Summary: Swiss chard is a horticultural crop with a highly nutritious value. These crops’ production required nutrients, which can be provided through mineral nutrient solutions or biofertilizers. Biofertilizers are products that contain beneficial microorganisms that improve soil quality and that promote plant growth. Additionally, these microorganisms carry out nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. The present work assessed the application of compost tea, co-inoculation (Azospirillum and Glomus), and inorganic fertilizer over the growth (roots, stem, and leaves) and nutrient content in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. Forhook Giant) plants. The present work was carried out in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design. Swiss chard plants treated with compost tea + inorganic fertilization (CTIF) accumulated more root and stem dry weight (4.06 and 8.10 g respectively), and, on the other hand, the leaf dry weight increased under three treatments: inorganic fertilization (IF), compost tea + co-inoculation (CTCi) and CTIF (12.5, 9.22 and 10.5 g respectively). Leaf area was greater in the IF and CTIF treatments. In Control (C) P and Mg content were higher; CTCi treatment increased the N, K, and Mn content; the co-inoculation (Ci) treatment increased Cu content as well as CTIF treatment increased the Ca, Fe, Zn, and B contents and in a lesser extent also the P, Mg, Cu, and Mn contents. The biomass partitioning coefficient indicates that in six samples (from a total of seven samples), most of the photosynthates (PS) were used by the plants to form new leaves or to increase the size of the leaves. If an alternative method of fertilization is desired, it is recommended that a combination of biofertilizer and inorganic fertilization should be used, such as, the combination of compost tea and mineral solution that increased the production and the concentration of nutrients in the Swiss chard crop.

Resumen: La acelga es un cultivo hortícola de alto valor nutritivo y en México se producen más de 12 mil toneladas al año. Para su producción, estos cultivos requieren nutrientes, los cuales pueden ser aportados a través de soluciones de nutrientes minerales o biofertilizantes. Los biofertilizantes son productos que contienen microorganismos benéficos que mejoran la calidad del suelo y que favorecen el crecimiento de las plantas. Además, estos microorganismos realizan la fijación de nitrógeno y la solubilización de fosfato. El presente trabajo evaluó la aplicación de té de compost, co-inoculación (Azospirillum y Glomus) y fertilizante inorgánico sobre el crecimiento (raíz, tallo y hojas) y contenido de nutrientes en plantas de acelgas (Beta vulgarisvar. Forhook Giant). El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en un invernadero utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las plantas de acelga tratadas con té de compost + fertilización inorgánica (CTIF) acumularon más peso seco en raíces y tallos (4.06 y 8.10 g respectivamente), por otro lado, el peso seco de la hoja aumentó bajo tres tratamientos: fertilización inorgánica (IF), té de compost + co-inoculación (CTCi) y CTIF (12.5, 9.22 y 10.5 g respectivamente). El área foliar fue mayor en los tratamientos IF y CTIF. El contenido de P y Mg también fue mayor en los controles (C). El tratamiento con CTCi aumentó el contenido de N, K y Mn; el tratamiento de coinoculación (Ci) incrementó el contenido de Cu, así como el tratamiento de CTIF incrementó los contenidos de Ca, Fe, Zn y B y en menor medida también los contenidos de P, Mg, Cu y Mn. El coeficiente de partición de biomasa indica que en seis muestreos (de un total de siete muestreos), la mayoría de los fotosintatos (PS) fueron utilizados por las plantas para formar o aumentar el tamaño de las hojas. Si se desea un método alternativo de fertilización, se recomienda utilizar una combinación de biofertilizante y fertilización inorgánica como la combinación de té de composta y solución mineral que aumentó la producción y la concentración de nutrientes en el cultivo de acelgas.

Abstract Pituitary apoplexy refers to a rare clinical syndrome consisting of signs and symptoms that occur due to rapid expansion of the contents of the sella turcica. It can occur spontaneously or associated with pituitary tumors. It can have a broad clinical spectrum, but usually presents with severe headache, visual impairment and hypopituitarism. Sudden onset of symptoms associated to imagiologic confirmation makes the diagnosis. Surgical treatment is advised when there is important compression of the optic tract. We present a case report and a review of the literature on pituitary apoplexy in pregnancy. The cases were reviewed to obtain information on maternal characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, therapeutic modalities and maternal and fetal outcomes. Our review found 36 cases of pituitary apoplexy in pregnancy. Most of the cases occurred in the second trimester of pregnancy and headache was the most frequent symptom at presentation. Surgical therapy was required in more than half of the patients. In what respect maternal and fetal outcomes, there were 3 cases of preterm delivery and one case of maternal death. Our clinical case and literature review reinforces the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid potential adverse consequences.

Resumen: La influenza aumenta sustancialmente el riesgo de desencadenar síndromes coronarios agudos e insuficiencia cardiaca. La vacunación contra la influenza disminuye estos riesgos y disminuye la aparición de complicaciones. Se recomienda la vacunación de toda la población, especialmente las personas con riesgo o con enfermedad cardiovascular establecida.

Abstract: Influenza substantially increases the risk of triggering acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. Vaccination against influenza decreases these risks and diminishes the occurrence of complications. Vaccination of the entire population is recommended, especially for people at risk or with established cardiovascular disease.

RESUMEN Tras la aparición del COVID-19 la educación tuvo un cambio, al igual que el desarrollo de las Competencias Socioemocionales (CSE) en los estudiantes. El objetivo fue determinar si la aplicación del Programa Trabajando Juntos fortalece las CSE en estudiantes. El enfoque fue cuantitativo, cuasi experimental, se tuvo dos grupos de estudio, comprendidos como: control y experimental, se usó la técnica de la encuesta, tomándose instrumentos al inicio y al final del programa. Además, los participantes fueron estudiantes del segundo grado de secundaria, siendo estos 64 repartidos en los dos grupos, el tratamiento de los datos fue realizado a través de Excel y el SPPS versión actual para el 2023. Los resultados encontrados, determinaron que, el programa propuesto desarrolla CSE de manera alta, significativa y positiva; por tanto, se concluye que los programas educativos viabilizan el desarrollo de las CSE y promueven aprendizaje significativo en las aulas de la educación básica.

RESUMO Após o surgimento da COVID-19, a educação passou por uma mudança, assim como o desenvolvimento de competências sociais e emocionais (SES) nos alunos. O objetivo foi determinar se a aplicação do Programa Working Together fortalece as SES nos alunos. A abordagem foi quantitativa, quase-experimental, com dois grupos de estudo: controle e experimental, usando a técnica de pesquisa, com instrumentos coletados no início e no final do programa. Além disso, os participantes eram alunos da segunda série do ensino médio, dos quais 64 foram divididos entre os dois grupos. Os dados foram processados usando o Excel e a versão atual do SPPS para 2023. Os resultados constataram que o programa proposto desenvolve a SES de forma elevada, significativa e positiva; portanto, conclui-se que os programas educacionais possibilitam o desenvolvimento da SES e promovem a aprendizagem significativa nas salas de aula da educação básica.

ABSTRACT After the appearance of COVID-19, education underwent a change, as well as the development of Socioemotional Competencies (CSE) in students. The objective was to determine whether the application of the Working Together Program strengthens CSE in students. The approach was quantitative, quasi-experimental, there were two study groups, comprised as: control and experimental, the survey technique was used, taking instruments at the beginning and at the end of the program. In addition, the participants were students in the second grade of high school, being these 64 distributed in the two groups, the data treatment was carried out through Excel and the SPPS current version for 2023. The results found determined that the proposed program develops SES in a high, significant and positive way; therefore, it is concluded that the educational programs enable the development of SES and promote meaningful learning in basic education classrooms.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las complicaciones quirúrgicas suponen un riesgo para el paciente tras el trasplante renal, siendo diversos los posibles factores de riesgo implicados. Objetivo: Determinar qué factores de riesgo contribuyen a la aparición de complicaciones de la herida quirúrgica en pacientes sometidos a un trasplante renal. Material y Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en pacientes trasplantados renales desde enero 2018 a diciembre 2021. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos del donante y del receptor. Se analizó la incidencia de infección y dehiscencia de la herida quirúrgica y sus factores de riesgo. Resultados: Presentaron infección el 13,5% de los pacientes y dehiscencia el 15,9% de la muestra, siendo pacientes con más edad (61,71±9,81 años frente a 56,56±11,88 años; p=0,030), con mayor tasa de sobrepeso según su IMC (42,9% frente 19,6%; p=0,046) y una mayor comorbilidad asociada (3,07±1,54 frente a 2,23±1,38 puntos; p=0,003). De los pacientes con infección, el 53,6% presentó, además, dehiscencia superficial de la herida. El exudado apareció en el 90,9% de los casos que desarrollaron una dehiscencia frente al 12,1% de los pacientes que no sufrieron dicha complicación (p<0,001). Conclusiones: La infección y la dehiscencia son complicaciones frecuentes tras el TR. La edad, el sobrepeso, comorbilidad alta y el exudado son factores de riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones de la herida quirúrgica tras el trasplante renal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgical complications are a risk for the patient after kidney transplantation, with several possible risk factors involved. Objective: To determine which risk factors contribute to the development of surgical wound complications in renal transplant patients. Material and Method: Retrospective cohort study in renal transplant patients from January 2018 to December 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the donor and recipient. The incidence of surgical wound infection and dehiscence, and risk factors were analysed. Results: 13.5% of the patients presented infection and 15.9% dehiscence, being older patients (61.71±9.81 years versus 56.56±11.88 years; p=0.030), with a higher rate of overweight according to BMI (42.9% versus 19.6%; p=0.046) and a higher associated comorbidity (3.07±1.54 versus 2.23±1.38; p=0.003). Of the patients with infection, 53.6% also had superficial wound dehiscence. Exudate appeared in 90.9% of the cases who developed dehiscence compared to 12.1% of the patients who did not suffer such a complication (p<0.001). Conclusions: Infection and dehiscence are frequent complications after renal transplantation. Age, overweight, high comorbidity and exudate are risk factors for developing surgical wound complications after renal transplantation.

SUMMARY Thyroid angiosarcoma is an extremely rare malignancy, which occurs more frequently in the alpine region, likely associated with iodine deficiency and endemic goiter. This is an aggressive neoplasm that usually harbors a poor prognosis. We report the case of a 49-year-old Portuguese female patient presenting with a large nodule in the anterior neck region, with rapid growth and associated dysphonia. The neck ultrasound showed a hypoechogenic and heterogeneous thyroid nodule, with a larger axis of 44 mm. The fine needle aspiration cytology was not conclusive, and a biopsy of the lesion was performed. The result was suggestive of a mesenchymal tumor constituted by spindle cells and vascular clefts, showing positivity for endothelial markers and negativity for thyroglobulin, calcitonin and TTF1. The chest CT scan performed before surgery showed multiple pulmonary nodules suggestive of secondary lesions. The patient was submitted to total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection in order to relieve compressive symptoms. A diagnosis of thyroid angiosarcoma was made after histologic examination of the surgical specimen. Despite undergoing multiple lines of palliative chemotherapy, the pulmonary lesions increased in size and number. The patient died due to respiratory failure 29 months after the diagnosis. Thyroid angiosarcoma is a rare malignancy, generally with poor prognosis. In our case, the patient presented with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis, which is a negative prognostic factor. Due to its rarity, data regarding management and treatment of this disease are scarce.

Resumo: A diminuição da produção voltada para autoconsumo pode afetar negativamente a segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) e soberania alimentar das famílias rurais. Esta temática é relevante na região do Alto Xingu, em Mato Grosso, dada a mudança no uso da terra e a intensificação de fenômenos socioeconômicos como a crescente ocupação da força de trabalho de moradores e moradoras de áreas rurais em atividades não agrícolas. Este estudo objetiva caracterizar a produção de autoconsumo entre assentados rurais do Alto Xingu e relacioná-la com a SAN das famílias. Foram aplicados Recordatórios de 24 horas de consumo alimentar e entrevistas em profundidade em 43 unidades domésticas. Os resultados indicam que a produção para autoconsumo é relevante para a SAN e soberania alimentar dos assentados, principalmente para proteína animal. Contudo, a prática tem se enfraquecido neste contexto de transformações. Frente às pressões do entorno, identificou-se uma “ordem de desarticulação” das produções para autoconsumo, com destaque para a vulnerabilidade do cultivo de hortaliças e resistência da produção de frango e de árvores frutíferas. Por fim, o estudo destaca que a diminuição da produção para autoconsumo afeta, principalmente, a soberania alimentar e reprodução social das famílias, reforçando o processo de transformação socioeconômica em curso no meio rural.

Abstract: The reduced production for self-consumption may affect food and nutrition security as well as the food sovereignty of rural families. This is a relevant topic in the Upper Xingu region, in Mato Grosso, given the land-use change and the intensification of socioeconomic phenomena such as the growing workforce occupation of the rural areas’ residents, in non-agricultural activities. This study aims to identify food production for self-consumption among rural settlers in the Upper Xingu region, as well as to relate the practice to food security. For this, 24-hour dietary recall for food consumption and in-depth interviews were performed in 43 domestic units. Results show the importance of food production for self-consumption towards food security and food sovereignty, especially for animal protein. However, the practice has decreased over time in this context of changes. We identified an “order of disarticulation” of the production for self-consumption surrounding pressure and we highlight the vulnerability of growing vegetables and the resistance of the poultry and fruit tree production. Finally, the study emphasizes that the reduced production for self-consumption mainly affects families' food sovereignty and social reproduction, strengthening the socioeconomic changes taking place in the rural areas.

Abstract Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Seven lineages have been identified based on different molecular markers, namely TcI, TcII, TcIII, TcIV, TcV, TcVI, and TcBat. Dogs play the role of epidemiological sentinels being domestic reservoirs of T. cruzi. The aim of the current study was to report the first case of CD in a domestic dog in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, infected with T. cruzi DTU TcIV. We hope our report encourages veterinarians and surveillance professionals to a take a deeper look at T. cruzi infection in domestic animals.

RESUMO: A síndrome de Brachyspina (BS) é um defeito hereditário monogênico autossômico recessivo raro da raça Holstein Friesian causado por uma exclusão de 3,3 KB no gene FANCI localizado no cromossomo bovino 21, o que leva a um deslocamento de quadro e um códon de parada prematuro. Uma consequência da BS é a eficiência de reprodução reduzida e a produção de leite. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um método simples, rápido e sensível, baseado em PCR em tempo real e análise da curva de fusão para identificar animais portadores de BS. Sessenta e oito genótipos homozigotos normais e quatro heterozigotos foram detectados e confirmados através da análise tradicional de PCR e electophorese. Concluímos que o novo método é uma ferramenta confiável, altamente precisa e de baixo custo, que poderia ser usado para monitorar a presença da mutação BS na raça Holandês uruguaia.

ABSTRACT: Brachyspina syndrome (BS) is a rare monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary disorder of the Holstein Fresian breed caused by a deletion of 3.3Kb in the Fanconi anemia complementation group I (FANCI) gene on BTA-21, which leads to a frame-shift and premature stop codon. Some of the consequences of BS are the reduction of the fertility rate and milk production. This study developed a simple, sensitive, rapid cost- effective assay method based on real time PCR and melting curve analysis for the detection of BS carrier animals. Sixty-eight normal homozygous and four heterozygous carrier genotypes were detected and confirmed through traditional PCR- electrophoresis analysis. We concluded that the assay we have developed proved to be a reliable, highly precise and low-cost tool, which could be used to monitor the presence of the BS mutation in uruguayan Holstein breed.

ABSTRACT In the current SARS-COV-2 pandemic, the choice of an imaging modality to aid diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical conditions, laboratory tests, and the availability of imaging equipment in health facilities. Tomography (CT) and chest radiography (CXR) are the most widely used imaging modalities; CXR, with less sensitivity than CT, is an accessible method, less expensive and less exposure to health personnel, its use is recommended in emergencies and in hospital services. The objective of the article is to guide decision-making to choose an imaging modality according to scenarios, taking into account its potential benefits and deepening in the description of the radiographic characteristics of suspected SARS-COV-2 infection that may serve in emergencies and we assess disease progression using a scoring system.

RESUMEN En la actual pandemia por SARS-COV-2, la elección de una modalidad de imagen que ayude al diagnóstico se basa en las condiciones clínicas del paciente, las pruebas de laboratorio y la disponibilidad de equipos de imágenes en los establecimientos de salud. La tomografía computarizada y la radiografía de tórax son las modalidades de imágenes más usadas; la radiografía de tórax, con menor sensibilidad que la tomografía computarizada, es un método accesible, menos costoso y de menor exposición al personal de salud, se recomienda su uso en las emergencias y en los servicios de hospitalización. El objetivo del artículo es orientar en la toma de decisiones para elegir una modalidad de imagen de acuerdo a escenarios, teniendo en cuenta sus potenciales beneficios y profundizando en la descripción de las características radiográficas de sospecha de infección por SARS-COV-2 que pueden servir en las emergencias y que permiten evaluar la progresión de la enfermedad usando un sistema de puntuación.

ABSTRACT Introduction. In Peru, breast cancer represents the most common type of cancer in women and the sixth most lethal type of cancer in the general population. Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2 +) occurs in 20% to 30% of breast cancers, and is associated with more aggressive tumors, with greater recurrence and greater mortality. Objective. Prepare a set of evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of HER2 + breast cancer, in order to help reduce mortality, disease progression and improve quality of life. Methods. A panel of clinical specialists and methodologists was formed, who identified relevant clinical questions about the diagnosis and treatment of HER2 + breast cancer. A systematic search for CPGs was carried out in Medline (PubMed), and in developing and compiling agencies. For the formulation of recommendations, the panel of specialists discussed the evidence and elements of the context of implementation of the recommendation, following the methodology proposed by the Ministry of Health of Peru. Results. Nine clinical questions were prioritized. A total of 25 clinical recommendations were made. Conclusions. An evidence-based CPG was developed through a systematic, rigorous and transparent process developed by a multidisciplinary team.

RESUMEN Introducción. En Perú, el cáncer de mama representa el tipo de cáncer más frecuente en mujeres y el sexto tipo de cáncer más letal en la población general. La sobreexpresión del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (HER2+) ocurre en 20% a 30% de los cánceres de mama, y se asocia con tumores más agresivos, con mayor recurrencia y mayor mortalidad. Objetivo. Elaborar un conjunto de recomendaciones basadas en evidencias para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de mama HER2+, con la finalidad de contribuir a reducir la mortalidad, progresión de la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad de vida. Métodos. Se conformó un panel de especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, quienes identificaron preguntas clínicas relevantes sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de mama HER2+. Se desarrolló una búsqueda sistemática de GPC en Medline (PubMed), y en organismos elaboradores y recopiladores. Para la formulación de recomendaciones, el panel de especialistas discutió la evidencia y elementos del contexto de implementación de la recomendación, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por el Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Resultados. Se priorizó nueve preguntas clínicas. Se formuló un total de 25 recomendaciones clínicas. Conclusiones. Se elaboró una GPC basada en evidencias, a través de un proceso sistemático, riguroso y transparente desarrollado por un equipo multidisciplinario.

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper explains the theoretical conception involved in the development a creative competence for environmental education by biology teachers’ trainees giving emphasis to its framework. Methods: The authoresses rely on analytic-synthetic, inductive-deductive methods, as well as on the systemic and the functional structural systemic approaches to construct the theoretical framework and to devise the systematic conception mentioned above. Result: The finding is a description of the process of the teacher trainees’ environmental education creative competence. This process is fostered by connecting creativity to environmental education, arising an innovating atmosphere, and stimulating personal resources. Conclusion: The development of the creative competence for environmental education is possible on the basis of a systematic conception connecting the comprehension of the environmental creative context, a creative approach to environmental education and the innovative environmental transformation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El artículo explica la concepción teórica que supone la lógica del desarrollo de la competencia creativa para la educación ambiental en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Educación Biología, con énfasis en los fundamentos que la sustentan. Métodos: Se emplearon los métodos analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, el enfoque de sistema y el sistémico estructural funcional, necesarios para establecer los fundamentos teóricos y la concepción sistémica aludida. Resultado: El resultado es un modelo teórico que permite el desarrollo de la competencia creativa para la educación ambiental del docente de biología en formación. A partir de establecer las relaciones entre competencia creativa y educación ambiental, así como la potenciación de un clima creativo pedagógico ambiental que favorezcan el desarrollo de recursos personológicos. Conclusión: Es posible contribuir al desarrollo de la competencia creativa para la educación ambiental en los docentes de biología en formación a partir de una concepción sistémica, en la que se concibe la interacción de tres procesos: comprensión del contexto creativo ambiental, intervención creativa en actividades de educación ambiental y transformación creativa ambiental.

Resumen Introducción: Los aspectos histopatológicos e histoquímicos relacionados con el ataque de royas en plantas, así como su relación con los diferentes estados espóricos, son escasos en la literatura científica. Objetivos: Describir y analizar los aspectos histopatológicos e histoquímicos en Cymbopogon citratus y su relación con los diferentes estados espóricos de la roya Puccinia nakanishikii. Métodos: Durante abril y agosto 2013 se recolectaron hojas sanas e infectadas con Puccinia nakanishikii en la escarpa noroccidental de la meseta de Bucaramanga-Colombia. Las muestras con lesiones en diferentes etapas del desarrollo se fijaron y procesaron de acuerdo a protocolos estándar para la inclusión y corte en parafina y resina. Las secciones obtenidas en parafina (5-7 µm) fueron teñidas con Safranina-azul de Alcian y azul de Alcian-Hematoxilina. En tanto que las secciones obtenidas en resina (0.5 µm) se tiñeron con azul de Toluidina. También se elaboraron secciones a mano alzada para análisis de autofluorescencia. Las observaciones y registro fotográfico se efectuaron con microscopio fotónico y microscopía de epifluorescencia. Para observaciones con microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), las muestras se fijaron en Glutaraldehído, se deshidrataron con 2,2 dimetoxipropano, se desecaron a punto crítico y se metalizaron con oro. Resultados: Las hojas son por lo general hipostomáticas, con células epidérmicas largas y cortas formando filas paralelas y con la presencia de tricomas unicelulares espinosos y microtricomas. La superficie abaxial está cubierta por una densa capa de ceras epicuticulares y la adaxial está formada por agrupaciones de células buliformes y células epidérmicas de contorno rectangular o cuadrado. En el mesófilo no hay diferenciación entre parénquima de empalizada y esponjoso y su anatomía refleja el metabolismo C4 presente en esta gramínea. Se observó la formación de urediosoros y teliosoros hipófilos. Las urediosporas son la fase de reinfección y estas tienen de 4-5 poros germinativos ecuatoriales y su pared es equinulada. Las teliosporas son de pared lisa y de pedicelo persistente. Las urediosporas forman tubos de geminación por lo general sobre la superficie abaxial de la hoja y se desarrollan en dirección de los estomas, por donde penetran al interior del mesófilo. No se observó la presencia de apresorios. La epidermis se desprende y levanta por del desarrollo de las urediosporas y las paráfisis capitadas, a medida que el urediosoro crece. Con el avance de la infección, los tejidos fotosintéticos se desorganizan, pierden la autofluorescencia de la clorofila y las células sufren necrosis. Posteriormente, los tejidos vasculares se fragmentan y colapsan. Para este momento, la infección se ha extendido sobre toda la lámina foliar llevando a la muerte de la hoja y defoliación de la planta. Durante etapas avanzadas de la infección en los urediosoros se observaron picnidios, probablemente del hiperparásito Sphaerellopsis, asociados estrechamente a los tejidos infectados por la roya. Conclusiones: Puccinia nakanishikii se desarrolla sobre las hojas de Cymbopogon citratus produciendo urediosoros y teliosoros. Las urediosporas son la fase de reinfección, y las teliosporas solo se observaron en etapas avanzadas de la infección. La epidermis y los tejidos fotosintéticos son severamente afectados por la necrosis celular. En etapas avanzadas de la infección los tejidos vasculares se ven afectados.

Abstract Introduction: Histopathological and histochemical aspects linked to the attack of fungal rusts to plants, as well as its relation with the different spore stages are topics rather scarce in the scientific literature. Objective: To describe and analyze the histopathological and histochemical aspects of Cymbopogon citratus and its relation with the different stages of the spores from the rust fungi Puccinia nakanishikii. Methods: During the months April and August 2013, leaves healthy and infected by Puccinia nakanishikii were collected in the Northwestern scarp of the Bucaramanga-Colombia plateau. The samples with injuries on diverse developmental stages were fixated and processed according to the standard protocols for embedding and sectioning in paraffin and resin. Sections obtained from paraffin (5-7 µm) were stained with Safranin-Alcian blue and Alcian blue-Hematoxylin. On the other hand, sections obtained from resin (0.5 µm) were stained with Toluidine blue. Further, freehand sections were obtained for an autofluorescence analysis. The observations and photographic record were done via photonic microscope and epifluorescence microscope. For the observations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the samples were fixated in Glutaraldehyde, dehydrated with 2,2 dimethoxypropane, then desiccated to critical point and finally coated with gold. Results: The leaves are generally hypostomatic, with long and short epidermic cell forming parallel rows and showing unicellular prickle trichomes and micro-trichomes. The abaxial surface is covered by epicuticular wax forming a dense layer. The adaxial epidermis is formed by groupings of bulliform cells and epidermal cells with rectangular or squared contour. In the mesophyll, there is no differentiation between palisade and spongy parenchyma, its anatomy reflects the C4 metabolism. The formation of uredosori and teliosori both hypophyllous was observed. Urediniospores are the reinfecting agents phase, they have 4-5 equatorial germ pores and echinulate wall. Teliospores have smooth wall and a persistent pedicel. The urediniospores form a germ tube, generally on the abaxial leaf surface, these tubes develop towards the stomata reaching the mesophyll interior. No appressorium were observed. The epidermis limiting the uredosorus detaches due the development and pressure that exert both the urediniospores and capitate paraphyses. As the infection progresses, autofluorescense of the chlorophyll is lost and the cells undergo necrotic processes. Afterwards, the phloem collapses and the xylem becomes slightly disorganized. At this moment, the infection is extended along the whole leaf blade, resulting in the leaf death and the plant defoliation. On advanced stages of the infection, the uredosori showed pycnidia, probably belonging to the hyperparasite Sphaerellopsis, these structures were closely associated to the rust infected tissues. Conclusions: Puccinia nakanishikii develops on the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus producing uredosori and teliosori. Urediniospores are the reinfective stage, teliospores were only observed at late stages of the infection. The epidermis and photosynthetic tissue are severely affected by cell necrosis. The vascular tissues are deeply affected on the advances stages of the infection.

Resumen Introducción: Las investigaciones sobre ontogenia de los soros, esporangios, paráfisis receptaculares y esporogénesis de los helechos leptosporangiados son escasas en la literatura científica. Objectivos: Describiry analizar la ontogenia de los soros, esporangios, paráfisis receptaculares y esporogénesis de Phymatosorus scolopendria. Métodos: Entre marzo y mayo 2017 (época lluviosa del año) se recolectaron frondas fértiles de P. scolopendria en el campus de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín-Colombia.Las frondas fértiles, en diferentes etapas del desarrollo se fijaron y procesaron de acuerdo a protocolos estándar para la inclusión y corte en parafina y resina. Las secciones de 0.5 µm obtenidas en resina se tiñeron con azul de Toluidina que tiñe diferencialmente paredes primarias y secundarias, resalta núcleos celulares, y esporopolenina y de manera secundaria tiñe polifenoles. Para descripciones detalladas, otros cortes se tiñeron con Safranina-azul de alciano que discrimina entre componentes de pared primaria, secundaria, núcleos, cutícula y polifenoles; Hematoxilina-azul de alciano para resaltar núcleos y paredes primarias y Fluoroglucinol ácido para detectar lignina. Las observaciones y registro fotográfico se efectuaron con microscopio fotónico. Para la observación y descripción con microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), los soros se deshidrataron con 2,2 dimetoxipropano, se desecaron a punto crítico y se metalizaron con oro. Resultados: Los soros son exindusiados, superficiales, vascularizados y de desarrollo mixto, se encuentran asociados a paráfisis receptaculares multicelulares uniseriadas. Durante el desarrollo del soro primero se diferencian las células epidérmicas receptaculares que darán origen a los esporangios y posteriormente las células que originarán a las paráfisis receptaculares. El esporangio es de tipo leptosporangio de pedicelos largos de una o dos filas de células. Los anillos de los esporangios muestran paredes secundarias con engrosamientos en forma de “U” ricos en lignina. La meiosis es simultánea y las tétradas de esporas se disponen de forma decusada o tetragonal. El tapete celular es inicialmente uniestratificado pero por una división mitótica de tipo periclinal, se torna biestratificado. Las células del estrato interno del tapete pierden la integridad estructural dando origen a un tapete plasmodial que invade los esporocitos en meiosis, el estrato externo persiste hasta la etapa de esporas maduras. En las diferentes etapas de desarrollo del esporodermo, primero se forma el exosporio, compuesto por esporopolenina, seguida del endosporio, conformado por celulosa, pectina y polisacáridos carboxilados y finalmente el perisporio. Los polifenoles fueron detectados, principalmente, en las vacuolas de las células de los esporangios, paráfisis y células receptaculares. Para el momento de la liberación de las esporas, tanto la capa externa del tapete celular como el plasmodial han degenerado por completo. En la cavidad esporangial se aprecian orbículas adyacentes a las esporas. Conclusiones: la ontogenia de los esporangios y esporogénesis de P. scolopendria es similar al descrito previamente para helechos leptosporangiados. Adicionalmente, se indica que las paráfisis receptaculares presentes en los soros de P. scolopendria tienen la función de protección de los esporangios durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo.

Abstract Introduction: Research about the ontogeny of sori, sporangia, receptacular paraphyses and sporogenesis of leptosporangiate ferns are scarce in the scientific literature. Objectives: To describe and analyze the ontogeny of sori, sporangia, receptacular paraphyses and sporogenesis of Phymatosorus scolopendria. Methods: Fertile fronds of P. scolopendria were collected in the campus of the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, during the months March and May (annual rain season) of 2017. The fertile fronds of the samples at different developmental stages were fixed and processed according to the standard protocols for embedding and sectioning in paraffin and resin. Sections of 0.5 µm obtained in resin were stained with Toluidine blue, which differentially stains primary and secondary walls, highlights the cell nucleus and sporopolenin and secondarily stains polyphenols. For detailed descriptions, additional sections were processed with Safranin-Alcian blue, allowing the distinction of components of primary and secondary walls, nuclei, cuticle and polyphenols; Hematoxylin-Alcian blue to enhance nuclei and primary walls and Phloroglucinol-HCl for lignin. Observations and photographic records were done with a photonic microscope. For the observations and descriptions with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the sori were dehydrated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane, critical point dried and coated with gold. Results: The sori are exindusiate, superficial, vascularized and have mixed development; they are associated with uniseriate and multicellular receptacle paraphyses. During the development of the sori, the epidermal cells of the receptacle that will form the sporangia are the first differentiated followed by those forming the receptacle paraphyses. The sporangium is leptosporangiate, with long stalks formed by one or two cell rows. The annulus of the sporangia displays secondary walls with U-shaped thickenings rich in lignin. The meiosis is simultaneous and the spore tetrads are arranged in a decussate or tetragonal shape. The cellular tapetum is initially unistratified but becomes bistratified after a periclinal division. The cells of the internal strata of the cellular tapetum loose structural integrity giving rise to a plasmodial tapetum that invades the meiotic sporocytes. During the sporoderm development, the sporopollenin-composed exospore is the first formed followed by the endospore, composed by cellulose, pectin and carboxylated polysaccharides; the process ends with the perispore. Polyphenols were mainly detected on vacuoles in cells of the sporangium, paraphysis and receptacle. When the time comes for the spore maturation, the remnants of cellular and the plasmodial tapeta have fully degenerated. Abundant orbicles are seen near the spores in the sporangial cavity. Conclusions: The ontogeny of the sporangia and sporogenesis of P. scolopendria are similar to the previously described for leptosporangiate ferns. Furthermore, in P. scolopendria, the receptacle paraphyses of the sori have a role protecting the sporangium during the early development stages.

Abstract Introduction: The Bajío High Specialty Regional Hospital started operating in 2007 to tackle the health demands of 5.8 million inhabitants. It has 184 beds and a transplant unit with 26 beds. In 2008, the renal transplant program launched activities. Objective: To describe the survival of kidney transplant receptor patients and of the grafted kidney at the Bajío High Specialty Regional Hospital. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, where consecutive transplants carried out between 2008 and 2016 were included. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 837 transplants were analyzed. Graft survival censored for death, with a functional graft at 1 and 5 years, was 94.6% and 78.9%. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 95.4% and 88.1%. Conclusions: The renal transplant program is one of the the best programs established in Mexico, both for the number of deceased-donor kidney transplants performed and for the patient and graft survival achieved. These data indicate that the renal transplant program has had a sustained development.

Resumen Introducción: El Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío inició sus funciones en 2007 para atender la demanda de salud de 5.8 millones de habitantes, cuenta con 184 camas y una unidad de trasplantes con 26 camas. En 2008 inició actividades el programa de trasplante renal. Objetivo: Presentar la supervivencia de los pacientes receptores de trasplante renal y del riñón injertado en el Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Guanajuato, México. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron los trasplantes consecutivos realizados entre 2008 y 2016. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Se analizaron 837 trasplantes. La supervivencia del injerto censurada para muerte con injerto funcional a uno y cinco años fue de 94.6 y 78.9 %. La supervivencia del paciente a uno y cinco años fue de 95.4 y 88.1 %. Conclusiones: El programa de trasplante renal constituye uno de los mejor establecidos en México, tanto por el número de trasplantes renales de donante fallecido realizados como por la supervivencia obtenida de paciente e injerto. Los datos indican que el programa de trasplante renal ha tenido un desarrollo sostenido.