ABSTRACT In this study, chemical changes during the development of acerola, cultivar Okinawa, were evaluated. The biochemical alterations during the development of the acerola cultivar Okinawa were evaluated, to determine the peroxidase activity (POD) and its thermal stability. Peroxidase (POD) has been considered the main enzyme responsible for the quality deterioration of fruits. Additionally, characteristics evaluated in this study can be important postharvest quality criteria for fruit processing, screening and breeding. Changes in physiological development were evaluated by the determination of moisture content, ascorbic acid, ashes, total and reducing sugars, pectin, chlorophyll a and b, amounts of anthocyanins, flavonols and total carotenoids. These biochemical determinations may serve as a basis for further improvement of techniques for predicting and modeling the optimal harvesting time. The values of chlorophylls, anthocyanins, flavonols, and carotenoids were higher in the peel rather than in the pulp (p < 0.05). Acerola presents high levels of ascorbic acid. The development of acerola (from opening of flowers to maturation of fruits) was of 25 days. The increase of the values for total and reducing sugars, anthocyanins, carotenoids, the solubilization of pectic acid and degradation of chlorophyll suggested that physiological maturation and harvest day occurred on days 19 and 23 after anthesis, respectively. The specific activity of POD was higher in the green stage. Maximum POD activity was observed at pH 6.5 and 45 ºC. Total inactivation was not achieved, suggesting the presence of isoenzymes with high thermal resistance. A loss of 50% of activity occurred after 4 minutes of treatment at 80 °C.

ABSTRACT The germplasm characterization and the analysis of genetic divergence are fundamental requirements to determine the genetic diversity available and peppers have considerable variability not most explored and quantified. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize morphological and agronomically pepper accessions and their genetic divergence. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, between the months of December 2014 to June 2015. Thirteen pepper accessions in pots were sown, the experimental design was a randomized block with six replications, and the experimental unit consisted of three pots. Seedling, leaves, plant and fruit characteristics were evaluated. For the analysis of genetic divergence, the Mahalanobis distance and the UPGMA method were used. It was observed the formation of three distinct groups, being fruit width the trait that most contributed to the genetic discrimination of the accessions. Group I presented larger fruits, Group II showed heavier and wider fruits and Group III had mostly smaller, lighter and thinner fruits. There were differences for most of the evaluated characteristics, showing great morphological and agronomic variability among the accessions. The peppers have a high potential to be exploited in breeding.

Abstract Yellow mombin juice was microencapsulated by spray drying. Optimum operating conditions were selected from the outcomes of tests carried out according to a central composite rotatable design, using air inlet temperature (90 to 190 °C), feed flow rate (0.20 to 1.00 L/h) and 15 DE maltodextrin concentration (10 to 30%) as the independent variables, while powder moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, total carotenoids retention, and process yield as the responses. As expected, water activity, moisture content and yield of samples were significantly reduced by spray drying. The powder prepared under optimum conditions, whose reconstituted nectar was the most appreciated by panelists in sensory analysis, was partially characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. It exhibited an apparent density of 0.59 g/mL and a solubility of 81.49%. Particles generally occurred in clusters and exhibited spherical shape and smooth surface. The antioxidant activity was shown to be weak to intermediate.

Abstract The extraction, and stability of polyphenols from the grape residue were studied. The extractions were performed following the Box-Behnken design, and the surface response methodology was used to model the extraction of total anthocyanins (TA), flavonols (TF), and phenolics (TP). The extraction was optimized simultaneously by the desirability function. The degradation kinetics of monomeric anthocyanins, and the increase in polymeric color were modeled under refrigeration conditions. The extraction with a temperature of 60 °C, solid:liquid ratio of 1/25 g/mL, and time of 80 min, maximized the recovery of TA (30.96 mg/100 g), TF (73.34 mg/100 g), and TP (856.78 mg EAG/100 g). The degradation of monomeric anthocyanins, and the increase in polymeric color followed a kinetic first-order reaction, with reaction rates (k) of 4.10 x 10-3 days-1, and 3.46 x 10-3 days-1, respectively. The half-life (t1/2) of anthocyanins was 169 days. The ethanol-citric acid solution allowed polyphenols to be efficiently extracted from the grape residue, and had a positive effect on the stability of anthocyanins.

Abstract The spray drying process of a mixed juice of acerola and seriguela was optimized using a 2 4 full factorial design with 16 factorial points and 3 central points. The independent variables were different levels of inlet temperature (110°, 140° and 170 °C), feed flow (0.36, 0.60 and 0.84 L/h), amount of maltodextrin (14-26%) and maltodextrin dextrose equivalent (DE) (5, 10 and 15 DE). The responses were water activity (Aw), moisture content (MC), hygroscopicity (Hyg), powder recovery (PR) and retention of ascorbic acid (RAA). After optimization, an acceptance test and multiple comparison test were performed. Temperature exerted a great influence on Aw, MC and RAA. The optimal drying conditions to obtain acerola and seriguela juice mix powder were an inlet temperature of 140 °C, a flow rate of 0.60 L/h, 20% maltodextrin 10 DE. There was no significant difference in the acceptance of the quality attributes or in the multiple comparison test between the nectars made with the juice mix powder. Acceptance was approximately 70%. Therefore, this acerola and seriguela mix powder can be considered a good source of ascorbic acid and a potential ingredient for the food industry.

RESUMOAvaliou-se o efeito da suplementação alimentar (0; 0,4; 0,8 e 1,2% do peso corporal) sobre os aspectos qualitativos da carne caprina (umidade, cinzas, gordura, proteína, coloração da carne pelo sistema CIE (L*, a* e b*), pH, perda por cocção e força de cisalhamento) e atributos sensoriais aroma caprino, aroma estranho, cor, textura, maciez, sabor caprino, sabor estranho, suculência e aparência geral. Utilizou-se 32 caprinos mestiços da raça Anglonubiana que foram distribuídos segundo delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo terminados pastagem de caatinga. Houve efeito quadrático (p<0,05) para os teores de cinza e proteína, com máxima de 1,06 e 20,44 g/100 g, respectivamente. Verificou-se efeito linear positivo (p<0,05) sobre o teor de gordura, com incremento de 0,52 g/100 g. Os parâmetros qualitativos foram influenciados (p<0,05), com efeito linear negativo (p<0,05) sobre a perda por cocção, força de cisalhamento e L*, com decréscimos de 3,32%; 0,77 kgf/cm2 e 3,39, respectivamente, e efeito quadrático (p<0,05) para a*, com máxima de 9,13. O parâmetro b* apresentou efeito quadrático (p<0,05), com máxima 8,12, ao contrário do pH que não foi influenciado, com média 5,57. Os atributos sensoriais não foram influenciados (p>0,05) pela suplementação alimentar, com exceção da cor e aparência geral. A suplementação alimentar com 0,8% do peso corporal propicia elevação nos teores de cinza, gordura e proteína, associados a melhoras qualitativas sobre a perda por cocção, maciez e coloração, com incrementos dos atributos sensoriais de cor e aparência geral.

ABSTRACTThe effect was evaluated of feed supplementation (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2% of body weight) on the qualitative aspects of goat meat (moisture, ash, fat, protein, colouring using the CIE (L*, a* and b *) system, pH, cooking loss and shear force), and also on the sensory attributes of goat aroma, off-aroma, colour, texture, tenderness, flavour, off-flavour, juiciness and overall appearance. A total of 32 crossbred Anglo-Nubian goats were used, organised into randomised blocks and finished on a pasture of caatinga. There was a quadratic effect (p<0.05) on the levels of ash and protein, with a maximum of 1.06 and 20.44 g/100 g respectively. A positive linear affect (p<0.05) was seen on fat levels, with an increase of 0.52 g/100 g. There was a negative linear effect (p<0.05) on the qualitative parameters of cooking loss, shear force and L*, with decreases of 3.32%, 0.77 kgf/cm2 and 3.39 respectively, and a quadratic effect (p<0.05) on a*, with a maximum of 9.13. There was a quadratic effect (p<0.05) on the parameter b*, with a maximum of 8.12, while the pH was not affected, with an average of 5.57. The sensory attributes were not influenced (p>0.05) by feed supplementation, except for colour and general appearance. Feed supplementation at 0.8% of body weight provides an increase in ash, fat and protein levels associated with qualitative improvements in cooking loss, tenderness and colouring, with increases in the sensory attributes of colour and overall appearance.

The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition of cashew apples agro-industrial residue and optimize the process of polyphenols extraction in this residue. The extraction process conditions were defined using a 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design using acetone and methanol as solvents. The independent variables were: time (30 to 90 min), temperature (30 to 50 °C), solvent concentrations (50% to 90%), agitation speed (100 to 300 rpm); the dependent variables were: total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging capacity. The optimized process was carried out by applying the Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) considering the results obtained with the 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design. The residue presented bioactive compounds in its composition, with emphasis on the content of total phenolic compounds (1975.64 mg/ 100 g). The extraction process was not affected by methanol; however, acetone affected the amounts of extracted phytochemicals. Extracts with high levels of polyphenols and strong DPPH scavenging capacity (> 80%) were obtained using 55% acetone, 30 minutes, 30 °C, and 150 rpm. The results showed that cashew apple residue is a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant capacity. These compounds could be used partially or totally to replace synthetic antioxidants.

A polpa da carambola contém compostos químicos com propriedades antioxidantes importantes à saúde humana, contra o envelhecimento celular e a prevenção de doenças. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o fruto de acessos de caramboleira quanto às concentrações de compostos antioxidantes. Foram analisadas as concentrações de ácido ascórbico, carotenoides totais, flavonoides, fenólicos totais e taninos em cinco acessos selecionados de carambola, cultivada em três distintas regiões edafoclimáticas de Pernambuco. Os acessos de carambola diferiram significativamente entre si, quanto às concentrações de ácido ascórbico, fenólicos totais e taninos. A significância para os efeitos de ambiente confirmou que os locais de cultivo são heterogêneos, em relação ao potencial produtivo de frutos com diferentes concentrações médias de ácido ascórbico, flavonóis, fenólicos totais e taninos. A interação significativa entre genótipos e ambientes indica que os acessos de carambola apresentam respostas diferenciadas às concentrações de ácido ascórbico, flavonóis, fenólicos totais e taninos, quando cultivadas em diferentes locais. As condições de cultivo da Estação Experimental do IPA Itambé e os acessos IPA-7.2, IPA-22.3 proporcionaram as maiores concentrações de ácido ascórbico, fenólicos totais e taninos.

The star fruit pulp contains chemical compounds with antioxidant properties important to human health, against cellular aging and disease prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the fruit of Averrhoa carambola accessions regarding the concentrations of antioxidant compounds. It was analyzed the concentrations of ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, flavonoils, total phenolics and tannins in five star fruit accessions, grown in different edaphoclimatic conditions of the state of Pernambuco. The star fruit accessions differed significantly among themselves regarding the concentrations of ascorbic acid, total phenolics and tannins. The significance for the environment effects confirmed that the cultivation sites are heterogeneous in relation to the productive potential of fruits with different average concentrations of ascorbic acid, flavonoils, phenolic compounds and tannins. A significant interaction between genotypes and environments indicates that star fruit selections exhibit differential responses to ascorbic acid, flavonoils, total phenolics and tannins, when grown in different sites. The experimental Station IPA Itambe's cultivation conditions and IPA-7.2, IPA-22.3 accessions showed the highest concentrations of ascorbic acid, total phenolics and tannins.

The technology for the production of restructured fruit with high contents of fruit pulp using hydrocolloids as binding agents has not been fully developed. This study evaluated the effect of mixtures of sodium alginate, low methoxy pectin, and gelatin on the characteristics of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) fruit gels. The results of the central composite design showed that the models obtained, except for those of water activity and soluble solids, were predictive. Gelatin was the most important factor affecting firmness, pH, and the color parameters of the structured fruit pulp.

The effects of replacing Tifton hay with castor bean hulls (0, 33, 66 and 100%) on the leg tissue composition, chemical composition, physicochemical parameters and sensorial traits of sheep meat were studied. A total of 28 non-castrated sheep averaging seven months in age with an average initial weight of 19.5±4.3 kg were assigned to a randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates and were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. At slaughter, body weight and leg, muscle and bone weights decreased linearly, whereas the muscle-to-bone ratio increased linearly according to the treatments. There was a quadratic effect on yellow intensity (maximum of 8.05 with replacement of 54.5%) and the percentage of cooking losses (minimum of 33.8% with replacement of 45.17%). The treatment employed did not affect either the chemical composition or sensorial traits of the lamb meat. Although replacing Tifton hay with castor bean hulls alters the tissue composition of the leg as well as some physicochemical parameters of the meat, the sensory analysis indicated good acceptability of the meat, regardless of the inclusion of this byproduct.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade antioxidante de resíduo agroindustrial de acerola, extratos hidroacetônico, hidroetanólico e hidrometanólico, obtidos por processo de extração sequencial, foram submetidos à determinação do teor de fenólicos totais e da atividade antioxidante em sistema modelo e em óleo de soja. A capacidade dos extratos de sequestrar os radicais DPPH• (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico), e de inibir a peroxidação do ácido linoleico pelo método tiocianato férrico foi avaliada. Para o teste acelerado em estufa, o óleo acrescido dos extratos (200 ppm) foi incubado a 60 °C durante 28 dias e, em intervalos regulares de tempo, foram determinados os índices de peróxido e de dienos conjugados. Os extratos hidroetanólico e hidrometanólico exibiram forte capacidade de sequestro do radical DPPH• (baixo valor de EC50 e de TEC50, alta EA), elevada capacidade de sequestro do radical ABTS•+ (1.445,1 e 1.145,5 µMol TEAC/g, respectivamente) e elevado percentual de inibição da peroxidação do ácido linoleico (96,12 e 91,84%, respectivamente). Estes extratos, também, apresentaram capacidade em retardar a formação de peróxidos e de dienos conjugados.

This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the agro-industrial waste from acerola. Hydroacetone, hydroethanolic, and hydromethanolic extracts were obtained using the sequential extraction process, and they were screened for their free radical DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil) and ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin 6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity and their effect on the linoleic acid peroxidation by the ferric thiocyanate method. Soybean oil with the addition of the extracts (200 ppm) was submitted to Schaal oven test (60 °C, 28 days), in which the samples were analyzed for peroxide value and conjugated dienes. Hydroethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts exhibited good DPPH scavenging activity (low value of EC50 and TEC50 and high value of AE), good ABTS scavenging capacity (1445.1 and 1145.5 µMol TEAC.g-1, respectively), and high percentage inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid (96.12 and 91.84%, respectively) and showed the ability to retard the formation of peroxides and conjugated dienes.

This work reports the optimization and method validation for sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole) in shrimp muscle using HPLC-UV. The sulfonamides were extracted with acetonitrile and acetic acid, and the extract cleaned up with a Strata SCX SPE cartridge prior to analysis. The method presented linearity in the range of 20-120 µg kg-1, good linear correlation (r > 0.99), and limits of quantification in the range of 4.7-20.2 µg kg-1. The recovery for shrimp muscles spiked with 50-150 µg kg-1 ranged from 63.2-108.0%. Precision and accuracy analysis showed acceptable relative standard deviation. Commercial shrimps were analyzed and sulfonamides don't were found above of the method limit of quantification.

No Brasil, a aceroleira, decorrente principalmente da propagação por sementes, tem dado origem a plantios comerciais cujos frutos apresentam parâmetros de qualidade diferenciados. Características físico-químicas de frutos de 18 genótipos de aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.) do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE foram avaliados. O rendimento em polpa variou de 41,06% (PL 40) a 72,54% (PL 43) e, com exceção do genótipo PL 37, os demais apresentaram frutos com teores de ácido ascórbico superiores a 1000 mg.100 g-1. O genótipo PL 39 destacou-se por apresentar o maior teor de ácido ascórbico (1667 mg.100 g-1), SST e flavonóis (15,04 mg.100 g-1), além de elevado teor de antocianinas, sendo, portanto, o mais promissor. Os frutos do genótipo PL 34 revelaram o maior valor de SST/ATT, indicando ser o mais doce

In Brazil, acerola tree commercial orchards yield fruits with different quality attributes since their propagation is by seeds. The physicochemical characteristics of 18 genotypes of acerola tree (Malpighia emarginata DC.) from the Active Bank of Germoplasm of UFRPE were evaluated. The pulp efficiency ranged from 41.06 (PL 40) to 72.54% (PL 43). Except for the genotype PL 37, all others showed ascorbic acid content higher than 1,000 mg.100 g-1. The genotype PL 39 showed the highest content of ascorbic acid (1,667 mg.100 g-1), TSS and flavonols (15.04 mg.100 g-1) and a high value for anthocyanins. Therefore, it can be said it is the promising genotype. The fruits from genotype PL 34 showed the highest value for the TSS/TTA; they were the sweetest

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da sanitização sobre a qualidade de goiabas minimamente processadas. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa com consumidores em um supermercado para verificar a preferência em relação a tipos de cortes e tipos de embalagens para goiabas. Após essa etapa, goiabas cv. Paluma passaram por duas sequências de sanificação com o composto clorado orgânico dicloro isocianurato de sódio dihidratado, na concentração de 50 ppm: sanificação antes (S1) e depois do corte (S2); retirada do excesso d'água; acondicionamento em embalagens PET e PSPVC e armazenamento a 3 ºC ± 1 ºC. Análises físicoquímicas [pH, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), ácido ascórbico (AA), açúcares totais (AT) e redutores (AR)], texturais, sensoriais e microbiológicas foram efetuadas para monitorar a qualidade do produto. Os consumidores preferiram a goiaba cortada na metade equatorial com polpa e embalada em PET, entretanto esta embalagem promoveu a condensação de vapor de água na superfície interna da tampa comprometendo a aparência do produto. As duas sequências de sanificação e os dois tipos de embalagens não influenciaram significativamente os valores de pH, SST, ATT, SST/ATT, textura e AA. Os teores de AT e AR aumentaram significativamente nas goiabas MP armazenadas na embalagem PSPVC. Ambas as sanificações foram eficazes no controle das bactérias indicadoras das condições higiênicosanitárias, entretanto a sanificação S1 mostrouse mais eficaz no controle da microbiota autóctone (microrganismos aeróbios mesofilos viáveis). Podese concluir que goiabas da cv. Paluma embaladas em PSPVC podem ser conservadas por 6 dias quando armazenadas a 3 ºC.

The purpose of this project was to evaluate the sanitization effect on the quality of minimally processed guava. Initially, research was carried out with consumers in a supermarket to verify preferences of packaging for guava. Following this, the guava cv. Paluma underwent two sanitization sequences using dehydrated sodium dichloroisocyanurate compound, in 50 ppm concentration, sanitization prior to (S1) and after (S2) being cut; removal of excess water; conditioning in PET packaging and PSPVC and storage at 3 ºC ± 1 ºC. Physicochemical analysis - [pH, total soluble solids (SST), total labeled acidity (ATT), ascorbic acid (AA), total sugars (AT) and reducers (AR)], textural sensorial and microbiological analyses were used to monitor the quality of the products. The consumers preferred the guava cut in halves with pulp and packed in PET, although this packaging promoted condensation of water vapor on the inner surface of the lid, compromising the appearance of the product. The two sanitization sequences and the two kinds of packaging did not significantly affect the pH, SST, ATT, SST/ATT, texture and AA values. The AT and AR tenors increased significantly in the MP guavas stored in the PSPVC package. Both sanitizations were efficient in the bacterial control of the indicators of the hygienicsanitary conditions, although the S1 sanitization proved to be more efficient in the control of autochthonous aerobic microbiota (aerobic mesophylic microorganisms). It can be concluded that guava cv. Paluma packed in PSPVC can be conserved for 6 days when stored at 3 ºC.

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão do Farelo Grosso de Trigo (FGT) (0,0; 8,9; 19,8 e 31,7%) na dieta sobre os atributos sensoriais (aroma caprino, aroma estranho, cor, textura, maciez, sabor caprino, suculência e aparência geral) e nas qualidades físico-químicas (pH e perdas de líquido no cozimento e cor da carne), operando no sistema CIE - L*, a* e b* de lombos caprinos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (4 tratamentos e 4 repetições). A inclusão do FGT não influenciou o aroma da carne, no entanto, houve efeito significativo para a cor da carne e sabor característico caprino. A textura, maciez e aparência geral foram decrescentes. O pH foi quadrático com ponto de máxima de 18,53% e o percentual médio de perdas no cozimento foi de 25,5%. Nos parâmetros de cor a luminosidade (L*) teve efeito linear decrescente variando de 30,2 a 32,2; a cor vermelha (a*) foi intensificada variando de 7,56 a 8,47 com aumento dos níveis, enquanto a cor amarela (b*) apresentou equação quadrática com ponto de máxima de 14,53%. A inclusão de níveis crescentes de FGT na dieta animal alterou todos os atributos da carne caprina, exceto o aroma. De acordo com a avaliação cromática, a coloração da carne caprina apresentou-se mais escura com níveis mais elevados de FGT.

The effect of inclusion levels of Coarse Wheat Bran (CWB) (0; 8.9; 19.8 and 31.7%) in the animal diet on sensorial attributes (goat aroma, strange aroma, color, texture, tenderness, goat flavor, juiciness and general appearance) and physical-chemical characteristics (pH, losses during cooking and color of the meat operating in the CIE (L*, a* e b*) system of goat loins were evaluated. A statistical design of four treatments and four replications was used. The inclusion of CWB did not significantly affect goat meat aroma. However, there was a quadratic effect on color and on the characteristic taste of the meat. Texture, tenderness and general appearance decreased linearly. For pH, the behavior was quadratic, with a maximum of 18.53% and the average percentage of losses during cooking was 25.5%. There was a decreasing linear effect on brightness (L*), which varied from 30.2 to 32.2; red color (a*) was intensified with the increase of CWB levels, and varied from 7.56 to 8.47, while yellow color (b*) showed a quadratic behavior (maximum of 14.53%). The increasing inclusion of CWB in the animal diet affected all sensorial attributes, except for aroma. According to the chromatic evaluation, goat meat color was darker with increasing CWB levels.