Abstract The environment contributes to production diseases that in turn badly affect cow performance, fertility and culling. Oestrus intensity is lower in lame cows, and in all cows 26% potential oestrus events are not expressed (to avoid getting pregnant). To understand these trade-offs, we need to know how animals react to their environment and how the environment influences hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) interactions with the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPO). Neurotransmitters control secretion of GnRH into hypophyseal portal blood. GnRH/LH pulse amplitude and frequency drive oestradiol production, culminating in oestrus behaviour and a precisely-timed GnRH/LH surge, all of which are disrupted by poor environments. Responses to peripheral neuronal agents give clues about mechanisms, but do these drugs alter perception of stimuli, or suppress consequent responses? In vitro studies confirm some neuronal interactions between the HPA and HPO; and immuno-histochemistry clarifies the location and sequence of inter-neurone activity within the brain. In both species, exogenous corticoids, ACTH and/or CRH act at the pituitary (reduce LH release by GnRH), and hypothalamus (lower GnRH pulse frequency and delay surge release). This requires inter-neurones as GnRH cells do not have receptors for HPA compounds. There are two (simultaneous, therefore fail-safe?) pathways for CRH suppression of GnRH release via CRH-Receptors: one being the regulation of kisspeptin/dynorphin and other cell types in the hypothalamus, and the other being the direct contact between CRH and GnRH cell terminals in the median eminence. When we domesticate animals, we must provide the best possible environment otherwise animals trade-off with lower production, less intense oestrus behaviour, and impaired fertility. Avoiding life-time peri-parturient problems by managing persistent lactations in cows may be a worthy trade-off on both welfare and economic terms – better than the camouflage use of drugs/hormones/feed additives/intricate technologies? In the long term, getting animals and environment in a more harmonious balance is the ultimate strategy.

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibro-inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by irreversible fibrosis of the gland with eventual failure of exocrine and endocrine functions and hallmark features of abdominal pain, malabsorption, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus and pancreatic calcifications. In many patients this disease results from a complex mix of environmental (eg, alcohol, cigarettes, and occupational chemicals), genetic factors and a few patients with hereditary or autoimmune disease. The management includes medical, endoscopic and surgical approaches with the need for interaction between various specialties, calling for a concerted multidisciplinary approach. This review provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the studies summarizing the epidemiology, etiology, physiopatology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatments of the disease.

La pancreatitis crónica es una enfermedad fibro-inflamatoria progresiva del páncreas caracterizada por la fibrosis irreversible de la glándula con el eventual fallo de las funciones exocrinas y endocrinas. Las características distintivas de la enfermedad son el dolor abdominal, la malabsorción, la desnutrición, la diabetes mellitus y las calcificaciones pancreáticas. En muchos pacientes el origen de esta enfermedad se debe a una compleja mezcla de factores ambientales (por ejemplo, alcohol, cigarrillos y productos químicos en el trabajo), factores genéticos y en algunos casos origen hereditario o autoinmune. El manejo incluye enfoques médico, endoscópico y quirúrgico con la necesidad de la interacción entre diversas especialidades para dar un enfoque multidisciplinario coordinado. Esta revisión ofrece una visión general de los estudios recientes resumiendo la epidemiología, etiología, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is an uncommon disease that represents a diagnostic challenge unless it is considered as a cause of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and a pancreatic mass. This entity is under diagnosed and successful medical therapy is available. In this paper, we will describe a case of a 59 year-old, Hispanic woman diagnosed with autoimmune pancreatitis, a disease previously believed to affect typically older men. We will review the definition, types, clinical manifestations, radiological features, serology, histopathological findings, treatment strategies and diagnostic criteria of autoimmune pancreatitis

La pancreatitis autoinmune (PAI) es una enfermedad rara que se presenta como un reto diagnóstico a menos que sea considerada como causa de pancreatitis aguda, insuficiencia pancreática exocrina y masa pancreática. Es una enfermedad sub diagnosticada y existe una terapia médica satisfactoria. En este trabajo, describiremos un caso de una mujer hispana de 59 años diagnosticada de pancreatitis autoinmune, una enfermedad que se creía previamente que afectaba típicamente a hombres de avanzada edad. Revisaremos la definición, los tipos, las manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos radiológicos, serología, hallazgos histopatológicos, estrategias de tratamiento y criterios diagnósticos de la pancreatitis autoinmune

Crises epilépticas geram impactos comportamentais e cognitivos em indivíduos que sofrem de epilepsia. Uma das funções cognitivas que pode ser afetada pelas crises epilépticas é a memória declarativa. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi investigar funções cognitivas, especialmente a memória operacional emocional de pacientes com epilepsia temporal mesial unilateral e pacientes submetidos a lobectomia temporal mesial unilateral. Para investigar a memória operacional emocional foi utilizado um teste de reconhecimento de faces que pode recrutar simultaneamente o lobo frontal (memória operacional) e o lobo temporal mesial (memória emocional). Nossos resultados demonstram que o fator epilepsia compromete de forma significativa o desempenho no teste de memória emocional. Por outro lado, a remoção cirúrgica do foco epiléptico promoveu uma melhora na memória emocional desses pacientes, além de diminuir o número de crises.

Epileptic seizures generate cognitive and behavioral impacts in individuals who suffer from epilepsy. Declarative memory is one of the cognitive functions that can be affected by epileptic seizures. The main objective of this work was to investigate neurocognitive function, especially the emotional working memory of patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and that of patients submitted to unilateral mesial temporal lobectomy. A face recognition test that can simultaneously recruit the frontal lobe (working memory) and mesial temporal lobe (emotional memory) was used to investigate emotional working memory. Our findings showed that the epilepsy factor significantly compromised the performance in the emotional memory test. On the other hand, surgical removal of the epileptic focus promoted an improvement in the emotional working memory of these patients, in addition to the significantly decrease in the number of seizures.

Este artÃculo, escrito como contribución al Seminario libre del CIP P/A: 2009 I, titulado: Producción Intelectual en Grupos Colaborativos, tiene como propósito mostrar el punto de vista de la filosofÃa del entendimiento sobre los paradigmas filosóficos de la modernidad occidental y sobre los grupos colaborativos: tanto del paradigma de la conciencia como del de la producción. Para ello, se pasa revista a los filósofos más representativos, como Renato Descartes, Immanuel Kant, F. Hegel, Karl Marx, etc. De igual modo, se exponen las crÃticas formuladas por autores como Jean Baudrillard y György Márkus y se concluye con la relación de la filosofÃa del entendimiento y los grupos colaborativos..

This article, written as a contribution to the free seminar CIP P / A: 2009 I, entitled: Intellectual Production in collaborative groups, aims to show the viewpoint of the philosophy of understanding on philosophical paradigms of Western modernity and collaborative groups: both the paradigm of consciousness as the production. To this end, reviews the most representative philosophers as Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant, F. Hegel, Karl Marx, and so on. Similarly, the criticisms are discussed by authors such as Jean Baudrillard and Gyorgy Markus and concludes with the relation of philosophy of understanding and cooperative groups.

Nesta revisão abordamos o sistema de memória autobiográfica como um processo de rememoração subjetiva graças à ativação de um substrato neural próprio para esta qualidade mnemônica. A rememoração autobiográfica recruta vias corticais extensas tendo como ponto de convergência a região frontal e suas interconexões, culminando com a área orbitofrontal. Trata-se de um processamento neural complexo capaz de integrar diferentes aspectos da evocação, tais como auto-identidade, controle, seletividade e emoção. Analisamos também a noção de amnésia orgânica e amnésia funcional com base em achados recentes sobre os efeitos do estresse no cérebro. Dentre estas evidências, destacam-se as alterações morfológicas e neuroquímicas no cérebro produzidas por estímulos estressantes assim como o alívio destes efeitos através da psicoterapia. Este conhecimento representa um avanço considerável nos conceitos de psicopatologia, abrindo caminhos para a compreensão das bases neurais da personalidade.

This review addresses autobiographical memory as a subjective process supported by a neural system appropriate for a personal recall capacity. Autobiographical recall activates extensive cortical pathways that converge to the frontal region and its interconnections culminating in the orbitfrontal area. It is a complex neuronal system capable of integrating different aspects of recall such as: self-identity, control, selectivity and emotion. We also analyze the notion of organic amnesia and functional amnesia based on recent findings of changes in the brain related to stress and psychological trauma. Among these evidences, we highlight the morphological and neurochemical disturbances in the brain caused by stressful stimuli. These data and concepts represent a considerable advancement regarding concepts of psychopathology and opens avenues for the understanding of the neurological bases of personality.

A comparação entre a História de Duas Viagens ao Brasil, de Jean de Léry, e Tristes trópicos, de Claude Lévi-Strauss, mostra entre os autores e suas narrativas acerca do Brasil numerosos paralelos. No modo de se relacionar com o Brasil, na descrição dos índios, na própria forma de construir seu texto, Léry aparece como um predecessor de Lévi-Strauss. Mais do que retomar a narrativa de Léry, Lévi-Strauss estabelece com ela um diálogo, no qual se pode também perceber as divergências de ponto de vista entre os autores, envoltas nas lembranças nostálgicas de ambos de suas estadas no Novo Mundo.

A comparison between History of Two Travels to Brazil, by Jean de Léry, and Tristes Tropiques, by Claude Lévi-Strauss, brings up many parallels between the authors and between their narratives about Brazil. De Léry's relation with the country, his description of the Indians and his way of structuring the text turn him into a Lévi-Strauss' predecessor. Instead of retrieving de Léry's narrative, Lévi-Strauss establishes with it a dialog in which on can perceive the authors' divergent points of view. These involve the travellers' nosthalgic memories about their stay in the New World.