ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic airway disease that affects 339 million people worldwide. It is a heterogeneous disease with different risks, including in family environments, where intimate partner violence occurs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the possible association between psychosocial factors and asthma control in adults exposed to intimate partner violence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Brazilian public higher education institution in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: The study population consisted of adults clinically diagnosed with severe asthma and those with mild/moderate asthma identified at an asthma referral outpatient clinic. The sample comprised 492 participants who underwent clinical evaluation and completed questionnaires to assess asthma control, depression, stress, and resilience. The Conflict Tactics Scale, which measures tactics for managing marital conflicts, was used to estimate the level of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Of the 492 participants, 76.2% were women and 91% self-referenced color black/brown, 37.8% reported low family income, 87.4% reported low education level, 71.7% reported high stress, 32.5% reported low resilience, 18.5% reported moderate or severe depression, 83.3% reported resolute negotiation, 49.4% reported major psychological aggression, 19.6% reported major physical aggression, 15.5% reported major injury, and 7.3% reported major sexual coercion. Regression analysis revealed that sex was an effect modifier. CONCLUSION: Women in situations of social vulnerability, with low income and poor education, with depression, severe asthma, and those who used aggression to resolve marital conflicts had a profile associated with a lack of asthma control.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a frequência de exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro entre pacientes com asma. Métodos Estudo transversal, que avaliou pacientes com asma e controles sem asma, por meio de questionários, para identificar a exposição secundária à fumaça do cigarro no ambiente domiciliar, escolar, no trabalho e em ambientes públicos. Resultados Estudamos 544 asmáticos graves, 452 com asma leve/moderada e 454 sem asma. Entre os asmáticos graves, a média de idade foi de 51,9 anos, 444 (81,6%) eram do sexo feminino, 74 (13,6%) tinham fumantes em sua residência, 383 (71,9%) relataram exposição em ambientes públicos e, dos 242 (44,5%) que trabalhavam e/ou estudavam, 46 (19,1%) admitiram exposição ocupacional. Entre asmáticos leves/moderados, a média de idade foi de 36,8 anos, 351 (77,7%) eram do sexo feminino, 50 (11,1%) afirmaram haver tabagistas em sua residência, 381(84,9%) relataram exposição em ambientes públicos e, dos 330 (73,0%) que trabalhavam e/ou estudavam, 58 (17,7%) referiram exposição ocupacional. Encontrou-se associação entre exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro e controle da doença entre pacientes com asma leve/moderada. Entre os entrevistados, 71% dos pacientes asmáticos graves e 63% daqueles com asma leve/moderada relataram evitar frequentar certos ambientes pelo receio da exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro − relato mais associado aos pacientes com asma grave. Conclusão A exposição secundária à fumaça do cigarro é uma situação frequente e relatada por uma proporção significativa de asmáticos. Indivíduos com asma encontram-se expostos a este agente, que pode dificultar o controle da doença, exacerbar sintomas e lhes impor limitação inaceitável ao direito de ir e vir em ambientes públicos.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the frequency of secondhand smoke exposure among patients with asthma. Methods A cross-sectional study of asthma patients and non-asthmatic controls using questionnaires to identify secondhand smoke exposure at home, school, work, and public places. Results We studied 544 severe asthma patients, 452 mild/moderate asthma patients, and 454 non-asthmatic patients. Among severe patients, the mean age was 51.9 years, 444 (81.6%) were female, 74 (13.6%) were living with a smoker, 383 (71.9%) reported exposure in public spaces and, of the 242 (44.5%) who worked/ studied, 46 (19.1%) reported occupational exposure. Among those with mild/moderate asthma, the mean age was 36.8 years, 351 (77.7%) were female, 50 (11.1%) reported living with a smoker, 381 (84.9%) reported exposure in public settings and, of the 330 (73.0%) who worked/ studied, 58 (17.7%) reported occupational exposure. An association between secondhand smoke exposure and disease control was found among patients with mild/moderate asthma. Among those interviewed, 71% of severe asthma patients and 63% of mild/moderate asthma patients avoided certain places due to fear of secondhand smoke exposure. Conclusion Secondhand smoke exposure is a situation frequently reported by a significant proportion of asthma patients. Individuals with asthma are exposed to this agent, which can hamper disease control, exacerbate symptoms and pose unacceptable limitations to their right to come and go in public settings.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a frequência de tabagismo ativo entre pacientes com asma e indivíduos sem asma, usando questionários padronizados e dosagem da cotinina urinária. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em Salvador (BA), com 1.341 indivíduos, sendo 498 com asma grave, 417 com asma leve/moderada e 426 sem asma. O tabagismo foi identificado por meio de autorrelato utilizando questionários e por mensuração da cotinina urinária. Para a comparação das variáveis estudadas, utilizaram-se os testes do qui-quadrado e de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Dos 55 participantes (4,1%) que se declararam tabagistas atuais, 5, 17 e 33 eram dos grupos asma grave, asma leve/moderada e sem asma, respectivamente. Desses 55, 32 (58,2%) eram tabagistas diários e 23 (41,8%) eram tabagistas ocasionais. Observaram-se níveis elevados de cotinina urinária entre não fumantes autodeclarados e tabagistas pregressos, especialmente no grupo asma grave, o que sugere omissão do hábito atual de fumar. A carga tabágica entre os fumantes e a proporção de ex-tabagistas foram maiores no grupo asma grave do que no grupo asma leve/moderada. Conclusões: O tabagismo pregresso esteve associado à asma grave. Tabagismo atual também foi observado em alguns pacientes com asma grave e detectou-se omissão em alguns casos. A investigação de tabagismo deve ser meticulosa em pacientes com asma grave e a entrevista desses deve ser complementada por uma avaliação objetiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the frequency of active smoking among patients with asthma and individuals without asthma by self-report and urinary cotinine measurement. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Salvador, Brazil, and involving 1,341 individuals: 498 patients with severe asthma, 417 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 426 individuals without asthma. Smoking status was determined by self-report (with the use of standardized questionnaires) and urinary cotinine measurement. The study variables were compared with the chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Of the sample as a whole, 55 (4.1%) reported being current smokers. Of those, 5 had severe asthma, 17 had mild-to-moderate asthma, and 33 had no asthma diagnosis. Of the 55 smokers, 32 (58.2%) were daily smokers and 23 (41.8%) were occasional smokers. Urinary cotinine levels were found to be high in self-reported nonsmokers and former smokers, especially among severe asthma patients, a finding that suggests patient nondisclosure of smoking status. Among smokers, a longer smoking history was found in patients with severe asthma when compared with those with mild-to-moderate asthma. In addition, the proportion of former smokers was higher among patients with severe asthma than among those with mild-to-moderate asthma. Conclusions: Former smoking is associated with severe asthma. Current smoking is observed in patients with severe asthma, and patient nondisclosure of smoking status occurs in some cases. Patients with severe asthma should be thoroughly screened for smoking, and findings should be complemented by objective testing.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre obesidade e asma. Métodos: Análise preliminar transversal de dados de um estudo de caso-controle com 925 pacientes com asma leve a moderada ou grave, avaliados entre 2013 e 2015. A classificação de obesidade levou em conta o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e a circunferência abdominal. Foram coletados parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais, medidas antropométricas e de função pulmonar, assim como resultados de questionários de controle da asma e de qualidade de vida e presença de comorbidades. Resultados: Os indivíduos obesos apresentaram um número significativamente maior de neutrófilos no sangue periférico que os não obesos (p = 0,01). Entre os obesos, 163 (55%) apresentaram positividade no teste alérgico, enquanto os grupos com sobrepeso e IMC normal apresentaram positividade em 62% e 67%, respectivamente. Os parâmetros espirométricos dos indivíduos obesos foram mais baixos que os dos não obesos, e 97 obesos (32%) apresentaram asma não controlada, uma proporção significativamente maior do que a observada nos demais grupos de estudo (p = 0,02). Conclusões: Indivíduos asmáticos e obesos têm pior controle da asma e valores mais baixos de parâmetros de função pulmonar que os não obesos. A proporção de pacientes sem atopia entre asmáticos obesos foi maior que entre os não obesos. Nossos resultados sugerem que indivíduos asmáticos obesos podem apresentar um padrão inflamatório diferente do habitual e doença de mais difícil controle quando comparados com indivíduos asmáticos não obesos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationship between obesity and asthma. Methods: This was a preliminary cross-sectional analysis involving 925 subjects with mild-to-moderate or severe asthma evaluated between 2013 and 2015. Obesity was defined on the basis of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference. We collected clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric parameters, as well as pulmonary function test results and data regarding comorbidities. The subjects also completed asthma control and quality of life questionnaires. Results: Obese individuals had a significantly higher number of neutrophils in peripheral blood than did nonobese individuals (p = 0.01). Among the obese individuals, 163 (61%) had positive skin-prick test results, as did 69% and 71% of the individuals classified as being overweight or normal weight, respectively. Obese individuals showed lower spirometric values than did nonobese individuals, and 32% of the obese individuals had uncontrolled asthma, a significantly higher proportion than that found in the other groups (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Obese individuals with asthma seem to present with poorer asthma control and lower pulmonary function values than do nonobese individuals. The proportion of subjects with nonatopic asthma was higher in the obese group. Our results suggest that obese individuals with asthma show a distinct inflammatory pattern and are more likely to present with difficult-to-control asthma than are nonobese individuals.