Abstract This study is aimed to characterize and analyze social, economic, productive, and technological aspects of the bean crop in two periods of time (2007/2008 and 2016/2017) from the Survey of Agricultural Production Units (LUPA). This work is original since it is the first analysis of quantitative data from LUPA for the characterization of bean cultivation in the State of São Paulo. As a result, we can see in 2016/2017 that bean cultivation was present in 9,187 Agricultural Production Units (APUs), totaling an area of 105,018 ha. Between the two agricultural years, these indicators revealed a reduction of 19.5% in the number of APUs and 2.0% in the cultivated area. These reductions may be associated with the water crisis and fluctuations in prices paid to bean producers, who opted for more profitable crops, such as corn and soybeans. Circumstances such as water scarcity and lack of labor caused an increase in areas with irrigated cultivation and the use of mechanized harvesting. In both periods, most producers had up to four fiscal modules in their properties and the income obtained by farming was more than 50% of the composition of family income, information that can characterize this activity as family farming. The results obtained showed the importance of organized and systematized information bases to understand both the bean agricultural activity and others, in addition to allowing the observation of the process of agricultural development in the State of São Paulo.

Resumo Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar e analisar aspectos sociais, econômicos, produtivos e tecnológicos sobre a cultura do feijão em dois períodos (2007/2008 e 2016/2017), a partir Levantamento das Unidades de Produção Agropecuária (LUPA). Destaca-se que a originalidade deste trabalho se deve ao fato de ser a primeira análise de dados quantitativos do LUPA para a caracterização do cultivo de feijão no Estado de São Paulo. Como resultados, observou-se em 2016/2017 que o cultivo de feijão esteve presente em 9.187 Unidades de Produção Agropecuárias (UPAs), totalizando uma área de 105.018 ha. Entre os dois anos agrícolas, esses indicadores apresentaram redução de 19,5% no número de UPAs e 2,0% na área cultivada. As reduções podem estar associadas à crise hídrica e oscilações de preços pagos aos produtores de feijão, que fizeram a opção por culturas mais rentáveis, como o milho e a soja. Fenômenos como escassez hídrica e falta de mão de obra provocaram aumento em áreas com cultivo irrigado e uso de colheita mecanizada. Em ambos os períodos, se observou que a maioria dos produtores apresentavam a área de seus imóveis de até quatro módulos fiscais e a renda obtida pela exploração agropecuária superior a 50% na composição da renda familiar, informações que podem caracterizar essa atividade como de agricultura familiar. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a importância de bases de informações organizadas e sistematizadas para compreender tanto essa atividade agrícola quanto outras, além de permitir observar o processo de desenvolvimento da agropecuária no Estado de São Paulo.

Abstract IAC VR211 and IAC VM211 were developed for growing in Brazil with the aim of responding to the domestic and export market. The cultivars have a mean cycle of 85 days and yield potential of 2,191 kg ha-1 for IAC VR211 and 1,603 kg ha-1 for IAC VM211.

ABSTRACT: Common bean is a worldwide important crop. The development of varieties with durable resistance to diseases is a major challenge in common bean breeding. The present study aimed at evaluating the phenotypic and molecular selection of anthracnose resistance in a population obtained by assisted backcrossing from IAC Formoso (resistant, donor parent) × BRS Pérola (susceptible, recurrent parent). Nine microsatellites (SSRs) and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) markers previously linked to ANT resistance were used to genotype this progeny, and the results showed that the selection of the genotypes closest to the donor parent in the BC1F1 population decreased the number of backcrossing cycles necessary to obtain advanced isogenic lines, potentiating the use of this tool for early selection of resistant cultivars. A total of 31 % of the BC1F1 progeny was selected and backcrossed again. The progeny derived from the second backcross (BC2F3) was selected for the Carioca grain ideotype, and 42 % of the genotypes showed high resistance to anthracnose under controlled conditions of infection for races 65 and 81. Superior resistant plants were selected and evaluated under natural conditions of infection to fusarium wilt and angular leaf spot, allowing the selection of two inbred lines with higher resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, angular leaf spot and postharvest quality traits such as yield, 100 seed weight, L value at seed harvest grain darkening and cooking time. The approach outlined in this paper proved to be effective to simultaneously select for disease resistance without losing technological quality aspects of the bean.

ABSTRACT Water deficit can alter the morphological, agronomic, physiological, and technological traits of the common bean plant, affecting bean grain yield. In addition to yield aspects, the grain post-harvest quality is a decisive factor for the adoption of a new cultivar. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of water deficit on the physiological, morphoagronomic, and technological traits of common bean. The experiment was carried out at in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with a 30 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of 30 carioca common bean genotypes and two water regimes (with and without water stress), with three replications. The water deficit affected most morphological, agronomic, and physiological traits; however, it was not significant on the darkening of the seed coat. Cultivars IAC 1849 Polaco, ANFc 5, ANFc 9, BRSMG Madrepérola, IAC Carioca Aruã, TAA Dama, and Branquinho exhibited high yield potential under water stress treatment as well as slow seed coat darkening during nine months of storage. The selection of bean genotypes with slow seed coat darkening could be performed at 30 days of storage.

Abstract Common bacterial blight (CBB) is an important disease in Phaseolus vulgaris L. A carioca diversity panel (CDP) composed of 149 cultivars of common bean was genotyped with 1,616 SNPs and evaluated for Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xap) resistance aiming to identify QTLs. Phenotypic evaluation was done in controlled conditions. The plants displayed in a randomized block design, with 3 replications were evaluated ten days after inoculation. GWAS analysis using the BLINK model identified one SNP on chromosome Pv07, with a different genomic location in relation to previous studies. Considering a confidence interval of 100 kb, gene annotation identified 13 candidate genes related to defense-associated genes, and their key functional motives were discussed. The marker identified may constitute an important resource for future marker assisted CBB resistance breeding.

Abstract: IAC 2153 and IAC 2156 are new common bean cultivars with special bean grains for new markets, especially the international market. They have a mean hundred-seed weight of 50 g, mean cooking time of 32 min, resistance to anthracnose and Fusarium wilt, and moderate resistance to common bacterial blight.

Abstract: The cultivars IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO have a mean cycle of 100 and 110 days, mean 1000 seed weight of 18 and 6 grams, mean total fresh matter weight of 26,287.81 and 36,174.12 kg ha-1, and mean seed weight of 812.57 and 1,017.09 kg ha-1, respectively.

Abstract: IAC 2051 is a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with carioca-type seed coat, mean 1000 seed weight of 300g, indeterminate semi-upright type II growth habit, slow post-harvest seed coat darkening, resistance to Fusarium wilt, common bacterial blight, and three races of anthracnose, and mean yield of 2729 kg ha-1.

Abstract: Since 1932, the Common Bean Breeding Program of the Instituto Agronômico (PMGF-IAC) has provided bean cultivars with high yield potential and stability, grain of high technological quality and nutritional value, resistance and tolerance to the main common bean diseases, and commercial acceptance. This article presents the main results of the PMGF-IAC from a study of its research, development, and innovation (RD&I) trajectory and from information regarding adoption of cultivars (from 1932 to 2019). The main contributions of this study are (i) to display the trajectory of RD&I in common bean breeding in IAC, (ii) to present a description of common bean cultivars of different commercial types recommended over the period analyzed, and (iii) to provide an analysis of adoption of the new cultivars. This study is directed to researchers that develop common bean cultivars or that act in the sphere of science, technology, and innovation.

Abstract IAC Nuance and IAC Tigre are special common bean cultivars for consumption in Brazil and for international markets. IAC Nuance has a 75-day cycle, with cranberry type rajado (streaked/dappled) bean seeds. IAC Tigre has 85-day cycle, a cream-colored seed coat with brown specks (pinto bean type). These cultivars are moderately resistant to anthracnose, angular leaf spot, fusarium wilt, common bacterial blight, and bacterial wilt.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of three common bean genotypes (BRS Estilo, A211 and Mortiño) to the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli using different inoculation methods such as the root-dip, the colonized toothpick, and the agar-based disk-diffusion. After 35 days of inoculation, the disease severity was assessed by vascular discoloration on the stem of the plants by two methods: using a scoring scale and measuring the length of the discoloration with the aid of a millimeter ruler (cm). Results showed that the root-dip was the most effective inoculation method. As for the method of assessing the disease severity, the scoring scale was the best one, in addition to being easier for evaluating large amounts of common bean lines.

Abstract IAC 1849 Polaco is a common bean cultivar with a carioca (beige/cream-colored with brown stripes) seed coat, 75-day mean maturity , semi-upright plant architecture, tolerance to seed darkening, mean 1000-seed weight of 240 grams, resistance to the main diseases in common bean, and mean seed yield of 2464 kg ha-1 obtained in 18 experiments.

Abstract IAC Netuno, a black common bean cultivar with high grain yield potential, 2968.20 kg ha-¹, upright plant architecture and Type II indeterminate growth habit, about a 90-day cycle, and 1000-seed weight of 230 grams, recommended for all common bean crop seasons in the state of São Paulo.

Abstract The black bean cultivar IAC Veloz developed by the dry edible bean (or common bean) breeding program of the Instituto Agronômico-IAC stands out because of its early cycle, upright plant type, 1000 seed weight of 220 grams, and mean yield potential of 3770 kg ha-1 in a total of 18 environments.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on 12 bean genotypes through the analysis of their reproductive biology in terms of flowering, pollen viability, meiotic behavior, and production. Plants were grown in a climate chamber at 25-20 °C (day and night) and at a high temperature treatment 37-26 °C (day and night) from the vegetative (V4) development stage to physiological maturity. The experimental design was 2 × 12 factorial arrangement with six replications and the factors consisted of heat treatments and genotypes. In three replications, the number of newly opened flowers was checked daily. At physiological maturity, the following traits were evaluated: percentage of pod set, number of pods, number of viable seeds, number of aborted seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield (g per plant). The other three replications were used to collect flowers to create slides to study viability of the pollen grain and analyze the meiotic behavior. The heat treatment factor significantly affected the following traits: total number of pollen grains, number of flowers, number of pods, pod set, number of viable seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield. The raised temperature reduced these variables, except for percentage of pod set, and increased meiotic irregularities. The mean values regarding seed yield were 16.39 g per plant for the control treatment and 7.46 g per plant under high temperature. IAC Imperador, FT Nobre, Pérola, BRS Estilo, and IAC Diplomata stood out for higher bean seed yield under increased temperature.