese individuals through a systematic literature review. METHODS This is a systematic review based on randomized controlled trials. The articles were consulted in the databases: Science Direct, PubMed e BVS. This review was evaluated through the PRISMA recommendation. RESULTS After the selection process, four articles were included in this review, comparing intermittent fasting (IF) with calorie restriction diet (CRD) as a control group. In 2 studies using similar protocols, there was no significant reduction in body weight of overweight or obese subjects. In the other two studies using different protocols, weight loss was significant in the IF group compared to the CRD group. CONCLUSIONS Results did not provide evidence of the effect of intermittent fasting on weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.

Abstract Introduction: much evidence confirms that vitamin D may be associated with an improvement in CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected individuals, where antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used and associated with decreased 25(OH)D levels. Objective: to carry out a systematic review on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on HIV-infected adult patients. Methods: the research was conducted in the databases Science Direct, PubMed, BVS, Scielo Cochrane and Periods, from February to April 2018, with publication limit from 2000 to 2018, without restriction of gender, ethnicity and involving individuals with age older than 18 years. To evaluate the quality of the studies, we used the protocol Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) and the Jadad scale. Results: the search initially resulted in 198 articles. After the selection process 5 articles were identified as eligible, where they highlight that vitamin D supplementation may be an associated and effective intervention to reduce hypovitaminosis. ART reduces vitamin D3 levels and changes its metabolism, being associated with the risk of mortality. However, adequate levels of 25(OH)D are positively associated with the number of CD4 + cells and the reduction of infection levels. Conclusion: vitamin D supplementation promotes immune recovery. However, the cases analysed were few, insufficient to fully confirm the benefits and recommend supplementation. Therefore, intervention studies are needed to elucidate the role of vitamin D in human protection against HIV infections.

Resumen Introducción: muchas evidencias ratifican que la vitamina D puede estar asociada con la mejora de los niveles de células CD4 en individuos infectados por el VIH, tratados con terapia antirretroviral (ART) que se asocia a la disminución de los niveles de 25(OH)D. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática sobre el efecto de la suplementación de vitamina D en pacientes adultos infectados con VIH. Métodos: la investigación fue realizada en las bases de datos Science Direct, PubMed, BVS, Scielo Cochrane y periódicos, de febrero a abril de 2018, con límite de publicación de 2000 a 2018, sin restricción de género, etnicidad y que involucra a individuos con edad mayores de 18 años. Para la evaluación de la calidad de los estudios, se utilizó el protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews y Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) y la escala de Jadad. Resultados: la encuesta inicialmente resultó en 198 artículos. Después del proceso de selección, 5 artículos fueron identificados como elegibles, donde ponen de manifiesto que la suplementación con vitamina D puede ser una intervención asociada y eficaz para reducir la hipovitaminosis. La ART reduce niveles de la vitamina D3 y altera su metabolismo, estando asociada al riesgo de mortalidad. Sin embargo, los niveles adecuados de 25(OH)D están asociados positivamente al número de células CD4 + y la reducción de los niveles de infecciones. Conclusión: la suplementación de vitamina D promueve la recuperación inmunológica. Sin embargo, los casos analizados fueron pocos, insuficientes para confirmar totalmente los beneficios y recomendar la suplementación. Por lo tanto, estudios de intervención son necesarios para elucidar la actuación de la vitamina D en la protección humana contra las infecciones por el VIH.

RACIONAL: Os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica podem desenvolver, ao longo do tempo, algumas complicações e a anemia é quadro importante decorrente da ressecção gástrica, levando à deficiência de ferro, ácido fólico ou vitamina B. OBJETIVO: Verificar a incidência da deficiência de vitamina B12 e comparar dados antropométricos e bioquímicos do pré e pós-operatório (seis meses), em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica Fobi-Capella (Y de Roux). MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva e descritiva de 91 prontuários de pacientes submetidos à operação. Foram coletadas informações pessoais, data do procedimento e valores do pré e pós-operatório (seis meses), redução de peso, co-morbidades, colesterol, triglicérides, glicemia, vitamina B12, hemoglobina e hematócrito. Para análise estatística foi utilizado nível de significância de 5% (p< 0,05). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que houve redução de peso de 25,0% em relação ao valor pré-operatório e a média do IMC foi de 41,2±4,89 Kg/m² para 30,7±3,98 Kg/m². As co-morbidades mais encontradas foram dispnéia (93,4%), doenças da coluna (61,5%), doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (57,1%) e apnéia do sono (42,9%). Em relação aos exames bioquímicos de colesterol, triglicérides e glicemia, verificou-se efeito positivo, alterando de 240,2±36,1 para 162,5±19,1, 215,7±78,1 para 101,0±21,3 e 178,7±55,0 para 96,8±15,3 (mg/dL), respectivamente. Quanto à vitamina B12, hemoglobina e hematócrito, não se encontrou nível de significância estatística em relação à deficiência do pré para o pós-operatório, entretanto, pôde-se observar diminuição dos níveis de vitamina B12 em 43 pacientes (47,2%). CONCLUSÃO: A deficiência de vitamina B12 após seis meses do pós-operatório não pôde ser observada, o que pode ser atribuído ao uso de suplementação ou pouco tempo de seguimento.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing bariatric surgery may develop over time, some complications and anemia is an important one due to gastric resection, leading to iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency. AIM: To determine the incidence of deficiency of vitamin B12 and other anthropometric and biochemical data comparing the preoperative and postoperative (six months) period in patients who underwent bariatric surgery with Fobi-Capella (Roux-en-Y) technique. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive analysis of 91 charts of patients who underwent surgery. It was collected personal information, date of surgery and pre-and postoperative (six months) values, weight loss, comorbidities, serum analysis of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, vitamin B12, hemoglobin and hematocrit. For statistical analysis, it was considered significance level of 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS: It was found that there was a reduction in weight of 25,0% compared with the preoperative value and the average BMI was from 41,2±4,9 kg/m² to 30,7±3,9 kg/m². The most common co-morbidities were dyspnea (93,4%), spine alterations (61,5%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (57,1%) and sleep apnea (42,9%). Biochemical tests for cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose, presented positive effect, changing from 240,2±36,1 to 162,5±19,1, 215,7±78,1 to 101,0±21,3 and 178,7±55,0 to 96,8±15,3 (mg/dL), respectively. For vitamin B12, hemoglobin and hematocrit, there was no statistical difference in relation to pre and post-operative time; however, was seen a reduction in vitamin B12 in 43 patients (47,2%). CONCLUSION: The deficiency of vitamin B12 after six months of surgery could not be observed; this fact can be attributed to the use of nutritional supplements or to the short follow-up time after surgery.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas asmáticos e de obstrução ao fluxo aéreo em nadadores amadores de 8-17 anos de idade e avaliar a conscientização sobre asma e tratamento de asma entre nadadores, seus pais e treinadores. MÉTODOS: Uma amostra com 1.116 nadadores amadores respondeu a uma versão modificada do questionário escrito do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, ao qual questões sobre as razões de início da natação e sobre gerenciamento de asma foram adicionadas. Os participantes realizaram espirometria antes de uma prova de natação. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sintomas de asma nos últimos 12 meses foi de 11,5%, e 327 participantes (29,4%) relataram sibilos no passado. Dos 223 nadadores que relataram asma ou bronquite na vida, somente 102 (45,7%) relataram algum tipo de tratamento: natação foi o "tratamento" mais frequente (37,3%), e somente 12,7% utilizavam corticosteroides inalatórios. Dos 254 participantes (22,7%) com obstrução ao fluxo aéreo, somente 52 (20,5%) relataram sintomas de asma. CONCLUSÕES: Os sintomas de asma estão presentes em nadadores amadores, e muitos deles têm obstrução ao fluxo aéreo sem sintomas, o que sugere uma subestimação da asma nessa população. É preocupante que os nadadores diagnosticados previamente com asma não utilizassem os tratamentos recomendados para asma. As implicações clínicas desses achados enfatizam a importância da implementação de medidas educacionais para nadadores amadores, pais e treinadores para auxiliá-los no reconhecimento dos sintomas de asma e de seus riscos no ambiente esportivo a fim de permitir o diagnóstico e a intervenção clínica precoce.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms and of airflow obstruction in amateur swimmers between 8 and 17 years of age, as well as to assess the awareness of asthma and asthma management among these swimmers, their parents, and their coaches. METHODS: Our sample comprised 1,116 amateur swimmers who completed a modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood written questionnaire, to which questions regarding the reasons to initiate swimming and regarding asthma management had been added. In addition, the participants underwent spirometry prior to a swimming competition. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma symptoms in the last 12 months was 11.5%, and 327 (29.4%) of the participants reported "wheezing or whistling" in the past. Of the 223 swimmers who reported "asthma ever" or "bronchitis ever", only 102 (45.7%) reported having ever been treated: the most common "treatment" was swimming (in 37.3%), and only 12.7% used inhaled corticosteroids. Of the 254 participants (22.7%) with airflow obstruction, only 52 (20.5%) reported having asthma symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma symptoms are present in amateur swimmers, and a considerable number of such swimmers have airflow obstruction without symptoms. It is therefore likely that the prevalence of asthma is underestimated in this population. It is worrisome that, in our study sample, the swimmers previously diagnosed with asthma were not using the recommended treatments for asthma. The clinical implications of these findings underscore the importance of implementing educational measures for amateur swimmers, as well as for their parents and coaches, to help them recognize asthma symptoms and the consequent risks in the sports environment, in order to allow prompt diagnosis and early clinical intervention.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a frequência de sintomas de asma entre crianças e adolescentes nadadores amadores e descrever o tratamento clínico entre as crianças asmáticas em um clube esportivo privado na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 171 nadadores amadores de 6 a 14 anos de idade. Todos os participantes ou seus responsáveis foram solicitados a responder o questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), e 119 realizaram prova de função pulmonar em repouso. RESULTADOS: A frequência geral de sintomas de asma (ISAAC > 6 pontos) entre os nadadores foi de 16,8%. Entre os 119 nadadores que realizaram a espirometria, 39 (32,7%) apresentaram alterações espirométricas (VEF1/CVF < 0,75). Entre os sujeitos com escore ISAAC > 6, 10 (31,2%) alegaram não realizar nenhum tipo de tratamento para a doença. Daqueles que afirmaram realizar tratamento medicamentoso, 24% faziam uso de broncodilatadores mas não de corticosteroides. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de sintomas de asma e de alterações da função pulmonar em nadadores amadores de 6 a 14 anos foi elevada. Além disso, uma proporção considerável destes atletas não recebia tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of asthma symptoms in young amateur swimmers, and to describe the clinical treatment of the children with asthma in a private sports club in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The study included 171 amateur swimmers, ranging from 6 to14 years of age. All of the participants or their legal guardians were asked to complete the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, and 119 were submitted to pulmonary function testing at rest. RESULTS: The overall incidence of asthma symptoms (ISAAC score > 6) among the swimmers was 16.8%. Of the 119 swimmers submitted to spirometry, 39 (32.7%) presented spirometric alterations (FEV1/FVC < 0.75). Among those with an ISAAC score > 6, there were 10 (31.2%) who stated that they were receiving no asthma treatment. Of those who reported receiving pharmacological treatment, 24% made use of bronchodilators but not of corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of asthma symptoms and pulmonary function alterations among amateur swimmers within the 6-14 age bracket was high. In addition, a relevant proportion of these athletes were receiving no treatment.