Abstract Introduction : Primary hypophysitis (PH) is a rare disease that represents a challenge among differential diagnosis and management. Our aim was to describe clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria and different treatment outcomes in patients with PH. Multicentric, retrospective study. Clinical presentation, endocrine function, magnetic resonance imaging findings, visual field defects at diagnosis and treatment outcomes were recorded. Methods : Twenty-eight patients (23 women), with PH were included. Median age: 37. Results : The most frequent symptoms: headache: 68%, polyuria-polydipsia: 50% and visual disturbances: 48%. At diagnosis, anterior pituitary deficiency was present in 71%, being hypogonadotrophic hypogonad ism the most frequent manifestation. The radiological findings: symmetric lesion: 78.5%, homogeneous en hancement: 78.5% and pituitary stalk thickening: 70%. Association with pregnancy or puerperium was found in 4/23 women (17%). Fourteen patients did not receive any treatment (“wait and see” group), 8 underwent surgery for mass reduction or resection and 6 were treated with immunosuppression therapy. Among 15 patients with histopathological diagnosis, 9 were lymphocytic hypophysitis, 5 IgG4 related hypophysitis and 1 xanthomatous hypophysitis. Thirteen were di agnosed by established clinical criteria. Mass reduction was observed in 43% of “wait and see group” patients, 62.5% of operated patients and 50% with immuno suppression therapy. Compressive symptoms showed improvement in the 3 groups, with modest effect on anterior pituitary function, diabetes insipidus did not resolve in any patients. Discussion : In patients without severe compressive symptoms, we adopted a “wait and see” approach. In patients with uncertain diagnosis of PH or severe com pressive symptoms, transsphenoidal surgery was the best option.

Resumen Introducción : La hipofisitis es una enfermedad in frecuente que plantea un desafío en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio multicéntrico y retrospectivo fue describir: a) características de pa cientes con hipofisitis primaria (HP), b) métodos diag nósticos, y c) tratamientos realizados. Además, evaluar: a) presentación clínica, b) bioquímica, c) radiológica, d) oftalmológica al diagnóstico y evolución según el tratamiento recibido. Métodos : Estudio retrospectivo donde se estudiaron 28 pacientes (23 mujeres/5 varones) con HP, edad pro medio de 38±11.1 años. Resultados . Los síntomas fueron: cefalea: 68%, po liuria-polidipsia: 50% y alteraciones visuales: 48%. El examen de laboratorio inicial informó disfunción ade nohipofisaria en 71% de los pacientes, siendo el eje gonadal el más afectado. Los hallazgos radiológicos más frecuentes fueron: lesión simétrica:78.5%, aumento homogéneo post contraste: 78.5% y engrosamiento de tallo:70%. En 4/23 mujeres (17%) se relacionó con em barazos o puerperio La conducta inicial fue expectante (CE) en 14 pacientes, cirugía de resección/descompresión en 8 y tratamiento con inmunosupresores en 6. Quince pacientes tuvieron confirmación histológica, 9 resulta ron hipofisitis linfocitaria, 5 hipofisitis por IgG4 y una xantomatosa. Trece fueron diagnosticados por criterios clínicos establecidos. El tamaño de la lesión disminuyó en 43% de pacientes con CE, 62.5% con cirugía y 50% con inmunosupresores. Los síntomas compresivos mejora ron en los 3 grupos, con escaso efecto sobre la función adenohipofisaria, sin resolución de la diabetes insípida. Discusión : En pacientes sin síntomas compresivos adoptamos CE. En aquellos pacientes sin certeza diag nóstica o con síntomas compresivos graves, se optó por cirugía transesfenoidal.

Abstract Stereotactic radiosurgery with gamma knife (GKS) is a treatment option for persistent or recurrent pituitary adenoma. The aim of our study was to report Argentine experience in GKS, assessing the efficacy and safety in our patients with pituitary adenomas. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with pituitary adenomas treated with GKS between 2002 and 2017 in a single institution. Patient characteristics, biochemical remission rate (for functioning tumors), tumor control rate and adverse effects with GKS were inves tigated. The study cohort comprised 99 patients with a mean follow-up of 63 months: 51 somatotropinomas, 28 non-functioning adenomas, 15 corticotropinomas, 2 prolactinomas and 3 mixed pituitary tumors. The mean radiation dose was 30.6Gy for corticotropinomas, 29.3Gy for somatotropinomas and 19.6Gy for non-secreting adenomas. Global tumor control rate was 94.2%. Biochemical remission rate was 55.9%, being higher in acromegaly than in Cushing’s disease (OR4.7, 95%Ci 2.1-10.4, p<0.0001). The mean time to remission was 29.5 months (range: 6-156). Hypopituitarism occurred in 26% of patients and those with Cushing’s disease were more prone to develop new hormone deficiency after GKS (OR 2.93, 95%Ci 1.2-7.2, p = 0.019). This study shows argentine experience with the use of GKS in patients with pituitary adenomas, with similar results to those reported by centers with large radiosurgical experience. We achieved biochemical remission in more than 50% of patients and global tumor control in most of them. Hypopituitarism was the most frequent adverse effect, while others were infrequent.

Resumen La radiocirugía gamma-knife (GKS) constituye una alternativa de tratamiento en adenomas hipofisarios persis tentes o recurrentes. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue comunicar la experiencia argentina con GKS, evaluando eficacia y seguridad en nuestros pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios. Realizamos un análisis retrospectivo de pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios tratados con GKS entre 2002 y 2017. Se investigaron: características basales, tasa de remisión bioquímica, tasa de control tumoral y efectos adversos del GKS. Estudiamos 99 pa cientes adultos con un seguimiento medio de 63 meses: 51 somatotropinomas, 28 adenomas no funcionantes, 15 corticotropinomas, 2 prolactinomas y 3 tumores mixtos. La do sis media de radiación fue 30.6 Gy para cortico tropinomas, 29.3 Gy para somatotropinomas y 19.6 Gy para adenomas no secretores. La tasa global de control tumoral fue 94.2%. La tasa de remisión bioquímica fue 55.9%, si endo mayor en acromegalia que en enfermedad de Cushing (OR4.7, 95% Ci 2.1-10.4, p < 0.0001). El tiempo medio hasta la remisión fue 29.5 meses (rango: 6-156). Se produjo hipopituitarismo en el 26% de los pacientes. Aquellos con enfermedad de Cushing fueron más propensos a desarrollar nuevas deficiencias hormonales después del GKS (OR2.93, 95% Ci 1.2-7.2, p = 0.019). Este trabajo muestra la experiencia argentina con GKS en pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios, con resultados similares a los reportados por centros con amplia experiencia radioquirúrgica. Logramos remisión bioquímica en más del 50% de los pacientes y control tumoral global en la mayoría de ellos. El hipopituitarismo fue el efecto adverso más frecuente, mientras que otros fueron infrecuentes.

Abstract This paper presents a comparative and synthetic overview of the history of artisans in six Hispanic American cities (Bogota, Buenos Aires, La Paz, Lima, Mexico and Santiago de Chile), from late eighteenth century to late nineteenth century. There are some key problems that reappear in historical studies: descriptions of artisans and their social identity; their organizations, such as guilds, brotherhoods, societies and mutualism; artisans’ demands for a protectionist economic policy; their ways of participating in republican politics; and the profound conflicts that hit most of these cities towards mid-nineteenth century. Our goal is to recover common and diverse aspects that have been revealed around these problems and build new questions that inform future debates on the intersections between labor history, conflicts and politics in the transition from the colonial order to republicanism.

Resumen En este trabajo presentamos una visión en conjunto de la historia de los artesanos en seis ciudades hispanoamericanas en un período extenso: Bogotá, Buenos Aires, La Paz, Lima, México y Santiago de Chile desde el último tramo del siglo XVIII hasta fines del XIX. En la historiografía que se ha ocupado de estos casos hay algunos problemas recurrentes: la caracterización del artesanado y su identidad social; las formas de organización, como gremios, cofradías, sociedades y mutuales; el papel de los artesanos en las demandas de una política económica proteccionista; sus formas de participación en la política republicana; y la coyuntura de conflictividad vivida en la mayoría de estas ciudades hacia mediados del siglo XIX. Nuestro objetivo es recuperar los aspectos comunes y los divergentes que se han relevado en torno de estas problemáticas y construir preguntas que alimenten una agenda de debates sobre las intersecciones entre historia de los trabajadores, conflictividad y política en la transición del orden colonial al republicano.

Resumo Introdução A Avaliação Cognitiva Dinâmica de Terapia Ocupacional para Crianças (DOTCA-Ch) foi construída em 2004 em Israel no hospital de Loewenstein com a proposta de avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de crianças com idade de 6 a 12 anos em 22 subtestes distribuídos em cinco áreas cognitivas: Orientação, Percepção Espacial, Práxis, Construção Visuomotora e Operações de Pensamento. Para cada subteste existe uma opção estruturada de até cinco níveis de mediação. Objetivo Analisar a consistência interna da versão em português da bateria DOTCA-Ch em estudantes da rede municipal de ensino de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil. Método O estudo foi realizado em parceria com a Secretaria de Educação, da Prefeitura Municipal de Santos, em uma escola da rede municipal de ensino, com 90 estudantes, de ambos os gêneros, distribuídos entre 1º e 7º anos, as avaliações foram realizadas no período de agosto de 2015 a novembro de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por domínios, avaliando a consistência interna do instrumento. Resultados O valor do alpha de Cronbach aponta para uma confiabilidade muito alta (α = 0,92) da bateria na avaliação de estudantes do ensino regular. Podemos identificar que eles se beneficiam das mediações, especialmente em áreas cognitivas mais complexas como Práxis e Operações de Pensamento. Conclusão A versão em português da bateria DOTCA-Ch apresentou ótima consistência interna para ser utilizado com estudantes de 6 a 12 anos. Desta forma, estando disponível aos profissionais da área de terapia ocupacional um instrumento dinâmico de avaliação cognitiva confiável para ser utilizado em avaliações e intervenções que considerem a integralidade da criança, seu modo singular de pensar e fazer.

Abstract Introduction The Dynamic Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment for Children (DOTCA-Ch) was constructed in 2004 in Israel at Loewenstein Hospital with the proposal to evaluate the cognitive performance of children aged 6 to 12 years old in 22 subtests distributed in five cognitive areas: Orientation, Space Perception, Praxis, Visual-motor Construction, and Thought Operations. For each subtest, there is a structured choice of up to five levels of mediation. Objective To analyze the internal consistency of the Portuguese version of the DOTCA-Ch battery in students of the municipal teaching system of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. Method The study was carried out in partnership with the Secretary of Education of the municipal of Santos, in a school municipal, with 90 students of both genders, distributed between the 1st and 7th grades, evaluations were carried out in the period from August 2015 to November 2016. Data were analyzed by domains, evaluating the internal consistency of the instrument. Results The Cronbach's alpha value points to very high reliability (α = 0.92) of the battery in the evaluation of students in regular education. We can identify that they benefit from mediations, especially in more complex cognitive areas such as Praxis and Thinking Operations. Conclusion The Portuguese version of the DOTCA-Ch battery presented excellent internal consistency for the use of students aged 6 to 12 years old. In this way, a dynamic instrument of reliable cognitive evaluation is available to professionals in the field of Occupational Therapy to be used in evaluations and interventions that consider an integrality of the child, his unique way of thinking and doing.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as pacientes admitidas na UTI obstétrica do serviço com critérios near miss ou morbidade materna grave. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se análise secundária de um estudo realizado na UTI obstétrica do IMIP, no período de fevereiro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2007, selecionando-se 291 casos com critérios near miss. Analisaram-se causas de admissão, momento da admissão em relação ao parto, idade, paridade, escolaridade, assistência pré-natal, doenças clínicas pré-existentes, idade gestacional na admissão e parto, diagnósticos, complicações e procedimentos durante a estadia e tempo de internamento na UTI. RESULTADOS: As causas mais comuns de admissão foram síndromes hipertensivas (78,4%), hemorragia (25,4%) e infecção (16,5%). A maioria das pacientes foi admitida no puerpério (80,4%) e transferida de outras unidades. A idade variou de 12 a 44 anos e a mediana de paridade foi um. Não havia relato de consultas pré-natais em 9,9% dos casos. A cesárea foi a via de parto em 68,4% das pacientes. Condições clínicas preexistentes estavam presentes em 18,7% das pacientes, 37% necessitaram de hemotransfusões, 10,8% drogas vasoativas, 9,1% ventilação mecânica e 13,4% punção venosa central. Observou-se eclâmpsia em 38,8 % das pacientes, choque hemorrágico em 27,1%, insuficiência renal em 11,7% edema pulmonar em 9,1% e insuficiência respiratória em 6,5%. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes classificadas como near miss constituem um grupo importante nas admissões em UTI obstétrica. A obtenção de informações acerca desse grupo é fundamental para melhorar o cuidado e prevenir a mortalidade maternal.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate patients admitted with near miss maternal mortality criteria to an Obstetric ICU. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a study conducted in an Obstetric ICU of IMIP (Recife, Pernambuco), from February 2003 to February 2007, from which 291 patients with near miss criteria or severe maternal morbidity were selected. Data concerning cause of admission, time of admission related to delivery, age, parity, education, prenatal care, associated clinical conditions, gestational age at admission and delivery, diagnosis, complications and procedures as well as length of ICU stay were collected. RESULTS: The most common reasons of admission were hypertensive disorders (78.4%), haemorrhage (25.4%) and infection (16.5%). The great majority of patients was admitted after delivery (80.4%) and transferred from other units. Patient age ranged from 12 to 44 years, median of parity was 1 and prenatal care was absent in 9.9% of cases. Cesarean section was the mode of delivery in 68.4%. Medical conditions were present in 18.7% of the patients, 37% required blood product transfusions, 10.8% vasoactive infusions, 9.1% mechanical ventilation and 13.4% a central line. Eclampsia was present in 38.8 % of the patients, hemorrhagic shock in 27.1%, renal failure in 11.7%, and pulmonary edema in 9.1% and respiratory failure in 6.5%. CONCLUSION: Patients classified as near miss maternal mortality constitute an important group admitted to an Obstetric ICU. Better information about these patients is fundamental to improve care and prevent maternal mortality.

OBJETIVOS: descrever a experiência de três anos com terapia intensiva em obstetrícia em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva em setor que permite que obstetras continuem conduzindo as pacientes obstétricas criticamente enfermas. MÉTODOS: estudo avaliando 933 pacientes atendidas na UTI obstétrica do Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) de setembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2005. As variáveis foram idade, paridade, diagnóstico de admissão, época da admissão, diagnósticos e complicações durante o internamento, procedimentos invasivos empregados e resultado final. RESULTADOS: as três principais causas de internamento foram hipertensão (87%), hemorragia obstétrica (4,9%) e infecção (2,1%). A idade média foi 25 anos e 65% dos partos, cesarianas. Anemia foi achado freqüente (58,4%). Outros diagnósticos: insuficiência renal, doença tromboembólica, cardiopatia, edema agudo de pulmão, sepse, choque hemorrágico. Das 814 pacientes admitidas com hipertensão associada à gestação, 65% tinham pré-eclâmpsia grave, 16% pré-eclâmpsia leve e 11% eclâmpsia. Síndrome HELLP ocorreu em 46%. Ventilação mecânica foi necessária em 3,6% e hemotransfusão em 17%. A duração média do internamento foi cinco dias (1-41). A taxa de óbito foi 2,4%. CONCLUSÕES: a taxa de morte foi relativamente baixa, sugerindo que uma UTI conduzida por obstetras pode ser uma estratégia factível para reduzir a mortalidade materna.

OBJECTIVES: to describe a three-year experience with obstetric Intensive Care Units (ICU), a unit allowing obstetricians to continue to care for critically ill obstetrics patients. METHODS: the study evaluated all admissions (933) to the Obstetric ICU, in the Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), from September 2002 to February 2005. Age, parity, diagnosis, admission time, diagnosis during ICU stay, associated complications, invasive procedures utilized, and final outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: hypertension (87%), obstetric hemorrhage (4.9%) and obstetric infection (2.1%) were the major cause of the admissions analyzed. Mean age was 25 years, 65% of the patients delivered by cesarean-section. Anemia was a very common finding (58.4%). Other diagnoses were renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disease, cardiac disease, acute pulmonary edema, sepsis, and hemorrhagic shock. Of the 814 patients with pregnancy-associated hypertension 65% had severe pre-ecclampsia, 16% mild pre-ecclampsia, and 11% ecclampsia. HELLP syndrome was found in 46%. Mechanical ventilation was necessary in 3.6% and hemotransfusion in 17% of the patients. Mean stay was five day (1 a 41) days. Death occurred in 2.4% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: the rate of deaths was low. An obstetric ICU managed by obstetricians could be a feasible way of dealing with maternal mortality.

La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población mundial. Es una de las enfermedades psiquiátricas más debilitantes con un alto costo económico, social, familiar y personal. En Costa Rica, la esquizofrenia constituye la primera causa de internamiento entre los desórdenes psiquiátricos en el Hospital Nacional Psiquiátrico. El presente estudio analiza el diagnóstico preliminar de los primeros 120 pacientes incluidos en el proyecto sobre la Genética de la Esquizofrenia. Al comparar el diagnóstico del entrevistador, el diagnóstico final por consenso y el diagnóstico del último egreso hospitalario se encontraron diferencias en alrededor del 40% de los sujetos en el estudio. Se encontró un relativo sub-registro de la sintomatología afectiva en los diagnósticos de egreso con el consecuente sobre-diagnostico de los trastornos esquizofrénicos en los hospitales nacionales. El trastorno esquizoafectivo fue uno de los diagnósticos con menor concordancia. Las diferencias diagnósticas encontradas pueden ser parcialmente explicadas por el uso de pautas diagnósticas diferentes y/o una mayor rigurosidad diagnóstica utilizada en investigación que no es necesaria en la clínica. Sin embargo, la concurrencia de diferentes síntomas en las enfermedades psiquiátricas severas y las limitaciones impuestas por la categorización diagnóstica, obliga al psiquiatra a encasillar al paciente en una categoría que puede no representar completamente la enfermedad de ese paciente. El contar con marcadores biológicos en un futuro podría servir para clasificar estos síndromes en entidades diagnósticas más precisas, a explicar la fisiopatología de estas enfermedades y mejorar el tratamiento.

Approximately 1% of the world population is affected with schizophrenia. It is one of the most debilitating psychiatric disorders with a high economic, social, familial and personal cost. In Costa Rica, it is the first cause of hospitalization among psychiatric disorders at the National Psychiatric Hospital. This study analyses the diagnosis of the first 120 subjects included in the Genetic Study of Schizophrenia. Approximately 40% of the cases were discordant for the diagnosis when comparing the diagnosis of the interviewer, the final consensus diagnosis and the last discharg diagnosis. The last hospital discharge diagnosis showed a relative sub-registry of affective symptoms and an over-diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders. The diagnosis of schizoaffective disorders was the least concordant. The differences found could be partly explained by the use of different diagnostic criteria and/or by a more rigorous application of these criteria in research. Nonetheless, the concurrence of different symptoms in the severe mental disorders and the limitations imposed by strict diagnostic criteria, might give a diagnosis to a patient which doesn’t completely represent his/her illness. The future availability of biological markers might help to classify these disorders in more precise clinical entities, to better understand the physiopathology and improve treatment.