A observação do perfil espectral da folha (cor) permite medidas de gestão adequadas a serem consideradas na produção. Um scanner óptico foi usado para: 1) obter uma equação para determinar o verde das folhas e 2) examinar o poder de discriminar entre as plantas cultivadas sob diferentes condições nutricionais. Mudas de manjericão cultivadas em vermiculita foram suplementadas com solucão de Hoagland contendo um quinto de força e suplementado com 0, 0,2, 1, 5, 20 e 50 mM NH4+. O tratamento de 5 mM resultou em maior peso de folha e parte aérea, indicando um padrão de resposta quadrática para o gradiente de NH4+. Uma equação envolvendo b* , preto e verde para descrever o verde das folhas foi fornecido pelo perfil espectral de uma escala de cores para folha de arroz como padrão. Os valores de cor de escala para as folhas de manjericão submetidos aos tratamentos NH4+ contendo 0,2 e 1 mM foram 1,00 e 1,12, respectivamente. Os outros tratamentos resultaram em valores significativamente superiores, de 2,25 a 2,42 indicando novamente um padrão de resposta quadrática. Com base no conjunto dos dados espectrais constituído por variáveis de cores vermelho-verde-azul e outros modelos de cores e valores da escala de cores, na análise discriminante, 81% das plantas foram corretamente classificadas em a seis NH4+ grupos da planta. Combinando os dados espectrais com os dados de crescimento composto pelo peso das folhas e parte aérea, 92% das amostras de plantas foram corretamente classificadas, enquanto que usando somente o conjunto de dados de crescimento, apenas 53% das plantas foram corretamente classificadas. Neste contexto, a digitalização óptica das folhas e do uso de perfis espectrais auxiliou no diagnóstico da planta, quando as medidas da biomassa não foram efitivas.

Observation of leaf spectral profile (color) enables suitable management measures to be taken for crop production. An optical scanner was used: 1) to obtain an equation to determine the greenness of plant leaves and 2) to examine the power to discriminate among plants grown under different nutritional conditions. Sweet basil seedlings grown on vermiculite were supplemented with one-fifth-strength Hoagland solutions containing 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 20, and 50 mM NH4+. The 5 mM treatment resulted in the greatest leaf and shoot weights, indicating a quadratic growth response pattern to the NH4+ gradient. An equation involving b*, black and green to describe the greenness of leaves was provided by the spectral profiling of a color scale for rice leaves as the standard. The color scale values for the basil leaves subjected to 0.2 and 1 mM NH4+ treatments were 1.00 and 1.12, respectively. The other treatments resulted in significantly greater values of 2.25 to 2.42, again indicating a quadratic response pattern. Based on the spectral data set consisting of variables of red-green-blue and other color models and color scale values, in discriminant analysis, 81% of the plants were correctly classified into the six NH4+ treatment groups. Combining the spectral data set with the growth data set consisting of leaf and shoot weights, 92% of the plant samples were correctly classified whereas, using the growth data set, only 53% of plants were correctly classified. Therefore, the optical scanning of leaves and the use of spectral profiles helped plant diagnosis when biomass measurements were not effective.

Soil dehydrogenase activity is a good indicator of overall microbial activity in soil, and it can serve as a good indicator of soil condition. However, seasonal changes in soil moisture content may have an effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, making an accurate assessment of soil condition difficult. In this study, we attempted to determine the significance of soil dehydrogenase activity for assessing soil condition, and we attempted to find a way to account for the influence of soil moisture content on soil dehydrogenase activity. Soils were sampled in dry evergreen forest (original vegetation), bare ground (severely degraded) and Acacia plantation plots established on bare ground in 1986 and 1987 in Sakaerat, Thailand. Soil physico-chemical characteristics and dehydrogenase activity in the Acacia plantation soil had few differences from those in the evergreen forest soil. Soil dehydrogenase activity varied significantly between the bare ground and the forests regardless of the season (wet or dry), while the season did not produce a significant variation in soil dehydrogenase activity, as determined by repeated measures analysis of variance (p=0.077). The physico-chemical data provided the first principal component as a good measure of soil fertility. Values of soil dehydrogenase activity significantly correlated to scores of the soil samples of the first principal component (R=0.787, p<0.001). We found that soil dehydrogenase activity is a useful indicator of the extent of soil degradation and the rehabilitative effects of reforestation in this part of Thailand. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 223-234. Epub 2009 June 30.

O método de Difusão de Disco de Antibiótico (ADD) foi comparado ao método Biolog quanto ao seu poder de discriminar solos e quanto à dimensão da discriminação, analisando-se os solos de uma floresta e de um campo de cítricos na Tailândia. A diferenciação dos solos por esses métodos foi feita de acordo com o score plot do componente principal.Em seguida, determinou-se o valor de lambda de Wilk para estimar o poder discriminatório desses métodos. O método ADD resultou em lambda de Wilk de 0,003 (p=0,144) e 0,035 (p=0,440) para os valores diretos e transformados, respectivamente. Enquanto o método Biolog resultou em valores de lambda de Wilk de 0,001 (p=0,067), 0,003 (p=0,144) e 0,035 (p=0,440) para os valores médios de desenvolvimento de cor (AWCDs) 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75 respectivamente, o método ADD apresentou poder discriminatório elevado, ou, no mínimo semelhante ao do método Biolog. A análise de redundância resultou em diagramas que revelaram uma diferença na dimensão da discriminação entre os métodos e os valores de AWCD. Os fatores ambientais do solo que estiveram significativamente relacionados com os perfis bacterianos (p=0,0) foram: fósforo disponível (método ADD e Biolog 0,25 AWCD) e pH (Biolog 0,50 e 0,75 AWCD). Esses resultados indicaram que os dois métodos e as AWCDs revelaram a multidimensionalidade da discriminação. A aplicação do método ADD para obtenção dessas informações para um gerenciamento eficiente do solo foi sugerida.

The antibiotic disk diffution (ADD) method was compared with the Biolog method in terms of power to discriminate soils and dimension of the discrimination. Soils from a forest and a citrus field in Thailand were profiled with these methods. These methods differentiated the soils in the principal component score plots. Then, Wilk's lambda statistic was determined to estimate power of these methods to discriminate the soils. The ADD method scored Wilk's lambda of 0.003 (p = 0.144) and 0.000 (p=0.020), for direct and ratio-transformed calculation, respectively. The Biolog method recorded Wilk's lambda of 0.001 (p=0.067), 0.003 (p=0.144) and 0.035 (p=0.440), at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 average well color developments (AWCDs), respectively. The ADD method showed high discrimination power, or at least comparable to that of the Biolog method. Redundancy analysis (RDA) resulted in ordination diagrams, which revealed a difference in dimension of the soil discrimination among the methods and the AWCDs. The soil environmental factors significantly related to the bacterial profiles at p=0.05 were: available phosphorus (ADD method and Biolog 0.25 AWCD), and pH (Biolog 0.50 and 0.75 AWCD). These results indicated that the profiling methods and the AWCDs revealed the multidimensionality of the discrimination. The possibility of the application of the ADD method to extraction of such pieces of information for effective land management was suggested.