ABSTRACT Medium-density particleboards represent an alternative for the use of lignocellulosic by-products, found in abundance and which causes environmental impacts when improperly disposed of. In this scope, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of multilayer particle boards, produced with sugarcane bagasse and polyurethane resin based on castor oil (PU-castor) and compare the results with the requirements established by the Brazilian standard for wood particle board (NBR 14810-2:2018). For that, the physical and mechanical properties and the resistance to humidity of multilayer particle boards with a thickness of 15 mm and medium density (600 and 750 kg.m-3) of agglomerated sugarcane bagasse particles were analyzed. with castor oil PU resin (12% for the inner layer and 15% for the outer layer). The results obtained indicated that the panels with 750 kg.m-3 presented better performance, reaching all the requirements required to classify them, according to the recommendations of the Brazilian standard for wood panels, such as P2 type panels, non-structural use in dry conditions.

RESUMO Os painéis de partículas de média densidade representam uma alternativa para uso dos subprodutos lignocelulósicos, encontrados de forma abundante e que ocasionam impactos ambientais quando descartados de forma inadequada. Nesse escopo, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o potencial de painéis de partículas multicamadas, produzidos com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona (PU-mamona) e confrontar os resultados com os requisitos estabelecidos pela norma brasileira de painéis de partículas de madeira (NBR 14810-2:2018). Para tanto, foram analisadas as propriedades físicas e mecânicas e a resistência à umidade, de painéis de partículas multicamadas com espessura de 15 mm e média densidade (600 e 750 kg.m-3) de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar aglomeradas com resina PU mamona (12% para camada interna e 15% para camada externa). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os painéis com 750 kg.m-3 apresentaram melhor desempenho, atingindo todos os requisitos exigidos para classificá-los, de acordo com as recomendações da norma brasileira para painéis de madeira, como painéis do tipo P2, uso não estrutural em condições secas.

Abstract: The production of wood-based materials is currently being expanded by the furniture industry and civil construction sector. In order to find new alternatives for the panel market, new configuration possibilities (geometry) of panels and the use of renewable raw materials must be explored. In this scope, the objective of this research was to evaluate OSB sandwich panels with an undulated core and flat faces (OSBUC panels) made of Balsa wood waste strands (Ochroma pyramidale) bonded with two-component castor oil polyurethane resin for use in civil construction. Two types of panels were produced with 13 % resin and varying the density of the core (OSBUC-T1 - faces 550 kg/m³ and core 400 kg/m³) and (OSBUC-T2 - faces 550 kg/m³ and core 500 kg/m³). The water absorption and thickness swelling of the face panels were determined based on the Brazilian standard NBR 14810 and the bending test properties of the OSBUC panels determined by the recommendations of the ASTM C393 standard. The results obtained were compared with the specifications of the PS-2-10 - “Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels” that provides bending stiffness (EI) values and maximum bending moment (FbS) requirements for OSB panels according to different classes of use. The sandwich panels had maximum values of EI 6,48 x 106 N·mm²/mm and FbS 3065 N·mm/mm. The OSBUC-T1 treatment proved to be the most efficient, as it has mechanical properties that meet the normative recommendations for structural use and as flooring, with lower material consumption (lower density).

RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da otimização do teor de resina poliuretana (PU) a base de óleo de mamona para a produção de painéis de partículas orientadas (OSB) utilizando bambu (Dendrocalamus asper). Para este estudo, painéis OSB de densidade média (650 kg/m3) foram produzidos com diferentes teores de resina (8%, 10%, 12% e 15%). As partículas de bambu foram caracterizadas através das análises física, química e anatômica, identificando o potencial deste produto como matéria-prima para a produção de painéis OSB. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis OSB. Os resultados indicaram que o bambu e a resina PU a base de óleo de mamona se mostrou adequado para a produção de painéis OSB e todas as condições atendem aos requisitos mínimos da norma europeia EN 300 (2002), para OSB tipo 1. Em particular, as melhores propriedades em geral foram obtidas pelos painéis com um teor de resina de 12%, atingindo todos os requisitos mínimos para aplicações como um painel estrutural (tipo 4), abrindo novas oportunidades para materiais de bambu projetados sem formaldeído para o ambiente construído.

ABSTRACT This work presents a study of the optimization of castor oil polyurethane (PU) resin content for the production of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) using bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). For this study, medium-density (650 kg/m3) OSB panels were produced with different resin contents (8%, 10%, 12%, and 15%). The bamboo particles were characterized through physical, chemical and anatomical analyses, identifying the potential of this product as a raw material for OSB panels. Subsequently, the physical and mechanical properties of OSB panels were evaluated. The results indicated that bamboo and castor oil PU are suitable for the production of OSB panels, and all the conditions met the minimum requirements of the European standard EN 300 (2002), for OSB type 1. In particular, the best overall properties were obtained by the panels with a resin content of 12%, achieving the minimum requirements for applications as a structural panel (type 4), opening new opportunities for formaldehyde-free engineered bamboo materials for the built environment.

Resumo Painéis OSSB (Oriented Structural Straw Board) são compósitos produzidos com palha proveniente de resíduos agrícolas e utilizando de adesivo sem formaldeído, cuja principal aplicação se volta para a construção civil como material de fechamento e forros. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do teor de poliuretano no adesivo sobre propriedades físicas e mecânicas do OSSB produzido com SbS (palha de soja) localmente disponível. Quatro composições de poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona (6%, 9%, 12% e 15%, em relação à massa de palha) foram testadas. Painéis OSSB foram avaliados de acordo com os padrões europeus para compósitos à base de madeira; também, uma caracterização física e química da SbS foi realizada. A SbS possui formato irregular, o que reduziu o desempenho mecânico do OSSB devido à baixa densificação do compósito e ao desenvolvimento de trincas transversais na SbS após o processo de fabricação do compósito. O desempenho em testes de flexão estática e inchamento de espessura do OSSB não foi melhorado pelo aumento do teor de adesivo de poliuretano. A SbS apresentou baixo teor de cinzas (menos que 4.3%) e pH neutro, isto indica que estas propriedades químicas provavelmente não afetaram na cura do adesivo.

Abstract Oriented Structural Straw Board (OSSB) panels are composites made from straw originally from agricultural residues and non-formaldehyde based adhesive, whose main application is for construction as a closing and ceiling material. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the polyurethane adhesive content on physical and mechanical properties of OSSB produced with locally available SbS (soybean straw). Four castor oil based polyurethane ratios (6%, 9%, 12% and 15%, by mass of the SbS) were tested. OSSB was evaluated according to European standards for wood-based composites; also, a physical and chemical characterization of the SbS was performed. SbS has an irregular shape, which reduced the OSSB mechanical performance due to the low densification of the composite and the development of transversal cracks on the SbS after the OSSB manufacturing process. The static bending and thickness swelling performance of SbS OSSB was not improved by the increase of polyurethane adhesive content. SbS low ash content and neutral pH extractives indicates that probably its chemical properties should not affect the setting of the adhesive.

ABSTRACT This study aimed at evaluating bovine behavioral parameters managed in crowding pens built with modular panel of reforestation wood and homogeneous particle sheets of sugarcane bagasse and in conventional wooden crowding pens. The animals treated had their body surface temperature measured by the infrared thermography method and the behavior evaluated through the flight time parameters and the behavior score in the crowding pens. The results indicated that the animals managed in these buildings showed no difference in the behavioral parameters, but the mean and maximum superficial body temperatures were lower in the animals managed in the crowding pens of modular panel.

ABSTRACT This study aims to manufacture and apply polymer-cementitious blends based on a combination of epoxy polymer and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) for timber beam repair. The material was used to repair timber beams of “Maçaranduba” (Manilkara sp.) and “Cedro doce” (Cedrella spp) wood species. A full factorial design was conducted to investigate the effect of cement particle content (0wt%, 30wt%, 40wt% and 50wt %), type of cement (ASTM-II and ASTM-III), and pigment addition (0wt% and 0.2wt%) on the physical and mechanical properties of the blend. The cement content factor affected all properties investigated. The highest elastic modulus was achieved by the blends produced with 50wt% of cement and 0.2wt% of pigment inclusion. This condition was used to repair the timber beams evaluated under four-point bending test. The insertion of the blends in timber beams achieved superior load levels to the unreinforced woods in both species, inferior load levels to the reference condition (without defects) in “Cedro doce”, and superior to the reference condition in “Maçaranduba”. These results were justified by the low density of “Cedro doce”, providing a better blend-wood interface adhesion.

ABSTRACT A significant portion of rural building’s roof is supported by timber trusses. Increasing distance between the trusses can be achieved by using composite cross sections ("T" and "I") for beams. With this, it is possible to reduce the number of columns and trusses, bringing significant savings in material and the desired cost reduction, mainly using wood from planted forests. The Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 7190:1997 establishes a coefficient (αr) for the reduction of the theoretical moment of inertia (Iteo) of 0.95 and 0.85, for beams with "T" and "I" composite profile, respectively. However, no specification is showed about connections responsible for conferring such coefficients. This research aimed to investigate, based on static bending tests, analysis of variance and polynomial regression models (linear, quadratic, cubic), the precision of αr coefficients set by the Brazilian Code for Pinus sp. beams. We considered to evaluate influence of factors such as: nails number (3, 5, 9, 17, 33), nails size (19×27 mm, 19×33 mm), profile types (I, T) and calculation form to obtain the equivalent modulus of elasticity (Edeq) used to determine the cited coefficients. The highest values of αr were derived from beams with 17 and 33 nails, which provided similar results. The analysis also allowed admitting the adequacy, only to the beams with "T" section, of αr stipulated by the Brazilian Code. For "I" section, αr overestimates beams performance. Nails size and form of calculating Edeq were not significant in obtaining αr. The quadratic model showed the best results, indicating that the amount of 25 nails can provides the highest values of αr coefficients.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver painéis de partículas aglomeradas de baixa densidade com casca de amendoim, fibra da casca do coco-verde (híbrido) e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Os painéis experimentais foram fabricados com partículas de até 8 mm de comprimento e 15% de resina poliuretana. A prensagem foi realizada a 5,0 MPa, por 10 minutos, a uma temperatura de 100°C. Foram determinadas as propriedades físico-mecânicas do material, seguindo as recomendações da norma ABNT 14810:2006. Os resultados demonstraram que o desempenho mecânico que atende às recomendações estabelecidas pela normativa ANSI A208.1-1999 e ABNT 14.810-2:2006.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to develop particleboards of low density with peanut shell, coconut husk fiber green (hybrid) and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil. The experimental panels were manufactured with pArtigos up to 8mm and 15% polyurethane resin. The pressing was carried out at 5.0 MPa for 10 minutes at 100°C of temperature. The physical-mechanical properties of the material were determined as recommended by ABNT 14810:2006. The results demonstrated a mechanical performance that meets the recommendations established by normative ANSI A208.1-1999 and ABNT 14.810-2:2006.

No presente trabalho, considerou-se o estudo do potencial de utilização de casca de amendoim e partículas de madeira da espécie itaúba (Mezilaurus itauba) com o intuito de agregar valor a estes materiais, por meio da fabricação de painéis de partículas híbridos, a fim de comparar os desempenhos físicos, mecânicos e durabilidade. Para esses procedimentos foram utilizadas a resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona e a ureia-formaldeído. A qualidade dos produtos foi avaliada com base nas prescrições do documento normativo NBR 14.810:2006 e APA PRP 108, por meio de ensaios físico-mecânicos, microestruturais e de durabilidade. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível verificar que a incorporação de partículas de madeira proporcionou aumento nas propriedades físico-mecânicas do painel de partículas com casca de amendoim, a resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona mostrou-se eficiente como adesivo aglomerante das partículas e o ensaio de durabilidade indicou que o material deve ser utilizado em condições de exposição de baixo contato com umidade.

In this paper, it was considered the study of the potential use of peanut hulls and wood particles of itaúba (Mezilaurus itauba) species in order to add value to these materials through the manufacture of hybrid particle board in order to compare the physical and mechanical performances as well as durability. For these procedures, it was used the bi-component polyurethane resin based on castor beans (mammon) oil and urea-formaldehyde. The product quality was evaluated based on the requirements of the standards NBR 14.810:2006 APA PRP and 108, through physico-mechanical and microstructural durability. The results indicate that the incorporation of wood particles warrants an increase in physical-mechanical properties of the particleboard manufactured with peanut hulls, the polyurethane resin based on castor oil was effective as a particle adhesive binder and the durability assay indicated that the material should be used under conditions of low exposure to moisture.

This paper presents three different numerical models for the evaluation of the stresses in corrugated sheets under bending. Regarding the numerical simulations different approaches can be considered, i.e., a elastic linear analysis or a physical nonlinear analysis, that considers criteria to fail for the sheet material. Moreover, the construction of the finite element mesh can be used shell elements or solid elements. The choice of each finite element must be made from the consideration of their representativity before behavior to be simulated. Thus, the numerical modelling in this manuscript was performed from the three-dimensional models using the SAP2000Nonlinear software, version 7.42, which has as base the finite elements method (FEM). It was considered shell elements in the build the mesh of finite elements and an analysis of type elastic linear in this case. Five mm thick sheets were evaluated considering three different longitudinal dimensions (spans), i.e., 1100 mm, 1530 mm and 1830 mm. The applied load to the models was 2500 N/m and it was verified that the spans of support of sheets have a significant influence on the results of stresses. The sheets with larger spans present larger stresses for the same applied load. The most intense values of tension occur in the troughs (low waves) of the sheets, on the lower surface, while the most intense values of compression occur in the crests (high waves), on the upper surface of the sheet. The flanks, which are the parts among the troughs and crests of the sheets, are submitted to low levels of stresses. The numeric results of the stresses showed a good agreement with the results obtained from other researchers³ and these results can be used to predict the behavior of corrugated sheets under bending.

A avicultura brasileira é uma atividade econômica com expressiva participação no agronegócio brasileiro, porém o setor se depara com desafios, entre esses, destaca-se o estresse térmico dos animais provocado pelas variações climáticas. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as propriedades térmicas de um forro ecológico de baixa densidade a base de partículas de resíduos agroindustriais (casca de amendoim e fibra de coco verde) aglutinadas com resina poliuretana bi-componente à base de óleo de mamona e avaliar seu desempenho quando aplicado como forro em galpões avícolas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficiência do material quando aplicado como forro em aviários.

The Brazilian poultry industry is one the activities relevant to the agribusiness, but the industry is faced with challenges such as heat stress, which is influenced by climate. The production of eco-lining is an alternative that adds value to waste and helps to solve the problem of thermal control in poultry houses. This research aimed to study thermal properties of an ecological liner low density particle-based on agribusiness residues (peanut hulls and coconut fiber) agglutinated with bi-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil and evaluate its performance when applied as lining in poultry houses. The results show that the material has the potential to be used as lining in poultry broiler.

This paper discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse in two different fiber lengths (5 mm and 8 mm) of the same density as a raw material for the production of particleboards, using castor oil-based two-component polyurethane adhesive. The quality of the product that can be manufactured industrially was evaluated based on density, thickness swell (TS), absorption (WA), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and internal bond (IB), according to the Brazilian NBR 14.810:2006 standard. The results revealed a significant difference between the particleboards made with 5-mm-long fibers and those made with 8-mm-long fibers. An analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the interparticle spaces are filled with castor oil-based two-component polyurethane adhesive, contributing to improve the physicomechanical properties of the particleboards. A durability assessment based on accelerated aging tests shows that waterproofed particleboards can be used in moist environments.

No presente trabalho, considera-se o estudo do potencial de utilização de resíduos da casca de amendoim, com o intuito de agregar valor a este material, por meio da fabricação de painéis de partículas aglomeradas com resina ureia-formaldeído, prensados à temperatura de 100 ºC. A qualidade dos painéis foi avaliada com base nas prescrições do documento normativo ASTM D 1037:2006 por meio de ensaios físico-mecânicos de densidade, inchamento em espessura, absorção de água e flexão estática. Os painéis avaliados apresentaram densidade média variando de 0,69 a 0,83 g cm-3, MOR 4,37 a 5,34 MPa e MOE 590 a 700 MPa, para painéis com e sem tratamento preservativo. É possível afirmar, baseando-se no documento normativo ANSI A208.1:1993, que o material apresenta potencial para utilização em ambientes internos, como revestimento superficial de residências, construções agrícolas, setor moveleiro e decorativo. Recomenda-se a intervenção no processo de fabricação do painel, para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e possibilitar o uso estrutural do material.

In this study, the potential use of residues of peanut husks was verified, in order to add value to these materials through the manufacture of panels of particleboards. For this procedure, it was used urea-formaldehyde resin and the panels were mechanical pressed at a temperature of 100 ºC. The quality of the panels was evaluated based on the prescriptions of the normative document ASTM D 1037:2006, through physical and mechanical tests of characteristics, such as: density, swelling in thickness, water absorption and static bending. The panels evaluated showed bulk density varying between 0,69 a 0,83 g cm-3, MOR and MOE between 4,37 - 5,34 MPa and 590 - 700 MPa respectively, for panels with and without preservative treatment. It is possible to claim, based in the normative document ANSI A208.1:1993, that the material presents a potential for use in internal areas as superficial covering of residential buildings, agricultural buildings, furniture and decorative sectors. Intervention in the board production process is recommended, in order to improve the mechanical properties of the material and enable its structural use.

Wood is a material of great applicability in construction, with advantageous properties to form various structural systems, such as walls and roof. Most of the roof structural systems follow models that have remained unchanged for a long time. A roof modular system in distinguished materials is proposed: reforested wood (Pine), oriented strand board (OSB) and roof tiles made of recycled long-life packaging material in order to be applied in rural construction. In this alternative, besides the benefit of giving destination packages with long-life thermal comfort, it also highlights the use of reforestated wood being the cultivation of such species that provides incentive for agribusiness. The structural performance of this alternative was evaluated through computer modeling and test results of two modular panels. The analysis is based on the results of vertical displacements, deformations and stresses. A positive correlation between theoretical and experimental values was observed, indicating the model's feasibility for use in roof structures. Therefore, the modular system represents a solution to new architecture conceptions to rural construction, for example, storage construction, cattle handling and poultry, with benefits provided by prefabricated building systems.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver painel em madeira de reflorestamento e chapas de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona, como alternativa para o sistema convencional de fechamento lateral do tronco coletivo de centro de manejo para bovinos de corte. A caracterização físico-mecânica do material forneceu um indicativo das possibilidades de uso para esse produto, que associado a pilares roliços de eucalipto compõem o sistema modular estrutural. A avaliação da resistência ao impacto do sistema modular, que procurou simular o efeito provocado pelo animal, em condições de uso, demonstrou a eficiência do modelo estrutural proposto para uso em centro de manejo. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar mamona corte físicomecânica físico mecânica produto animal

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop a panel in reforestation wood and particleboards of sugarcane bagasse and bi-component polyurethane resin on castor oil basis, as an alternative for the conventional system of side closing of the working chute in cattle handling facilities. The physical-mechanical characterization of the material provided an indication of the possible uses for this product, that associated with eucalyptus rounded pillars compose the structural modular system. The impact resistance evaluation of the modular system, which tried to simulate the effect produced by the animals under working condition, demonstrated the efficiency of the structural model proposed for use in cattle handling facilities. bicomponent bi component basis facilities physicalmechanical physical mechanical product condition