There are some evidences described in the literature showing reduced energy metabolizability of ingredients for newly hatched chicks. Hence, a metabolism trial was carried out with the objective of determining the metabolizable energy of corn grain, soybean meal and micronized full fat soybean for newly hatched chicks. The method of total excreta collection was used in an experiment with 192 male chicks from one to seven days, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates of twelve birds. Excreta were collected from four to seven days of age. The treatments included a reference diet, two test-diets consisting of 60% of the reference diet and 40% of the test ingredients: corn grain (CG) and soybean meal (SM), and one test-diet consisting of 80% of the reference diet and 20% of micronized full fat soybean (MFFS). The N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficient of gross energy (MCGE) of the ingredients determined for the chicks were respectively 3,213 kcal/kg and 81.6% for CG; 2,085 kcal/kg and 49.7% for SM and 4,068 kcal/kg and 74.8% for MFFS.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of microbial or antimicrobial additives on the performance and organ morphology of broilers raised in batteries or in floor pens. The effect of microbial additives on the presence of oocysts in the litter was also studied. Experiments 1 and 2 consisted of four treatments (non-supplemented control diet or diet supplemented with avilamycin, bacitracin methylene disalicylate or enramycin) and six repetitions in a randomized block design. In Experiment 1, 288 day-old chicks were housed in heated batteries in a environmentally controlled room, 12 chicks per cage; in Experiment 2, 1,200 day-old chicks were housed in a curtain-sided experimental house, with concrete floor and rice hulls as litter material, 50 chicks per pen. Experiments 3 and 4 were carried out similarly to Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, but the treatments consisted of microbial additives (non-supplemented control diet or Bacillus subtilis added to the feed plus Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus johnsonii added to the water, undefined microflora added to the water or live yeast added to the feed). The antibiotics did not affect the performance of birds raised in batteries, but improved feed conversion, weight gain and live weight when chickens were kept on the floor pens. Microbial additives did not affect bird performance in any environment; however, treatments affected liver weight. Microbial agents increased intestinal weight in floor-raised broilers. No relationship was seen between the use of microbial additives and the presence of oocysts in the litter.

O experimento avaliou o desempenho de frangos de corte suplementados em 4% na ração com três fontes de gordura: óleo ácido de soja (OAS4) e sebo bovino (SEBO4), óleo de soja (SOJA4) e misturas de 2% entre estas: (OAS2/SEBO2), (OAS2/SOJA2) e (SOJA2/SEBO2). Foram utilizados blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos, 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso vivo (PV), conversão alimentar (CA), fator de produção (FP) e viabilidade (VB), aos 42 dias de idade. Para análise, foram utilizados contrastes não ortogonais: 1- SOJA4 X (OAS4 + SEBO4 + OAS2/SEBO2); 2- SOJA4 X (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2); 3- OAS2/SOJA2 X SOJA2/SEBO2; 4- OAS4 X OAS2/SOJA2; 5- OAS4 X OAS2/SEBO2. No contraste 1, observou-se um menor CR, melhor CA, superior GP, PV e FP para SOJA4 em relação a média OAS4, SEBO4 e OAS2/SEBO2. A comparação do SOJA4 com (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2) do contraste 2 não foi significativa. O contraste 3 não indicou diferença entre OAS2/SOJA2 e SOJA2/SEBO2, exceto para VB. No contraste 4, OAS2/SOJA2 resultou em maior GP, PV e FP e melhor CA que OAS4. A mistura (OAS2/SEBO2) não foi vantajosa ao OAS4 para as variáveis (contraste 5). A gordura abdominal não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, somente a composição dos ácidos graxos das gorduras. O óleo de soja proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves, tanto em misturas 1:1 quanto como fonte única adicionada à ração. O óleo ácido de soja, o sebo e a mistura destes resultaram em depressão do desempenho das aves.

The objective of this research was to evaluate less expensive fat sources as alternatives to soybean oil in broiler diets. A total of 1,440 day-old male Ross chicks were raised to 42 days of age in a randomized block design of six treatments and six replicates, fed diets containing 4% supplemental fat from the sources: soybean oil (SOY4), beef tallow (TAL4), acidulated soapstock (SOAP4), mixtures 2%:2% (SOAP2/TAL2), (SOAP2/SOY2) and (SOY2/TAL2). Liveweight, weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and viability were analyzed using non-orthogonal contrasts: 1- SOY4 X (SOAP4 + TAL4 + SOAP2/TAL2); 2- SOY4 X (SOAP2/SOY2 + SOY2/TAL2); 3- SOAP2/SOY2 X SOY2/TAL2; 4- SOAP4 X SOAP2/SOY2; 5- SOAP4 X SOAP2/TAL2. Liveweight, weight gain and feed:gain of SOY4 were better (p<.05) than those devoid of soybean oil in the diet, but feed intake, and viability did not differ. The mixtures containing 2% soybean oil (contrast 2) resulted in performance similar to SOY4 in all variables (p>.05) and soybean oil in the mixture equally improved the results of the alternative sources (contrast 3). The performance of birds fed SOAP4 was inferior to those fed SOAP2/SOY2 (p<.06) but was similar to those fed SOAP2/TAL2 . The abdominal fat did not differ among the treatments, but abdominal fats reflected the composition of the different fats. These results confirmed the superiority of soybean oil relative to the other fat sources fed to broiler and demonstrated that the quality of acidulated soapstock and beef tallow may be improved when used in 1:1 mixtures with soybean oil.

Foi realizado um experimento objetivando avaliar os efeitos de promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho e a temperatura corporal de frangos de corte, no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal não suplementada (Controle), ou suplementada com 200 mg de Cu/kg de sulfato cúprico pentahidratado (Sulfato), 75 mg de Cu/kg de citrato cúprico anidro (Citrato), 20 mg/kg de virginiamicina (VM), ou a associação Citrato + VM, em um experimento em blocos casualizados com seis repetições de 40 aves, criadas sobre cama reutilizada. Não se observou efeito de tratamentos na fase inicial. Na fase final os tratamentos não afetaram o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso, enquanto a conversão alimentar foi melhor para o VM comparado ao Controle. No período total não houve efeito de tratamentos sobre peso vivo, consumo, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. No período final e total o Sulfato resultou em menor viabilidade das aves comparado ao Citrato, VM e Citrato + VM. Não foi verificado efeito sinérgico quando se usou VM + Citrato. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a temperatura retal das aves consistentemente. O citrato cúprico não revelou ser mais eficiente que o sulfato cúprico.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of growth promoters on the performance and body temperature of broiler chickens 1 to 42 days of age. The treatments were a basal diet unsupplemented (Control), or supplemented of 200 mg Cu/kg as copper sulfate pentahydrate (Sulfate), 75 mg Cu/kg as anhydrous copper citrate (Citrate), 20 mg/kg of virginiamycin (VM), or the combination Citrate + VM. The experiment in floor pens with reutilized litter was in randomized blocks and six replicates of 40 birds. There were no treatment effects in the initial period. Treatments did not affect feed intake and weight gain in the final period; VM resulted improved feed conversion compared to Control. In the overall period, liveweight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by treatments. In the final and overall periods the viability of Sulfate birds was lower than Citrate, VM and Citrate + VM. No synergistic effect was found when VM + Citrate was fed. Rectal temperatures were not consistently affected by treatments. Cupric citrate was not more efficient than copper sulfate.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade monitorar a qualidade da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), durante o armazenamento prolongado (10 semanas), e avaliar os efeitos da adição do BHT (500mg/kg) a esta farinha. Um lote fresco de FCO (41,12% PB e 9,14% EE) foi dividido em seis partes iguais, sendo uma não tratada (CONTROLE) e as demais tratadas com BHT em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28: BHT/0, BHT/7, BHT/14, BHT/21 e BHT/28, respectivamente). As FCO foram armazenadas em ambiente diariamente monitorado e sua qualidade foi avaliada por amostragens semanais, com determinação do índice de peróxidos, cujo nível máximo obtido foi de aproximadamente 80meq/kg (CONTROLE). A partir da 4ª semana de armazenamento, foi conduzido um experimento com frangos de corte alimentados por 42 dias com rações à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo cerca de 4% das FCO armazenadas. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos de um dia, machos, distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os resultados médios obtidos para peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e refugagem e fator de produção foram submetidos à análise da variância e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas ao CONTROLE através do teste de Dunnett. As variáveis estudadas, em geral, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), indicando que, neste estudo, o uso da FCO oxidada ou das FCO protegidas pelo BHT, não influenciaram o desempenho das aves.

The objectives of this study were to assess the variation in quality of meat and bone meal (MBM) during an extended storage period (10 weeks) and evaluate the effects of the antioxidant BHT on the oxidative stability of MBM and the performance of broilers fed diets containing these MBM. A freshly produced batch of MBM (41,12% protein and 9,12% fat) was divided in six portions. One portion was stored with no BHT added (CONTROL) and the others were treated with 500mg BHT/kg at day 0 (BHT/0), 7 (BHT/7), 14 (BHT/14), 21 (BHT/21) and 28 (BHT/28). The quality of MBM was measured through weekly samplings and the peroxide value (IP) was the main parameter analysed. After four weeks of storage, a feed trial was carried out using 1,440 male RossXRoss day-old chicks raised in floor pens in an experiment with six treatments and six replicates. The birds were fed ad libitum corn-soybean diets formulated to contain 4% MBM. Results of 42d liveweight, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and mortality and culling were submitted to analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared to CONTROL using Dunnett’s test. Although rancidity was observed in MBM during storage, the levels of IP found (maximum 80meq/kg) did not affect bird performance. In general, the performance of broilers was not affected (p>.05) by feeding MBM oxidized or preserved with BHT.