Abstract: Family dairy farming is relevant for national agriculture which, although it contributes to the generation of wealth and income, faces low efficiency, productivity and high production costs. The objective was to analyze the technical efficiency of family dairy farms in the State of Minas Gerais. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with input-oriented BCC model was used. The higher the efficiency level of the DMUs, the fewer resources were used in excess. It was also identified the lack of DMUs that performed preventive maintenance of machines, implements and improvements, justifying the increase in the use, mainly, of the MIB input (maintenance of machines, implements and improvements). With this research, the Milk Input Commitment Index (ICIL) was suggested, which shows the percentage of production that is committed to purchase a given input. The higher the efficiency level of the DMUs, the lower the ICIL, which went from 49.36% (efficient) to 67.47% (low efficiency). This proved to be an important indicator of efficiency of dairy properties, responsible for showing the amount of milk produced that is committed to the payment of inputs used in the dairy activity. It also proved to be a valuable instrument to be used as a benchmark in dairy farms.

Resumo: A pecuária leiteira familiar é relevante para a agropecuária nacional que, embora contribua com a geração de riqueza e renda, enfrenta baixas eficiência, produtividade e custos de produção elevados. Objetivou-se analisar a eficiência técnica de propriedades leiteiras familiares no Estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se a Análise por Envoltória de Dados (DEA) com modelo BCC orientado a inputs. Quanto maior foi o nível de eficiência das DMU’s, menos recursos foram utilizados em excesso. Foi identificada, ainda, a inexistência de DMU’s que realizaram manutenção preventiva de máquinas, implementos e benfeitorias, justificando o aumento da utilização, principalmente, do insumo MIB (manutenção de máquinas, implementos e benfeitorias). Com esta pesquisa, sugeriu-se o Índice de Comprometimento de Insumos em Leite (ICIL), que evidencia o percentual da produção que está comprometida para comprar um determinado insumo. Quanto maior foi o nível de eficiência das DMU’s, menor foi o ICIL, que passou de 49,36% (eficientes) para 67,47% (com eficiência baixa). Este se mostrou um importante indicador de eficiência de propriedades leiteiras, responsável por evidenciar a quantidade de leite produzido que está comprometida com o pagamento dos insumos utilizados na atividade leiteira. Também se mostrou valioso instrumento a ser utilizado como benchmark em propriedades leiteiras.

ABSTRACT Dairy farming is essential for Brazilian agriculture and, especially, for the Minas Gerais State. The understanding of technical efficiency and its impacts on the economic performance of dairy farms contributes to the development of the milk production chain. In the context of organizations, the Firm Theory helps in understanding how production factors affect the economic performance of these organizations, which are little studied in dairy farming. The objective of this study was to identify the main characteristics that differentiate dairy farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For this purpose, dairy farms with different levels of efficiency (high, medium and low) were compared using data envelopment analysis (DEA), descriptive statistics and mean difference tests, analyzing socioeconomic, cost and economic performance variables. To increase the technical efficiency of dairy farms, it is important to reduce the total operating cost (TOC) and effective operating cost (EOC) by optimizing their components. However, spending on feeding (concentrated) and electricity should be increased so that the analyzed dairy farms become more efficient. In addition, the increase in the technification of dairy farms must happen, but always with caution, so that depreciation costs do not rise disproportionately. This research contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge by applying the assumptions of the Firm Theory to dairy farming, an incipient topic in the literature. For rural producers, this research can be especially useful when presenting efficiency indicators and parameters for dairy farms, such as food costs, which must be more than 60% of the EOC.

RESUMO A pecuária leiteira é essencial para a agropecuária brasileira e, principalmente, para o estado de Minas Gerais. A eficiência técnica e seus impactos no desempenho econômico das propriedades leiteiras contribuem para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do leite. A Teoria da Firma auxilia no entendimento de como os fatores de produção afetam o desempenho econômico dessas organizações, pouco estudada na pecuária leiteira. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais características que diferenciam as propriedades leiteiras do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para tanto, propriedades leiteiras com diferentes níveis de eficiência (alta, média e baixa) foram comparadas por meio de Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), estatística descritiva e testes de diferença de médias, sendo analisadas variáveis socioeconômicas, de custos e de desempenho econômico. Para aumentar a eficiência técnica de propriedades leiteiras, é importante reduzir o custo operacional total (COT) e o custo operacional efetivo (COE) otimizando seus componentes. No entanto, os gastos com alimentação (concentrada) e energia elétrica devem ser aumentados para que as propriedades leiteiras analisadas se tornem mais eficientes. Além disso, o aumento da tecnificação de propriedades leiteiras deve acontecer, mas sempre com cautela, para que os custos com depreciação não se elevem desproporcionalmente. Esta pesquisa contribui para o avanço do conhecimento científico ao aplicar os pressupostos da Teoria da Firma à pecuária leiteira, tema incipiente na literatura. Para produtores rurais, esta pesquisa pode ser especialmente útil ao apresentar indicadores e parâmetros de eficiência de propriedades leiteiras, caso dos custos com alimentação, que devem ser mais de 60% do COE.

Resumo A eficiência operacional é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de propriedades leiteiras e está atrelada aos fatores de produção (terra, trabalho e capital). A má utilização desses recursos pode conferir mais riscos à atividade leiteira pelo possível aumento da ineficiência. Diante disso, objetivou-se analisar as relações existentes entre eficiência operacional e riscos, desenvolvendo um framework que integre diferentes pesquisas associadas ao negócio leiteiro. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se a técnica de revisão integrativa da literatura em quatro artigos publicados sobre eficiência e risco na pecuária leiteira, encontrados nas bases Web of Sciece e Scopus, de 2010 a maio de 2020. Por meio do framework da gestão estratégica da eficiência e do risco, foram identificadas as principais características que compõem a eficiência de propriedades leiteiras e os riscos que podem impactá-las, bem como quais são as perspectivas futuras para o agronegócio do leite. São necessárias novas pesquisas que investiguem como os riscos advindos dos aumentos do nível de especialização, da formação profissional e da fronteira de produção podem impactar o desenvolvimento e os riscos de propriedades leiteiras. Esta pesquisa pode contribuir com o avanço do conhecimento científico acerca da eficiência e dos riscos na pecuária leiteira brasileira, bem como auxiliar produtores de leite a identificar quais são os maiores riscos da atividade.

Abstract The operational efficiency is essential for the development of the dairy farming, and it is connected to factor of production as land, labor, and capital. The misuse of these resources may afford risks to milk production due to the possible increase of operational inefficiency. Because of this, it was proposed to analyze the connection between operational efficiency and risks by developing a framework that composes different research associated with dairy farming. Qualitative research was carried out using the integrative literature review technique from four papers about the efficiency and risks in dairy farms from the state of Minas Gerais. These papers were found in databases Web of Science and Scopus from 2010 to 2020. Through the strategic efficiency and risk management framework, the main characteristics that make up the efficiency of dairy farms and the risks that may impact them, as well as the future prospects to the milk agribusiness, were identified. It is necessary new research that investigates how the risks that appear with the growth in the level of specialization, professional training, and the production frontier may impact the development and the risks in the dairy farms. This research contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge about the efficiency and risks in Brazilian dairy farms and helps the milk producers to identify which are the greatest risks of milk production.

ABSTRACT Objective Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression occurs in up to 30% of breast cancer cases. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is approved to treat residual HER2-positive breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the quality-adjusted time with symptoms or toxicity and without symptoms or toxicity (Q-TWiST) of T-DM1 compared to trastuzumab for residual invasive HER2-positive breast cancer. Methods The authors developed an analytical model extracting individual patient data and estimated invasive disease-free survival and overall survival over a 30-year time horizon. Only direct costs from adjuvant treatment were considered as well as relapse treatment from Brazilian and American payer perspectives. Heart events were considered for utility and cost analysis. Results The 30-year projection utilizing the Weibull method estimated a mean invasive disease-free survival of 16.4 years for T-DM1 and 10.4 for Trastuzumab, in addition to a mean overall survival of 18.1 and 15.4 years, respectively. We determined a Q-TWiST gain of 3,812 years for the T-DM1 arm when compared to trastuzumab and an Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per Q-TWiST of US$ 11,467.65 in the United States and US$ 3,332.73 in Brazil. Conclusion Ado-trastuzumab emtansine is cost-effective from both Brazilian and American perspectives.

ABSTRACT. To evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep confined and fed with substitution levels of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC). We adopted a completely randomized design, with four levels of substitution (0; 33; 67 and 100%) with five replicates (sheep). We estimated the percentages of total times of intake of feed, time of rumination, in ‘other activities’, in idle agreed and in idle sleeping, dividing the day into eight periods (5h00 to 8h00; 8h01 to 11h00; 11h01 to 14h00; 14h01 to 17h00; 17h01 to 20h00; 20h01 to 23h00; 23h01 to 2h00 and 2h01 to 5h00). No interaction was observed between levels of substitution of the SM by DCC and period of the day to go. However, the isolated effect period of the day, there is more time to go from 8h00 to 11h00. The time rumination was not influenced by the levels of substitution of the SM by DCC. As for the variable other activities, the level of 67% DCC was superior to that of 100%. Regarding the variables idle agreed and idle sleeping, were not observed effects of substitution levels of SM by DCC. The DCC provides no changes in the behavior of the sheep, but the period of the day exerts influence on the behavioral pattern of such animals.

RESUMO A comunidade quilombola Mesquita possui uma identidade intimamente relacionada com a terra; todavia, atualmente, as relações entre saúde e saneamento apresentam-se de forma precarizada devido à expansão do agronegócio e do mercado imobiliário. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os aspectos de saúde e saneamento da comunidade quilombola Mesquita da Cidade Ocidental do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Esta revisão foi estruturada no método de um scoping review elaborado com a finalidade de síntese de evidências auxiliando no direcionamento de políticas públicas e na tomada de decisões práticas para o território. Os principais resultados encontrados nos aspectos de saúde foram a importância da Unidade Básica de Saúde, da agroecologia e das terapias alternativas. Já nos aspectos de saneamento foram o abastecimento de água e o tratamento/disposição de resíduos sólidos. Constata-se que o fortalecimento e a interdependência da saúde humana e ambiental, da cultura e da ancestralidade da história africana e o reconhecimento dos direitos territoriais potencializarão o cuidado coletivo com o suporte de diferentes atores sociais. É notório que o enfrentamento da escravidão no Brasil ainda existe no Quilombo Mesquita, pela invisibilidade e inassistência refletidas atualmente pelas ações governamentais.

ABSTRACT The Mesquita quilombola community has an identity closely related to land, however, nowadays, the relationship between health and sanitation is precarious due to the expansion of agribusiness and the real estate market. The aim of this study was to identify the health and sanitation aspects of the quilombo community of Mesquita of Cidade Ocidental, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. This review was structured using a scoping review method designed to synthesize evidence to help guide public policies and make practical decisions for the territory. The main results found in health aspects were the importance of the Basic Health Unit, of agroecology, and of alternative therapies. As for sanitation, they were water supply and treatment/disposal of solid waste. It is said that the strengthening and interdependence of human and environmental health, of the culture and ancestry of African history and recognition of territorial rights will enhance collective care with the support of different social actors. It is clear that the fight against slavery in Brazil still exists in the Mesquita quilombo, due to the invisibility and lack of assistance currently reflected by governmental actions.

RESUMO A comunidade quilombola Mesquita possui uma identidade intimamente relacionada com a terra; todavia, atualmente, as relações entre saúde e saneamento apresentam-se de forma precarizada devido à expansão do agronegócio e do mercado imobiliário. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os aspectos de saúde e saneamento da comunidade quilombola Mesquita da Cidade Ocidental do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Esta revisão foi estruturada no método de um scoping review elaborado com a finalidade de síntese de evidências auxiliando no direcionamento de políticas públicas e na tomada de decisões práticas para o território. Os principais resultados encontrados nos aspectos de saúde foram a importância da Unidade Básica de Saúde, da agroecologia e das terapias alternativas. Já nos aspectos de saneamento foram o abastecimento de água e o tratamento/disposição de resíduos sólidos. Constata-se que o fortalecimento e a interdependência da saúde humana e ambiental, da cultura e da ancestralidade da história africana e o reconhecimento dos direitos territoriais potencializarão o cuidado coletivo com o suporte de diferentes atores sociais. É notório que o enfrentamento da escravidão no Brasil ainda existe no Quilombo Mesquita, pela invisibilidade e inassistência refletidas atualmente pelas ações governamentais.

ABSTRACT The Mesquita quilombola community has an identity closely related to land, however, nowadays, the relationship between health and sanitation is precarious due to the expansion of agribusiness and the real estate market. The aim of this study was to identify the health and sanitation aspects of the quilombo community of Mesquita of Cidade Ocidental, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. This review was structured using a scoping review method designed to synthesize evidence to help guide public policies and make practical decisions for the territory. The main results found in health aspects were the importance of the Basic Health Unit, of agroecology, and of alternative therapies. As for sanitation, they were water supply and treatment/disposal of solid waste. It is said that the strengthening and interdependence of human and environmental health, of the culture and ancestry of African history and recognition of territorial rights will enhance collective care with the support of different social actors. It is clear that the fight against slavery in Brazil still exists in the Mesquita quilombo, due to the invisibility and lack of assistance currently reflected by governmental actions.

Abstract The study evaluated the ecology of soil invertebrate faunal communities in periodically flooded forest (CF) fragments and anthropic fields (AF) in the Atlantic Forest. The sampling occurred in the rainy and dry seasons using pitfall traps. We estimated the total activity, richness, diversity, and evenness as well as the activity of the taxonomic and functional groups. Total activity and richness varied as a function of seasonality. Entomobryomorpha, Poduromorpha, and Symphypleona were the most representative taxonomic groups. Enchytraeidae and Blattaria were exclusive to CF. Auchenorrhyncha, Chilopoda, Heteroptera, and Thysanoptera were exclusive to AF. The functional group of microphagous/saprophagous (M/S) showed the highest activity, independent of the environment and season. Greater dissimilarity was observed among the invertebrate fauna in AF when compared to CF. Periodically flooded areas favored groups from the saprophagous trophic guild, while AF areas favored predator and herbivore groups. Soil fauna present in forest environments presented less seasonal variability.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate and compare two types of different scaffolds in critical bone defects in rats. Methods Seventy male Wistar rats (280 ± 20 grams) divided into three groups: control group (CG), untreated animals; biomaterial group 1 (BG1), animals that received the scaffold implanted hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA); and biomaterial group 2 (BG2), animals that received the scaffolds HA/PLGA/Bleed. The critical bone defect was induced in the medial region of the skull calotte with the aid of an 8-mm-diameter trephine drill. The biomaterial was implanted in the form of 1.5 mm thick scaffolds, and samples were collected after 15, 30 and 60 days. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used, with the significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results Histology revealed morphological and structural differences of the neoformed tissue between the experimental groups. Collagen-1 (Col-1) findings are consistent with the histological ones, in which BG2 presented the highest amount of fibers in its tissue matrix in all evaluated periods. In contrast, the results of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (Rank-L) immunoexpression were higher in BG2 in the periods of 30 and 60 days, indicating an increase of the degradation of the biomaterial and the remodeling activity of the bone. Conclusions The properties of the HA/PLGA/Bleed scaffold were superior when compared to the scaffold composed only by HA/PLGA.

ABSTRACT We intended to evaluate the influence of supplementation with biocomplexed minerals on the performance and carcass characteristics of Label Rouge broilers of both sexes, as well as on the feed efficiency and feed costs. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in factorial scheme (3×2) – three experimental diets (control, 0.50 ppm of selenium, and 0.40 ppm of chromium) and two sexes (male and female). Each treatment was composted of three plots, each one represented by 21 birds. The average weight (g/bird), weight gain (g/bird), feed intake (g/bird), and feed conversion in periods of 1 to 7, 1 to 21, 1 to 35, 1 to 49, 1 to 63, and 1 to 90 days were calculated. Weight and yield of carcass and cuts were determined. Both average feed cost (AFC, R$/bird) and cost per kg of weight gain (CWG, R$/kg weight gain) as well as economic efficiency index (EEI) were estimated. There was no influence of the diet on performance, carcass characteristics, and feed costs of the birds. The males presented higher means of average weight (3819.2 g/bird), weight gain (3780.9 g/bird), feed intake (11030.2 g/bird), and better feed conversion index (2.9) in the period of 1 to 90 days, besides presenting higher values of live weight at slaughter (3740.2 g), carcass weight (3117.5 g) and carcass yield (83.4%), breast weight (832.4 g), thigh weight (432.5 g), and thigh yield (13.9%); the females presented higher breast yield values (28.1%). The males presented higher AFC and lower CWG. The addition of minerals in the diet does not change performance, carcass characteristics and feed costs. The males present better performance and better carcass characteristics, in addition to being economically more viable.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the determinant profitability indexes of typical dairy farms located in Brazil. The empirical sample included detailed technical and financial information of 61 Brazilian dairy farms across a longitudinal data set (10 years). Numerous technical and economic indexes were estimated, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between each index and profitability. After selecting the significant indexes, regression equations were generated to determine the relationship between each index and profitability. The results of the analysis revealed significant interactions between different combinations of technical and financial indexes. Milk production per lactating cow and area were the indexes most positively correlated with profitability. In contrast, total unit cost in relation to the price of milk, total operating cost in relation to total revenues, and total unit operating cost in relation to the price of milk were the indexes most negatively correlated with profitability. Overall, these results indicate that profits could significantly increase if dairy farm production is conducted with more intensive use of inputs and production factors and better combinations of inputs and outputs.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la rentabilidad de 20 unidades demostrativas (UD) participantes del programa Balde Lleno (“Balde Cheio”), en Río de Janeiro, entre enero y diciembre de 2011. También se pretendió identificar los componentes que ejercen mayor influencia sobre el costo total y operacional efectivo, además del impacto de cada uno de ellos en los ingresos. Los datos fueron analizados con el software PASW 18.0. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple con el método stepwise para identificar los componentes del costo de producción que más influenció en la margen líquida, la lucratividad y la rentabilidad. En el análisis económico, cuando se consideraron los indicadores de margen bruta, líquida y el resultado de la actividad lechera, se observaron condiciones para producir en el corto y mediano plazo, pero no a largo plazo, debido al resultado negativo, el cual llevaría a la descapitalización del productor. Los ítems componentes del costo operacional efectivo, que ejercieron mayores representatividades sobre el costo de la actividad lechera, en orden decreciente, fueron la alimentación, la mano de obra y los diversos gastos; en cuanto al costo total, en orden decreciente, los ítems fueron la alimentación, la mano de obra y la remuneración del capital invertido.

Abstract This research aimed to analyze the profitability of 20 demonstration units (DUs) participating in the Balde Lleno program (“Balde Cheio”), in Rio de Janeiro, between January and December 2011. It also sought to identify components with the greatest influence on total and effective operational costs, in addition to their impact on revenues. Data were analyzed with the PASW 18.0 software. The multiple linear regression model was used with the stepwise method to identify production cost components that had the greatest influence on the liquid margin, lucrativeness, and profitability. Regarding the indicators of gross and liquid margin, as well as the result of dairy activity, the economic analysis examined conditions to produce in the short and medium term, but not in the long run, due to a negative result, which would lead to the decapitalization of the producer. The component items of effective operational cost that had greater representativeness on the cost of dairy activity were, in decreasing order, food, labor, and various expenses; in terms of total cost, in decreasing order, the components were food, labor, and the remuneration of the capital invested.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a rentabilidade de vinte unidades demonstrativas (UD) participantes do programa Balde Cheio, no Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2011. Pretendeu-se também identificar os componentes que mais exercem influência sobre o custo total e operacional efetivo, além do impacto de cada um deles nas rendas. Os dados foram analisados com o software PASW 18.0. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear múltipla com o método stepwise para identificar os componentes do custo de produção mais influenciadores na margem líquida, lucratividade e rentabilidade. Na análise económica, quando considerados os indicadores de margem bruta, líquida e o resultado da atividade leiteira, observaram-se condições para produzir no curto e médio prazo, mas não no longo prazo, devido ao resultado negativo, que levaria à descapitalização do produtor. Os itens componentes do custo operacional efetivo que exerceram maiores representatividades sobre o custo da atividade leiteira, em ordem decrescente, foram refeições, mão de obra e despesas diversas. No que diz respeito do custo total, em ordem decrescente, os itens foram refeições, mão de obra e remuneração do capital investido.

RESUMO Introdução: A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) tem demonstrado atenuar a fadiga e melhorar o desempenho do exercício de alta intensidade, mas os efeitos sobre a manutenção de contrações isométricas são pouco claros. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito do NaHCO3 no desempenho de indivíduos submetidos ao protocolo de fadiga em exercício isométrico no dinamômetro isocinético. Métodos: Doze homens participaram do estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, cruzado e controlado por placebo. Sessenta minutos após ingestão de 0,3 g/kg de massa corporal de NaHCO3 ou placebo, os participantes realizaram protocolo isométrico de fadiga dos extensores do joelho direito, com duração de oito minutos, a 70% da contração isométrica voluntária máxima. Foi considerado indicador de fadiga o momento em que o torque aplicado diminuiu para 50% do valor inicial. A duração da resistência foi avaliada com a manutenção da tarefa acima de 50% do torque inicial. As concentrações de lactato e pH do sangue, assim como os índices de percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e dor (PSD) foram analisados. A PSE da sessão foi avaliada 30 minutos após o teste. Resultados: O pH sanguíneo foi maior pré-protocolo e no indicador de fadiga após ingestão de NaHCO3, assim como as concentrações de lactato sanguíneo no indicador da fadiga e ao final do protocolo (p < 0,001). A suplementação de NaHCO3 aumentou o tempo para atingir a fadiga e atenuou o declínio do pico de torque isométrico no final do protocolo (p < 0,001). A PSE e PSD foram menores ao final do protocolo com NaHCO3 e a PSE da sessão foi atenuada (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A suplementação de NaHCO3 melhora o desempenho de contrações isométricas sustentadas e atenua a carga interna. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos – Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation has been shown to decrease fatigue and improve high-intensity exercise performance, the effects on maintenance of isometric contractions are not clear. Objective: To investigate the effect of NaHCO3 on the performance of individuals subjected to a fatigue protocol in an isometric exercise on the isokinetic dynamometer. Methods: Participants were 12 men in a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Sixteen minutes after the intake of 0.3 g/kg of body mass of NaHCO3 or placebo, the participants performed an isometric fatigue protocol of right knee extension exercises during eight minutes at 70% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The fatigue indicator was the time point at which torque was reduced to 50% of the initial value. The length of resistance was assessed by maintaining the task over 50% of the initial torque. Lactate/blood pH concentrations and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain (RPP) indexes were analyzed. The RPE of the session was evaluated 30 minutes after the test. Results: Blood pH was higher in pre-protocol and in the fatigue indicator after NaHCO3 intake, as were the blood lactate concentrations in the fatigue indicator and at the end of the protocol (p<0.001). NaHCO3 supplementation increased the time to fatigue and lessened the rate of decline of isometric peak torque at the end of the protocol (p<0.001). RPE and RPP were smaller at the end of the protocol in the NaHCO3 condition, and the RPE of the session was diminished (p<0.001). Conclusion: NaHCO3 supplementation enhances steady isometric contraction performance and reduces the internal load. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of an examination for diagnosis.

RESUMEN Introducción: La suplementación de bicarbonato de sodio (NaHCO3) ha demostrado atenuar la fatiga y mejorar el desempeño del ejercicio de alta intensidad, pero los efectos sobre el mantenimiento de contracciones isométricas son poco claros. Objetivo: Investigar el efecto de NaHCO3 en el desempeño de individuos sometidos al protocolo de fatiga en ejercicio isométrico en el dinamómetro isocinético. Métodos: Doce hombres participaron del estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado y controlado por placebo. Sesenta minutos después de la ingestión de 0,3 g/kg de masa corporal de NaHCO3 o placebo, los participantes realizaron protocolo isométrico de fatiga de los extensores de la rodilla derecha con duración de ocho minutos a 70% de la contracción isométrica voluntaria máxima. Se consideró indicador de fatiga el momento en que el torque aplicado disminuyó para 50% del valor inicial. La duración de la resistencia fue evaluada con el mantenimiento de la tarea por encima del 50% del torque inicial. Fueron analizadas las concentraciones de lactato y pH sanguíneos, así como los índices de percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo (PSE) y dolor (PSD). La PSE de la sesión fue evaluada 30 minutos después del test. Resultados: El pH sanguíneo fue mayor pre-protocolo y en el indicador de fatiga después de la ingestión de NaHCO3, así como las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo en el indicador de la fatiga y al final del protocolo (p<0,001). La suplementación de NaHCO3 aumentó el tiempo para alcanzar la fatiga y atenuó el declive del pico de torque isométrico al final del protocolo (p<0,001). La PSE y PSD fueron menores al final del protocolo con NaHCO3 y la PSE de la sesión fue atenuada (p<0,001). Conclusión: La suplementación de NaHCO3 mejora el rendimiento de las contracciones isométricas sostenidas y atenúa la carga interna. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to investigate the effect of live and inactive sugarcane yeast on beef cattle voluntary intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, and ruminal ammonia. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore heifers were distributed in a 5×5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods of 15 days, with seven days for adaptation to the additives and the remaining days for data records and sampling. Total mixed ration (TMR) was composed by corn silage (20%) and concentrate (80%) based on corn and soybean meal. Five treatments were evaluated: without additive use (negative control; NC); chemical buffer addition – 0.71% in concentrate DM of sodium bicarbonate and 0.18% of magnesium oxide (positive control, PC); 10 g/day live yeast (LY); 15 g/day of inactive yeast (IY15); and 30 g/day of inactive yeast (IY30). Sugarcane yeasts were directly infused in rumen immediately after morning and afternoon feed supply. Feed additives did not affect voluntary intake, nutrient digestibility, and sorting behavior of animals. However, heifers from all treatments presented preferential intake of fibrous fraction of diet, especially those from NC and IY15. Nitrogen balance, VFA concentrations, and blood parameters were not influenced as well. Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide led to greater ruminal pH than yeast, and IY15 presented greater pH than IY30. Ruminal ammonia was increased by the use of additives. Active and inactive yeasts are not recommended as feed additives for bovines fed diets with 80% of concentrate since it allows animals to select fibrous particles from TMR, and no representative gain in ruminal parameters and digestibilities are guaranteed.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento y acumulación de macro y micronutrientes en la planta del melón híbrido Ibérico (Syngenta Seeds). El experimento fue realizado entre enero y abril de 2013 en la hacienda experimental «Rafael Ferdandes» de la Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, ubicada en Mossoro, Río Grande do Norte, Brasil. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de bloques al azar con once tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamentos consistieron en colectas a los 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 y 70 días después del transplante. El estudio cuantificó las acumulaciones de materia seca, nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), zinc (Zn), hierro (Fe), manganeso (Mn) y cobre (Cu) en la parte vegetativa (hojas y tallos), frutas y planta entera. Al final del ciclo los frutos acumularon mayor cantidad de materia seca, correspondiendo al 73,7 % del total. El N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn y Cu se acumularon preferencialmente en los frutos, mientras el Ca y Mg lo hicieron en la parte vegetativa. La mayor acumulación de masa seca y nutrientes ocurrió entre 35 y 49 días después del trasplante, con la excepción de calcio, magnesio, cobre y zinc que extendieron su acumulación hasta el final del ciclo. El orden decreciente de acumulación de nutrientes para el melón híbrido ibérico fue: N> K> Ca> P> Mg> Fe> Zn> Mn> Cu.

Summary: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and accumulation of plant nutrients in Ibérico hybrid melon (Syngenta Seeds). The experiment was carried out at the «Rafael Ferdandes» experimental farm of the Universidade Federal Rural Semi-Arido in Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, from January to April 2013. We used a randomized block design with eleven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the sampling periods: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 days after transplanting. This study assessed dry matter, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), the vegetative part (leaves and stems), fruits, and whole plant. The fruits were the preferred drain of the plant, corresponding to 73.7 % of the dry matter accumulated. The N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were accumulated preferentially in fruits, while Ca, and Mg accumulated in the vegetative part. The highest accumulation of dry mass and nutrients occurred from 35 to 49 days after transplanting, with the exception of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc that extended their accumulation until the end of the cycle. The decreasing order of nutrient accumulation for the Ibérico hybrid melon was: N > K > Ca > P > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu.