Resumo O cancro do fígado é, globalmente, a terceira causa de morte por cancro. O carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) desenvolve-se em doentes com doença hepática crónica subjacente. A fracção de CHC atribuível ao fígado gordo não alcoólico (FGNA) tem vindo a aumentar com uma aceleração no seu crescimento nas últimas décadas, sendo atualmente responsável por 15% dos casos de CHC. À semelhança do que ocorre com outras causas de cirrose hepática, os doentes com cirrose associada a FGNA devem ser inseridos em programas de rastreio de CHC. Contudo, esses doentes são sub-rastreados, já que a probabilidade de serem incluídos em programas de rastreio de CHC é menos de metade comparando com doentes com cirrose associada a hepatite C crónica. O CHC associado ao FGNA tem a particularidade de ocorrer em fases pré-cirróticas em 20 a 50% dos casos. O rastreio de CHC em doentes com FGNA em fase pré-cirrótica não está recomendado por rotina, uma vez que, ainda assim, o risco destes doentes desenvolverem CHC é muito baixo. No entanto, uma vez que um terço da população mundial tem FGNA, o FGNA em não cirróticos corresponde a 6%de todos os casos de CHC. Assim sendo, é urgente o desenvolvimento de métodos de estratificação, por forma a personalizar o risco individual de desenvolvimento de CHC em doentes com FGNA, permitindo maior precisão nos programas de rastreio de CHC. Esta revisão sumariza a epidemiologia de CHC associado ao FGNA, com uma análise crítica das atuais recomendações de rastreio de CHC.

Abstract Liver cancer is globally the third leading cause of death from cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in patients with underlying liver disease. The fraction of HCC attributed to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) shows an accelerated increase in the last decades, being already responsible for 15% of all HCC cases. Similar to other causes of liver cirrhosis, patients with NAFLD-associated cirrhosis should be enrolled in HCC-screening programs, yet these patients are underscreened, and currently are less than half likely to be proposed for HCC screening as compared to patients with HCV-associated cirrhosis. NAFLD-associated HCC has the peculiarity of occurring in precirrhotic phases in 20-50%of the cases. Currently, HCC screening in precirrhotic NAFLD patients is not routinely recommended, since the risk of developing HCC is very low. However, because NAFLD affects one-third of the worldwide population, noncirrhotic NAFLD already accounts for 6% of HCC cases. As such, it is pressing to develop stratification tools, in order to personalize the individual risk of HCC development in a patient with NAFLD, allowing precision HCC-screening programs. This review summarizes the epidemiology of NAFLD-associated HCC with a critical analysis of current HCC-screening recommendations.

Abstract Introduction: The femoropopliteal biomechanical characteristics make the endovascular treatment of complex lesions particularly challenging. Despite several studies reporting longer patency of femoropopliteal stenting when compared to balloon angioplasty, long-term outcomes are still marginal due to the high rate of restenosis, stent fracture, and thrombosis. This study aims to review the current literature on the outcomes of the endovascular treatment of the femoropopliteal sector with the Supera® stent. Materials and methods: A literature search was carried on the PubMed database using the search terms [“Supera” AND “femoropopliteal”]. Prospective and retrospective original studies were selected after title and abstract analysis. A comprehensive narrative review was constructed using the selected publications as references. Results: Thirteen studies were analyzed, comprising a total of 1441 limbs with femoropopliteal obstructive disease treated with the Supera® stent. The 12-month primary-patency rate (PPR) ranged from 72.6% to 94.1%, the 24-month PPR ranged from 60.8% to 83.1% and the 36-month PPR ranged from 69.5% to 76.7%. For high-complexity anatomies, including TASC C and D lesions, the 12-month PPR was >64%. There were no stent fractures reported in any of the included studies. Conclusion: The Supera® stent showed promising results for the endovascular treatment of the femoropopliteal sector, highlighting its performance in high-complexity anatomic patterns.

Abstract. Technological development for Gymnotus sp. farming is relevant because this species has a socio- economic impact in South American regions where sport fishing is an important activity. Although Gymnotus sp. breeds in captivity, fry survival in ponds can be unacceptable for culture systems. The objective of this work was to test the response to hormonal induction of Gymnotus sp. with carp pituitary extract (CPE) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in relation to different male and female reproductive parameters. CPE treatment specimens were stripped 12 and 20 hours after the triggering dosage, and GnRH treatment specimens were stripped 10 and 12 hours after hormonal application. We could obtain positive results using CPE with a short capture-induction interval (C-II) with broodstock in mature stages of gonadal development. Percentage of oocytes with peripheral germinal vesicle (%OPGV) and oocyte diameter showed significant differences between groups treated with CPE. Oocytes could be successfully extracted from two females treated with CPE and stripped 12 hours after the last dosage. Semen was only extracted from males treated with CPE. GnRH stimulation did not give positive results because gametes could not be extracted with different doses and C-II used. This work is the first description of semen quality parameters in Gymnotus sp. Future works should focus on combining hormonal induction strategies with CPE and the management of environmental variables.

Resumen El desarrollo tecnológico para el cultivo de Gymnotus sp. es relevante porque este género tiene un impacto socioeconómico en regiones sudamericanas donde la pesca deportiva es una actividad importante. Aunque Gymnotus sp. se reproduce en cautiverio, la supervivencia de los alevines en los estanques puede ser insuficiente para un sistema de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta de diferentes parámetros reproductivos a la inducción hormonal en Gymnotus sp. con extracto bruto de hipófisis de carpa (EBH) y hormona liberadora de gonadotrofinas (GnRH). Las muestras de gametos del tratamiento con EBH se extrajeron 12 y 20 horas después de la dosis desencadenante, las muestras del tratamiento con GnRH se extrajeron 10 y 12 horas después de la aplicación hormonal. El porcentaje de ovocitos con vesícula germinal periférica (%OVGP) y el diámetro de los ovocitos mostraron diferencias significativas entre grupos tratados con EBH con un intervalo captura-inducción (IC-I) de corta duración, con reproductores en etapas avanzadas de desarrollo gonadal. Se pudieron extraer ovocitos con éxito a dos hembras inducidas con EBH, 12 horas después de la dosis desencadenante y, además, se extrajo semen sólo de los machos inducidos con EBH. La estimulación con GnRH no dio resultados positivos en las diferentes dosis e IC-I utilizados, dado que no se pudieron extraer gametos. Este trabajo es la primera descripción de los parámetros de calidad del semen en Gymnotus sp. Futuras líneas de trabajo deberán centrarse en el manejo de variables ambientales para establecer una estrategia de reproducción que se pueda utilizar a nivel productivo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the glucose metabolism of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in pretreatment and sustained viral response (SVR) periods. Materials and methods: This was an intervention pre-post study of 273 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with DAAs from March 2018 to December 2019. Glycidic metabolism was evaluated through homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) – insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA-β indices and assessments of insulinemia and HbA1c levels. These parameters were analyzed with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables and Wilcoxon's test paired for the median; in the variables with an abnormal distribution, the Z score was generated for the mean in both the pretreatment and SVR periods. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Among 273 participants, 125 (45.8%) had prediabetes, and 50 (18.3%) had diabetes. In SVR, there was a significant increase in platelets, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and triglycerides and a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma GT and bilirubin. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indices increased in SVR from 1.95 to 2.29 (p = 0.087) and 71.20 to 82.60 (p = 0.001), respectively. Insulinemia increased from 7.60 μU/mL to 8.90 μU/mL (p = 0.011). HbA1c decreased from 5.6 to 5.4 (p < 0.001). Among patients with prediabetes and those with diabetes, the reduction in HbA1c values was significant (p = 0.006 and p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: SVR significantly impacts and leads to improvement in glucose metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease induced by hepatitis C virus.

RESUMO Práticas inadequadas de manejo antes do abate podem comprometer o bem-estar animal e a qualidade da carne suína. Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos do período de transporte (TT), período de descarga (TD), e período de pré-abate (TE) nos indicadores termofisiológicos animais e no pH da carne suína, utilizando uma abordagem multivariada. Este estudo foi realizado num matadouro localizado em Aquiraz, Ceará, Brasil. Um total de 60 suínos mestiços com 107 ± 5 kg de peso corporal foram distribuídos em três grupos experimentais: grupo A (TT = 180 min, TD ≤ 10 min, e TE = 24 horas), grupo B (TT = 60 min, TD ≤ 15 min, e TE = 18 horas), e grupo C (TT = 45 min, TD ≤ 5 min, e TE = 24 horas). A análise discriminante canônica foi implementada e as diferenças entre tratamentos são representadas graficamente. Os dois primeiros componentes foram responsáveis por 97% dos tratamentos. A análise discriminante mostrou que o grupo C apresentou diferenças multivariadas em relação aos outros, particularmente com temperatura retal elevada antes do abate (38,4 ± 0,23 °C) e frequência respiratória (131 ± 7,0 respirações min-1) e temperatura retal (39,7 ± 0,18 °C) à chegada ao matadouro. O período de transporte (TT), período de descarga (TD) e o stress térmico das instalações influenciaram variáveis fisiológicas, tais como a temperatura retal e a frequência respiratória. Além disso, as variáveis de estresse fisiológico também favoreceram cortes com pH básico, resultando em perda de qualidade.

ABSTRACT Inadequate pre-slaughter handling practices may compromise animal welfare and pork quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of transport period (TT), unloading period (UT), and pre-slaughtering period (WT) on animal thermophysiological indicators and pork pH using a multivariate approach. This study was conducted in a slaughterhouse located in Aquiraz, Ceará state, Brazil. A total of 60 mestizo pigs with 107 ± 5 kg body weight were distributed into three experimental groups: group A (TT = 180 min, UT ≤ 10 min, and WT = 24 hours), group B (TT = 60 min, UT ≤ 15 min, and WT = 18 hours), and group C (TT = 45 min, UT ≤ 5 min, and WT = 24 hours). Canonical discriminant analysis was implemented and the differences between treatments are represented graphically. The first two components accounted for 97% treatments. The discriminant analysis showed that group C presented multivariate differences in relation to others, particularly with high rectal temperature before slaughter (38.4 ± 0.23 °C) and respiratory rate (131 ± 7.0 breaths min-1) and rectal temperature (39.7 ± 0.18 °C) upon arrival at the slaughterhouse. Transport period (TT), unloading period (UT), and thermal stress of the facilities influenced physiological variables, such as rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Furthermore, the physiological stress variables also favored cuts with basic pH, resulting in quality loss.

Resumo O reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos (NER) atua reparando danos no DNA, como lesões causadas por cisplatina. A proteína Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) está envolvida no reconhecimento de danos pela via de reparação global do genoma pelo NER (GG-NER) e tem sido estudada em diferentes organismos devido à sua importância em outros processos celulares. Neste trabalho, estudamos proteínas do NER em Trypanosoma cruzi e Trypanosoma evansi, parasitos de humanos e animais, respectivamente. Modelos tridimensionais das proteínas XPC de T. cruzi e T. evansi foram feitos e observou-se poucas diferenças estruturais entre estas proteínas. Durante testes, a inserção do gene XPC de T. evansi (TevXPC) em T. cruzi resultou em crescimento celular mais lento em condições normais. Após o tratamento com cisplatina, T. cruzi superexpressando seu próprio gene XPC (TcXPC) foi capaz de recuperar as taxas de divisão celular mais rapidamente do que T. cruzi expressando o gene TevXPC. Com base nesses testes, sugere-se que TevXPC (sendo uma proteína exógena em T. cruzi) interfere negativamente nos processos celulares em que TcXPC (a proteína endógena) está envolvida. Isso provavelmente ocorreu pois TevXPC é capaz de interagir com algumas moléculas ou proteínas endógenas de T.cruzi, mas é incapaz de interagir com outras. Isso reforça a importância do correto funcionamento de XPC dentro da célula.

Abstract Nucleotide excision repair (NER) acts repairing damages in DNA, such as lesions caused by cisplatin. Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein is involved in recognition of global genome DNA damages during NER (GG-NER) and it has been studied in different organisms due to its importance in other cellular processes. In this work, we studied NER proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi, parasites of humans and animals respectively. We performed three-dimensional models of XPC proteins from T. cruzi and T. evansi and observed few structural differences between these proteins. In our tests, insertion of XPC gene from T. evansi (TevXPC) in T. cruzi resulted in slower cell growth under normal conditions. After cisplatin treatment, T. cruzi overexpressing its own XPC gene (TcXPC) was able to recover cell division rates faster than T. cruzi expressing TevXPC gene. Based on these tests, it is suggested that TevXPC (being an exogenous protein in T. cruzi) interferes negatively in cellular processes where TcXPC (the endogenous protein) is involved. This probably occurred due interaction of TevXPC with some endogenous molecules or proteins from T.cruzi but incapacity of interaction with others. This reinforces the importance of correctly XPC functioning within the cell.

RESUMO: As orquídeas são valiosas como plantas ornamentais, bioindicadores ou medicinais, o que implica que algumas espécies podem ser coletadas em demasia. Algumas habitam ambientes muito frágeis e devido ao impacto antrópico, estão sob ameaça devido ao mau uso destes habitats. A busca por belas plantas e flores aumentou as facilidades para micropropagação, seja por semeadura ou por clonagem de plantas com técnicas in vitro. No entanto, nem todas as espécies possuem meios apropriados para crescimento e desenvolvimento que ajudem nos esforços de conservação. Cyrtopodium aliciae é uma bela espécie endêmica de campos rupestres do Brasil, apresenta bom apelo tanto como planta ornamental quanto como potencial para ser usada em programas de hibridização, devido ao seu pequeno tamanho de planta e belas flores brancas pontilhadas com marrom-púrpura. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar três meios diferentes, Murashige e Skoog à ½ concentração (MS); Vacin e Wendt (VW) e Knudson C (KC), durante o crescimento e na aclimatização. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: número e comprimento de brotos e raízes, aumento de massa, sobrevivência in vitro e ex vitro. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos em um arranjo fatorial 3x3 (meios x tempo) com 10 repetições por tratamento contendo 10 plantas cada para a fase in vitro e três repetições com 10 plantas para a fase ex vitro. Cyrtopodium aliciae teve melhor desempenho na concentração de ½ MS com o maior aumento de massa, desenvolvimento da planta e sobrevivência tanto em condições in vitro quanto em condições ex vitro.

ABSTRACT: Orchids are valued as ornamental plants, bioindicators, and medicinal plants, which implies that some species may be over-collected. Some inhabit very fragile environments and are under threat by the misuse of habitats and anthropogenic impacts. The search for beautiful plants and flowers has increased the number of facilities for micropropagation either by seeding or by cloning plants using in vitro techniques. However, not all species have appropriate media for growth and development that would help in conservation efforts. Cyrtopodium aliciae is an endemic species of rupestrian grassland in Brazil t. It has appeal as an ornamental plant or for use in hybridisation programs dueo its small size and white brownish-purple dotted flowers. This study compared three different media, namely ½ concentration Murashige and Skoog (MS), Vacin and Wendt, and Knudson C, during plant growth and their effect on the acclimatization of Cyrtopodium aliciae. The number and length of shoots and roots, increase in mass, and survival in vitro and ex vitro were analyzed. The experiment was conducted as completely random with a factorial arrangement of treatments (3 × 3) with 10 repetitions per treatment containing 10 plants for the in vitro experiment and 3 repetitions of 10 plants for the ex vitro experiment. Cyrtopodium aliciae performed better in the ½ concentration MS medium with a higher increase in mass, plant development, and survival under both in vitro and ex vitro conditions.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological variables and their contribution towards family functioning during the first wave of COVID-19 in Portugal. The COVID-19 pandemic was an overwhelming and stressful life event with social consequences that impacted family functioning and contributed to multilevel disruptions. The study used a cross-sectional design and included 110 participants (94 women), with a mean age of 35.71 (SD = 13.53). Participants answered self-report measures assessing family satisfaction, hope, psychological well-being, risk perception, and family functioning. Hope (pathways subscale) played a moderating role in the relationship between family satisfaction and family functioning. Family satisfaction and psychological well-being partially mediated the relationship between hope and family functioning. Clinical relevance and implications for further research are addressed. Intervention should focus on increasing psychological well-being and hope together with family satisfaction in order to promote family functioning. For those individuals struggling with COVID-19 issues, mental health interventions are paramount.

RESUMEN Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo explorar la relación entre las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicológicas y el funcionamiento familiar en la primera oleada de COVID-19 en Portugal. La pandemia de COVID-19 fue una situación de vida abrumadora y estresante con consecuencias sociales que afectaron en el funcionamiento familiar. El estudio utilizó un diseño transversal e incluyó 110 participantes (94 mujeres), con una edad media de 35.71 años (SD = 13.53). Los participantes respondieron a medidas que evaluaban la satisfacción familiar, la esperanza, el bienestar psicológico, la percepción del riesgo y el funcionamiento familiar. La esperanza (subescala “caminos”) desempeñó un papel moderador en la relación entre la satisfacción familiar y el funcionamiento familiar. La satisfacción familiar y el bienestar psicológico mediaron parcialmente en la relación entre la esperanza y el funcionamiento familiar. Se abordan la importancia clínica y las implicaciones para futuras investigaciones. La intervención deberá centrarse en aumentar el bienestar psicológico y la esperanza junto con la satisfacción familiar para promover el funcionamiento familiar. Para los individuos que luchan con problemas de COVID-19 son primordiales las intervenciones de salud mental.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o consumo abusivo de álcool em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados domiciliar, realizado no período de março a outubro de 2018, na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevistas face a face com aplicação de um formulário. O padrão de consumo de álcool foi estimado pelo Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. Participaram 338 idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo que 19,2% (IC95% 15,0-23,4) consumiam álcool abusivamente. Entre eles, observou-se maior frequência do sexo masculino (63,1%), faixa etária entre 60 e 64 anos (35,4%), classe econômica C (49,2%), escolaridade de 1 a 4 anos (53,8%) e multimorbidade (92,3%). Verificou-se a associação negativa entre consumo abusivo de álcool e adesão à farmacoterapia (RP = 0,55; IC95% 0,36-0,86). A frequência do consumo abusivo de álcool, bem como a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso entre aqueles com padrão de consumo elevado mostrou-se preocupante, uma vez que pode conduzir a complicações do diabetes. Logo, salienta-se a importância do cuidado multidimensional ao idoso e a educação em saúde na atenção primária.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze alcohol abuse in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary health care. Household data were collected from March to October 2018 in the Family Health Strategy in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo through face-to-face interviews with a form application. The pattern of alcohol consumption was estimated with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. A total of 338 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated, and 19.2% (95%CI 15.0-23.4) engaged in alcohol abuse. Among them, we observed a higher frequency of males (63.1%), aged 60 to 64 years (35.4%), economic class C (49.2%), 1-4 schooling years (53.8%), and multimorbidity (92.3%). There was a negative association between alcohol abuse and drug therapy adherence (PR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.36-0.86). The frequency of alcohol abuse and non-adherence to drug treatment among those with a high consumption pattern is troubling since it can lead to diabetes complications. Therefore, we underscore the importance of multidimensional elderly care and health education in primary care.

Abstract South American opossums (Didelphis spp.) are definitive hosts of Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis speeri, Sarcocystis lindsayi and Sarcocystis falcatula. In Brazil, diverse studies have demonstrated a high frequency of Sarcocystis falcatula-like in sporocysts derived from opossums, and high genetic diversity has been observed in surface antigen-encoding genes (SAGs). In this study, genetic diversity of Sarcocystis spp. derived from Didelphis albiventris and Didelphis aurita from the cities of Campo Grande and São Paulo, was accessed by sequencing SAG2, SAG3, SAG4, the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1). Molecular identification was performed for 16 DNA samples obtained from sporocyst or culture-derived merozoites. The ITS-1, cox1, and SAG3 fragments were cloned, whereas SAG2 and SAG4 were sequenced directly from PCR products. Four alleles variants were found for SAG2, 13 for SAG3 and seven for SAG4, from which four, 13 and four, respectively, were novel. Twenty-seven allele variants were found for ITS-1, all phylogenetically related to S. falcatula-like previously described in Brazil. Sarcocystis sp. phylogenetically related to Sarcocystis rileyi was evidenced by cox1 in three opossums. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of Didelphis spp. as definitive hosts of Sarcocystis spp. other than that previous described.

Resumo Gambás sul-americanos (Didelphis spp.) são hospedeiros definitivos de Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis speeri, Sarcocystis lindsayi e Sarcocystis falcatula. No Brasil, diversos estudos têm demonstrado alta frequência de Sarcocystis falcatula-like em esporocistos derivados de gambás, com grande diversidade nos genes que codificam antígenos de superfície (SAGs). Neste estudo, a diversidade genética de Sarcocystis spp., oriundos de Didelphis albiventris e Didelphis aurita, dos municípios de Campo Grande e São Paulo, foi acessada por meio do sequenciamento de SAG2, SAG3 e SAG4, da primeira região espaçadora interna transcrita (ITS-1) e citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (cox1). Identificação molecular foi realizada em 16 amostras de DNA, obtidas de esporocistos ou merozoítos derivados de cultivo. Os fragmentos de ITS-1, cox1 e SAG3 foram clonados, enquanto SAG2 e SAG4 foram sequenciados diretamente dos produtos de PCR. Quatro alelos foram observados em SAG2, 13 em SAG3 e sete em SAG4, sendo novos quatro, 13 e quatro, respectivamente. Em ITS-1, 27 alelos foram observados, todos filogeneticamente relacionados à S. falcatula-like, previamente detectados no Brasil. Sarcocystis sp. filogeneticamente relacionado à Sarcocystis rileyi foi evidenciado por cox1 em três gambás. Mais estudos são necessários para entender o papel de Didelphis spp. como hospedeiro definitivo de Sarcocystis spp. diferentes daqueles previamente descritos.

Abstract Molecular tools have been employed to improve the knowledge about freshwater Neotropical fishes. Such approaches supporting studies of groups including species complexes such as Astyanax, one of the most diversified and taxonomically complex genus of the family Characidae. Here, we employed species delimitation analyses in four Astyanax species described for the upper Paraguaçu River basin, a drainage within Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion with high endemism. We implemented single and multilocus approaches based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear markers. Cytochrome c Oxidase I sequences previously available for Astyanax species were also added to our dataset. The single locus analyses showed A. epiagos, A. rupestris, and A. aff. rupestris as different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), while A. brucutu and A. lorien were grouped. However, the multilocus approach distinguished these two species and showed congruence for the remaining single locus results. Astyanax aff. rupestris was separated into two MOTUs using both approaches, highlighting the need for an integrative taxonomic revision including A. aff. rupestris. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of this fish group in the upper Paraguaçu, identifying hidden diversity and reinforcing the relevance of this hydrographic system as a notable hotspot for ichthyofauna biodiversity endemism.

Resumo Ferramentas moleculares têm sido empregadas para melhorar o conhecimento sobre os peixes Neotropicais. Tais abordagens apoiam estudos de grupos que incluem complexos de espécies, como Astyanax, um dos gêneros mais diversificados e taxonomicamente complexos dentro da família Characidae. Neste estudo, nós empregamos análises de delimitação de espécies em quatro espécies de Astyanax recentemente descritas da bacia do alto rio Paraguaçu, uma drenagem dentro da ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste que apresenta alto endemismo. Nós realizamos abordagens de loco único e multilocos baseadas em dois marcadores mitocondriais e um nuclear. Sequências de Citocromo c Oxidase I anteriormente disponíveis para espécies de Astyanax foram adicionadas ao nosso conjunto de dados. As análises de loco único mostraram A. epiagos, A. rupestris e A. aff. rupestris como diferentes Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais Moleculares (MOTUs), enquanto A. brucutu e A. lorien foram agrupadas. Entretanto, a abordagem multilocos distinguiu estas duas espécies e mostrou congruência com os demais resultados das análises de loco único. Astyanax aff. rupestris foi separada em duas MOTUs usando ambas as abordagens, sugerindo a necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica integrativa incluindo A. rupestris e ambas A. aff. rupestris. Esses achados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade desse grupo de peixes na bacia do rio Paraguaçu, identificando diversidade oculta e reforçando a relevância desse sistema hidrográfico como um notável hotspot de endemismo da biodiversidade da ictiofauna.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study, carried out at the university hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, was to assess whether the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals and the sustained virological response will affect the metabolic influences of the hepatitis C virus and whether these effects will vary according to genotypes and virus load. METHODS: This is an intervention pre-post study, carried out from March 2018 to December 2019, evaluating 273 hepatitis C virus patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Inclusion criteria included being monoinfected with hepatitis C virus and achieving sustained virological response . Exclusion criteria included the presence of decompensated cirrhosis or co-infected with hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Genotypes, genotype 1 subtypes, and hepatitis C virus viral load were analyzed. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance indices: Homeostasis Model Assessment-β, TyG, and HbA1c, measured at the beginning of treatment and in sustained virological response. Statistical analysis with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables in the pretreatment and in the sustained virological response. RESULTS: Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance analysis: there were no significant differences between pretreatment and sustained virological response. Homeostasis Model Assessment-β analysis: significant increase in genotype 1 patients (p<0.028). TyG index analysis: significant increase in genotype 1b (p<0.017), genotype 3 (p<0.024), and genotype non-1 with low viral load (p<0.039). HbA1c analysis: significant decrease in genotype 3 (p<0.001) and genotype non-1 patients with low viral load (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: We detected significant metabolic influences after sustained virological response: impairment in lipid profile and improvements in the glucose metabolism. We found significant differences in genotype dependence, genotype 1 subtypes, and viral load.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze alcohol abuse in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary health care. Household data were collected from March to October 2018 in the Family Health Strategy in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo through face-to-face interviews with a form application. The pattern of alcohol consumption was estimated with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. A total of 338 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated, and 19.2% (95%CI 15.0-23.4) engaged in alcohol abuse. Among them, we observed a higher frequency of males (63.1%), aged 60 to 64 years (35.4%), economic class C (49.2%), 1-4 schooling years (53.8%), and multimorbidity (92.3%). There was a negative association between alcohol abuse and drug therapy adherence (PR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.36-0.86). The frequency of alcohol abuse and non-adherence to drug treatment among those with a high consumption pattern is troubling since it can lead to diabetes complications. Therefore, we underscore the importance of multidimensional elderly care and health education in primary care.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o consumo abusivo de álcool em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados domiciliar, realizado no período de março a outubro de 2018, na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevistas face a face com aplicação de um formulário. O padrão de consumo de álcool foi estimado pelo Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. Participaram 338 idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo que 19,2% (IC95% 15,0-23,4) consumiam álcool abusivamente. Entre eles, observou-se maior frequência do sexo masculino (63,1%), faixa etária entre 60 e 64 anos (35,4%), classe econômica C (49,2%), escolaridade de 1 a 4 anos (53,8%) e multimorbidade (92,3%). Verificou-se a associação negativa entre consumo abusivo de álcool e adesão à farmacoterapia (RP = 0,55; IC95% 0,36-0,86). A frequência do consumo abusivo de álcool, bem como a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso entre aqueles com padrão de consumo elevado mostrou-se preocupante, uma vez que pode conduzir a complicações do diabetes. Logo, salienta-se a importância do cuidado multidimensional ao idoso e a educação em saúde na atenção primária.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the productive performance and nutrient export of maize intercropped with drought-tolerant forage grasses. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 2x2x2+1 factorial scheme (two forage grasses species – Massai and Buffel; two forage sowing methods - in the furrow and broadcast; and two forage sowing times - anticipated and simultaneous; and monoculture maize as an additional control), with three replicates. The maize+forage intercropping promoted greater competition for resources, especially water, limiting N uptake, chlorophyll synthesis, and biomass production by maize under semiarid conditions. Early sowing gave forage plants a competitive advantage, favoring forage establishment before or immediately after the sowing of maize. Thus, the simultaneous sowing of forage grasses in a semiarid environment is a more appropriate option considering the importance of high levels of chlorophyll to ensure high photosynthetic activity in maize plants and greater capacity of biomass synthesis. Massai intercropped with maize exhibits a greaterpotential for biomass production than Buffel under semiarid conditions. Maize+Buffel result in highest macronutrient export by maize, while maize+Massai result in highest macronutrient exports by total forage biomass under a semiarid environment. The choice of the forage species and its sowing time in relation to maize are the main determinants of successful intercropping systems under semiarid conditions.

RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a exportação de nutrientes do consórcio de milho com gramíneas forrageiras tolerantes ao estresse hídrico. O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x2x2+1 (duas espécies de gramíneas forrageiras – Massai e Buffel; dois métodos de semeadura – no sulco e a lanço; e duas épocas de semeadura – antecipada e simultânea; e monocultivo de milho como um controle adicional), com três repetições. O consórcio milho+forragem promoveu maior competição por recursos, principalmente água, limitando a absorção de N, síntese de clorofila e produção de biomassa pelo milho para condições semiáridas. A semeadura precoce deu vantagem competitiva às plantas forrageiras, favorecendo seu estabelecimento antes ou imediatamente após a semeadura do milho. Assim, a semeadura simultânea de gramíneas forrageiras em ambiente semiárido é uma opção mais adequada, considerando a importância de garantir altos teores de clorofila e, consequentemente, alta atividade fotossintética nas plantas de milho para garantir a capacidade de síntese de biomassa.Massai consorciado com milho apresenta maior potencial para produção de biomassa do que Buffel em condições semiáridas.Milho+Buffel resulta em maior exportação de macronutrientes pelo milho, enquanto milho+Massai resulta em maior exportação de macronutrientes pela biomassa forrageira total em ambiente semiárido.A escolha da espécie forrageira e sua época de semeadura em relação ao milho são os principais determinantes do sucesso do consórcio no semiárido.

ABSTRACT Among individuals coinfected with HCV and HIV, studies of mortality from non-hepatic causes have shown inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of HCV and HIV co-infection to mortality from hepatic and non-hepatic causes in Brazil. This retrospective cohort study included blood donors from Fundação Pró-Sangue de São Paulo (FPS) who were followed from 1994 to 2016 to compare mortality and its causes between HIV-HCV coinfected individuals versus those seronegative for all tested infections. Records from the FPS database and the Mortality Information System were linked through a probabilistic record Relationship (RL). The Hazard Ratio (HR) was estimated using Cox multiple regression models. HCV-HIV coinfected individuals compared to seronegative individuals had a higher risk of death from all causes (HR = 14.54), non-liver neoplasms (HR = 2.55), infections (HR = 10.37) and liver disease (HR = 7.0). In addition, HCV mono-infected individuals compared to seronegative individuals had a higher risk of death from all causes (HR = 2.23), liver cancer (HR = 32.21), liver disease (HR = 14.92), infection (HR = 3.22), and trauma (HR = 1.68). Individuals coinfected with HCV and HIV have increased overall mortality and death due to infections, liver diseases and non-liver neoplasms as compared to those uninfected with HCV and HIV.