RESUMEN Las brasicáceas de inflorescencia, como el brócoli y la coliflor, ricas en fibra y vitaminas, son ampliamente consumidas en Brasil, resultando en una producción promedio de 23 t ha-1. A pesar de esta demanda, la calidad de las plántulas de ambas especies es uno de los principales factores que limitan la producción. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la emergencia y producción de plántulas de brócoli y coliflor en diferentes sustratos, utilizando el método de riego denominado Deep Film Technique (DFT) en mesa. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un diseño completamente al azar, 7×2: composiciones de sustrato (proporciones volumétricas de 1:0:0; 0:1:0; 0:0:1; 1:1:1; 1:1:0; 1:0:1 y 0:1:1, con sustrato comercial Carolina Soil®, cascarilla de arroz carbonizada y arena de textura media) y brásicas de inflorescencia (brocoli y coliflor), con cuatro repeticiones. Cada unidad experimental conto de 50 semillas/plántulas. A los 21 días después de la siembra (DDS), se evaluó porcentaje, índice, tiempo, velocidad y frecuencia de emergencia a los 35 DDS, y estabilidad del terrón, número de hojas y longitud de las plántulas. Se observó que hubo buena germinación de semillas y formación de plántulas para ambas especies en todas las composiciones de sustrato y con la ayuda del método de riego DFT en mesa. En estas condiciones para ambas especies evaluadas, las composiciones de sustrato 1:0:0; 1:1:1 y 1:1:0 son las recomiendadas.

ABSTRACT Inflorescence brassicas, such as broccoli and cauliflower, rich in fiber and vitamins, are widely consumed in Brazil, and present an average production of 23 t ha-1. Despite this demand, the quality of seedlings of both species is one of the main factors that limit production. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate broccoli and cauliflower seedling emergence and production in different substrates, using the irrigation method named Deep Film Technique (DFT) on a table. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, 7×2: substrate compositions (volumetric proportions of 1:0:0; 0:1:0; 0:0:1; 1:1:1; 1:1:0; 1:0:1 and 0:1:1, containing commercial substrate Carolina Soil®, carbonized rice husk and medium textured sand) and inflorescence brassicas (broccoli and cauliflower), with four replications. Each experimental unit consisted of 50 seeds/seedlings. At 21 days after sowing (DAS), it was evaluated the percentage, index, time, speed and frequency of emergence, and, at 35 DAS, clod stability, number of leaves and seedling length. It was observed that there was good seed germination and seedling formation for both species in all substrate compositions and with the aid of the DFT irrigation method on a table. Under these conditions, for both species, substrate compositions of 1:0:0; 1:1:1 and 1:1:0 are recommended.

RESUMEN El frijol negro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una especie de gran importancia para la agricultura familiar, tanto para la seguridad alimentaria como para la actividad socioeconómica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la viabilidad fisiológica y sanitaria de semillas de frijol negro almacenadas con diferentes humedades iniciales y periodos de almacenamiento en frío. El diseño utilizado fue completamente al azar, 3×5 (niveles de humedad de la semilla: 10, 13 y 16, y periodos de almacenamiento: 0, 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses en cámaras frigoríficas). Se utilizaron cuatro repeticiones en cada unidad experimental. Semillas de frijol variedade IPR88 Uirapuru fueron cultivadas en el municipio de Santa Maria, Brazil, cosechadas en marzo de 2020, y almacenadas en cámara frigorífica (15ºC y 40% HR) en bolsas de papel Kraft (tipo marrón de 1,0 kg). Se evaluaron las varieables fisiológicas y calidad sanitaria mediante pruebas de laboratorio. De acuerdo con los resultados, es posible verificar que la calidad fisiológica y sanitaria del frijol negro se vieron afectadas negativamente, con el aumento del periodo de almacenamiento, en todos los grados, sin embargo, es posible almacenar estas semillas en condiciones humedad de 10 a 13% por un periodo de hasta nueve meses en cámara frigorífica, con calidad de germinación del 70%.

ABSTRACT Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a species of great importance for family farming, both for food security and socioeconomic activity. The objective of this work was to assess the physiological and sanitary viability of black bean seeds stored with different initial moisture contents and cold storage periods. It was used a completely randomized design, 3×5 (seed moisture levels: 10, 13 and 16%, and storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in cold rooms, with four repetitions). Black bean seeds belonging to variety IPR88 Uirapuru were grown in the municipality of Santa Maria, Brazil, harvested in March 2020, and stored in a cold room (15ºC and 40% RH) in Kraft paper bags (brown type, 1.0 kg). Physiological variables and sanitary quality were assessed through laboratory tests. According to the results, it was possible to verify that the physiological and sanitary quality of black beans were negatively affected with the increase of storage period, in all grades. However, it is possible to store these seeds with moisture contents of 10 or 13% for a period of up to nine months in a cold room, with a 70% germination quality.

ABSTRACT Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) is a pseudo cereal that has been gaining prominence in production in several regions, due to increased demand in the consumer market. In the search to reduce productivity losses caused by pathogens, this work aimed to evaluate the cytogenotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum L., a possible alternative treatment for quinoa seeds. The seeds were treated with extracts produced from S. aromaticum flowers buds at 2, 4, 6 and 8%. A water control was included. Germination, first germination count, germination speed index, emergence and sanity were evaluated. The design was completely randomized, composed of 100 seeds in five treatments. The incidence of fungi was quantified and subsequently, the cytogenotoxicity test was performed on Allium cepa. It was observed that the treatment of quinoa seeds with aqueous extract of S. aromaticum only affected germination and vigor at the highest concentration used (8%) and reduced the incidence of fungi. A negative effect on cell division was demonstrated but no genotoxic effect. Used at 4% (m / v) it could be an alternative for the treatment of quinoa seeds.

RESUMEN Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) es un pseudo cereal que ha ido ganando protagonismo productivo en varias regiones debido al aumento de la demanda del mercado de consumo. En la búsqueda de la reducción de las pérdidas de productividad causadas por patógenos, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el potencial citogenotóxico de extractos acuosos de Syzygium aromaticum, posible tratamiento alternativo de semillas de quinua. Las semillas fueron tratadas con extractos producidos a partir de flores de S. aromaticum al 2, 4, 6 y 8%. Se incluyó un control con agua. Se evaluó la germinación, primer recuento de germinación, índice de velocidad de germinación, emergencia y sanidad. El diseño fue completamente aleatorizado, compuesto por 100 semillas en cinco tratamientos. Se cuantificó la incidencia de hongos y posteriormente, se realizó la prueba de citogenotoxicidad en Allium cepa. Se observó que el tratamiento de semillas de quinua con extracto acuoso de S. aromaticum solo afectó la germinación y el vigor a la mayor concentración empleada (8%) y redujo la incidencia de hongos. Se demostró un efecto negativo sobre la división celular pero no efecto genotóxico. Empleado al 4% (m/v) podría ser una alternativa para el tratamiento de semillas de quinoa.

ABSTRACT The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has a wide diversity of use, such as feeding, oil extraction and floral stems for ornamentation. However, it has low productivity due to the high susceptibility to attack by pathogenic microorganisms during its culture. For this reason, seed treatment is an alternative for protection and to guarantee sanitary quality. The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of leaf powder from three plant species on the physiological and sanitary quality of safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stored for different periods of time. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in 10x3 factorial (leaf powder combinations and seed storage periods), with four repetitions. The seed lot was stored with an average moisture content of 9%. Leaves of Melia azedarach L., Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev and Tagetes erecta L. were dried and crushed to obtain powder that was applied to the seeds at the doses of: zero (control), 1, 2 and 3 g kg-1 of seeds. Seed quality was evaluated through germination, seedling length and mass, emergence and health tests. The use of leaf powder from M. azedarach, D. grandiflora and T. erecta as a treatment of safflower seeds was beneficial for the control of the infestation by phytopathogenic fungi and increased its potential for germination and emergence in the field. The results indicated that it have potential for the treatment of safflower seeds stored for different periods of time.

RESUMEN El cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) presenta una amplia diversidad de uso, como alimentación, extracción de aceite y vástagos florales para ornamentación. Sin embargo, presenta baja productividad debido a la alta susceptibilidad al ataque de microorganismos patógenos durante su cultivo. Por ello, el tratamiento de semillas es una alternativa para la protección y garantizar la calidad sanitaria. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de polvo de hojas de tres especies de plantas sobre la calidad fisiológica y sanitaria de semillas de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) almacenados por diferentes períodos de tiempo. El experimento fue realizado en un diseño completamente al azar, en factorial 10x3 (combinaciones de polvo de hojas y períodos de almacenamiento de semillas), con cuatro repeticiones. El lote de semillas fue almacenado con grado de humedad promedio del 9%. Hojas de Melia azedarach L., Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev y Tagetes erecta L. se secaron y trituraron hasta obtener polvo que se aplicó a las semillas a las dosis de: cero (control), 1, 2 y 3 g kg-1 de semillas. Se evaluó la calidad de las semillas a través de las pruebas de germinación, longitud y masa de plántulas, emergencia y sanidad. El uso de polvo de hojas a partir de M. azedarach, de D. grandiflora y T. erecta como tratamiento de semillas de cártamo fue benéfico para el control de la infestación por hongos fitopatógenos e incrementó su potencial de germinación y de emergencia en el campo. Los resultados indicaron que tienen potencial para el tratamiento de semillas de cártamo almacenadas por diferentes períodos de tiempo.

Resumen Existe una preocupación por la caracterización química de los alimentos con potencial económico y nutricional, en especial los de bajo valor calórico, en su constitución de proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos, minerales y vitaminas, para una alimentación sana. Entre esos alimentos, las flores comestibles se destacan por su belleza y condimentación en los platos; además, poseen propiedades nutricionales y medicinales. En este contexto, el objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar químicamente los pétalos de las especies de rosa (Rosa x grandiflora Hort.), girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) y caléndula (Calendula officinalis L.), para el uso en la alimentación humana. Las plantas fueron cultivadas en ambiente protegido y cielo abierto, y después de la cosecha se realizaron los análisis físico-químicos (carbohidratos, cenizas, extracto etéreo, humedad, fibra y proteína). En el presente estudio se observó un alto contenido de agua (> 80 %); el girasol tuvo mayor contenido de cenizas (1,2 %); la caléndula tuvo mayor contenido de extracto etéreo (1,2 %), y la rosa tuvo mayor contenido de fibra (3,2 %). Los pétalos de las flores de caléndula, girasol y rosa presentaron una composición química con nutrientes esenciales, pudiendo ser incluidos en los menus diarios por contener nutrientes esenciales para una dieta sana.

Abstract There is a concern for the chemical characterization of foods with economic and nutritional potential, especially those of low caloric value, in their constitution of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins, important for a healthy diet. Among these foods, edible flowers are distinguished for their beauty and for flavoring dishes; furthermore, they also have nutritional and medicinal properties. In this context, the aim of the study was to characterize chemically the petals of three species, rose (Rosa x grandiflora Hort.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) for use in human nutrition. The plants were cultivated in a protected environment and in an open field, and after harvest, physicochemical analyses were carried out (ash, carbohydrates, ethereal extract, fiber, moisture, and protein). In the current study, high water content was observed (higher than 80 %); sunflower showed a higher ash content (1.2 %), calendula presented a higher ethereal extract content (1.2 %) and rose had a higher fiber content (3.2 %). Rose, sunflower and calendula flower petals had a chemical composition with essential nutrients, being able to be included in the daily human diet because they contain essential nutrients for a healthy diet.

Resumo A conservação das hastes florais cortadas tem como finalidade prolongar a durabilidade, manter a qualidade e reduzir as perdas após a colheita, propiciando um período maior de vida útil e comercialização. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade e a durabilidade na pós-colheita de hastes florais frescas de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) colhidas em diferentes épocas e submetidas a diferentes soluções conservantes. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e, organizado em esquema fatorial 4x8 (quatro soluções conservantes e oito épocas de colheita), com quatro repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental constituída de cinco hastes florais. O cultivo das hastes florais de cártamo ocorreu no Setor de Floricultura e as épocas de colheita das mesmas foram realizadas no início da floração a partir da semeadura realizada na primeira quinzena estacional: no inverno, primavera e verão de 2016, outono, inverno, primavera e verão de 2017 e outono de 2018. E, as soluções conservantes foram: água destilada (testemunha); água destilada + sacarose 2%; água destilada + hipoclorito de sódio 2% e água destilada + sacarose 2% + hipoclorito de sódio 2%. As hastes florais foram avaliadas quanto a notas de qualidade, desidratação e absorção das soluções conservantes. Observou-se que as hastes florais de cártamo apresentaram vida de vaso em média de nove dias, com absorção de solução na média de 0,021 mL dia−1 g−1 de massa fresca e que o uso dos conservantes não foi benéfico à conservação em pós-colheita.

Abstract The conservation of the cut flower stems aims to prolong durability, maintain the quality and reduce the losses after harvest, providing a greater period of lifespan and commercialization. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality and durability in post-harvest of fresh safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) flower stems harvested in different times and submitted to different preservative solutions. The experiment was conducted in entirely randomized design and, organized in 4x8 (four preservative solutions and eight harvest seasons) factorial scheme, with four repetitions, and each experimental unit consisting of five floral stems. The cultivation of floral stems of safflower occurred at Floriculture Sector and the harvest seasons of them were carried out in the beginning of flowering from the sowing performed in the first seasonal half: in winter, spring and summer of 2016, autumn, winter, spring and summer of 2017 and autumn of 2018. And, the preservative solutions were: distilled water (control); distilled water + sucrose 2%; distilled water + sodium hypochlorite 2% and distilled water + sucrose 2% + sodium hypochlorite 2%. The floral stems were evaluated in relation to quality notes, dehydration and absorption of preservative solutions. We observed that the floral stems of safflower presented shelf life in average of nine days, with absorption of solution in average of 0.021 mL day−1 g−1 of fresh mass and that the use of preservatives was not beneficial to conservation in post-harvest.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de celosias armazenadas por diferentes períodos. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x5 (duas espécies de celosias: Celosia argentea L. e Celosia cristata L.; e cinco lotes de sementes com diferentes períodos de armazenamento: 0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 anos, a partir da data de colheita), com quatro repetições. Depois de colhido cada lote de sementes, em seus respectivos anos, foram armazenados com grau de umidade médio de 11% e germinação média de 98%, em embalagens de papel Kraft na câmera fria (15 °C e 40% UR). Observou-se que o vigor (primeira contagem de germinação) médio das sementes das duas espécies de celosias foi de 88%, e a germinação de plântulas normais média foi de 89 e 96% para as espécies de C. argentea e C. cristata, respectivamente, com tempo médio de germinação de 2,9 dias para todos os períodos de armazenamento. A frequência relativa demonstrou homogeneidade na germinação das duas espécies de celosias mantendo a viabilidade germinativa em todos os períodos de armazenamento. Conclui-se que o potencial fisiológico e a qualidade sanitária das sementes das celosias C. argentea e C. cristata foram preservados por períodos que variaram de zero a dezesseis anos de armazenamento.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of cockscomb seeds stored for different periods. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 2x5 factorial scheme (two species of cockscomb: Celosia argentea L. and Celosia cristata L., and five seed lots with different storage periods: 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 years, from the date of harvest) with four replicates. After harvesting each batch of seeds, in their respective years, they were stored with an average moisture content of 11% and average germination of 98% in cold chamber in packages of Kraft paper (15 °C and 40% RH). It was observed that the average vigor (first count of germination) of the seeds of the two species of cockscomb was 88%, and the average germination of normal seedlings was 89 and 96% for the C. argentea and C. cristata species, respectively, with mean germination of 2.9 days for all storage periods. The relative frequency demonstrated homogeneity in the germination of the two species of cockscomb maintaining germinative viability in all periods of storage. It is concluded that the physiological potential and sanitary quality of the seeds of the C. argentea and C. cristata were preserved for periods ranging from zero to sixteen years of storage.

RESUMO A germinação é o resultado do desencadeamento de vários processos ocorridos na semente, os quais são influenciados pelas condições ambientais, sobretudo, luz e temperatura. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes temperaturas e fotoblastismo na germinação de sementes de celosias. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2 × 5 (dois regimes de iluminação e cinco temperaturas), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, para duas espécies de celosias (Celosia argentea L. e C. cristata L.). Os regimes de iluminação foram com a ausência (escuro contínuo) e a presença de luz (fotoperíodo de 24 h), e as temperaturas foram constantes a 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 °C. Os lotes de sementes das duas espécies de celosias foram cultivados, no ano de 2012 e, foram armazenados em câmera fria (15 °C e 40% UR), com grau de umidade médio de 11% e germinação média de 98%. Os resultados dos testes laboratoriais indicaram que as duas espécies de celosias apresentaram germinação rápida em média 2,5 e 4,5 dias para os regimes com presença e com ausência de iluminação, respectivamente, caracterizando-se como espécies fotoblástiscas neutras. Contudo, observou-se que a temperatura é um fator limitante para a germinação das duas espécies de celosias, tendo sua faixa térmica ótima entre 20 a 30 °C.

ABSTRACT Germination is the result of the triggering of various processes occurred in the seed, which are influenced by the environmental conditions, especially light and temperature. In this way, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different temperatures and photoblastic on the germination of cockscomb seeds. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with a 2 × 5 factorial scheme (two lighting regimes and five temperatures), with four replicates of 50 seeds, for two species of cockscomb (Celosia argentea L. and C. cristata L.). The lighting regimes were with absence (dark continuous) and the presence of light (photoperiod of 24 h), and temperatures were constant at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C. The seed lots of the two species of cockscomb were cultivated in 2012 and stored in a cold chamber (15 °C and 40% RH), with an average moisture content of 11% and a mean germination of 98%. The results of the laboratory tests indicated that the two species of cockscomb presented fast germination in average 2.5 and 4.5 days for the regimes with presence and absence of illumination, respectively, characterizing as neutral photoblastic species. However, it was observed that the temperature is a limiting factor for the germination of the two species of cockscomb, having its optimal thermal range between 20 and 30 °C

RESUMO Celosia argentea L. e Celosia cristata L. são plantas que se diferenciam pela intensidade e coloração de seu florescimento, podendo ser utilizadas como forração-de-jardim ou flor-de-corte, com propagação característica por sementes produzidas em grande quantidade. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de Celosia argentea e Celosia cristata submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado. O experimento foi realizado em outubro de 2016, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 6 (duas temperaturas: 41 e 45 °C e seis períodos de exposição ao calor: 0 (controle), 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, para as duas espécies de celosia (C. argentea e C. cristata). Os lotes de sementes das duas espécies de celosias são oriundos dos cultivos, no ano de 2012 e, foram armazenados em câmera fria (15 °C e 40% UR), com grau de umidade médio de 11% e germinação média de 98%. Após a realização do teste de envelhecimento acelerado foi avaliada a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes das duas espécies de celosias. Conclui-se que o envelhecimento acelerado demonstrou ser eficiente para avaliação do vigor, de germinação e emergência no campo destas espécies, quando submetidas a temperaturas de 41 e 45 °C por até 120 h.

ABSTRACT Celosia argentea L. and Celosia cristata L. are plants that are differentiated by the intensity and color of their flowering, and can be used as garden or cut-flower, with characteristic propagation by seeds produced in large quantities. The present study aimed to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of Celosia argentea and Celosia cristata seeds subjected to the accelerated aging test. The experiment was carried out in October 2016, using a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 6 factorial scheme (two temperatures: 41 and 45 °C and six periods of heat exposure: 0 (control), 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h), with four replicates of 50 seeds, for the two species of cockscomb (C. argentea and C. cristata). The seed lots of the two species of celosia are from the crops in the year 2012 and were stored in a cold chamber (15 °C and 40% RH), with an average moisture content of 11% and a mean germination of 98%. After the accelerated aging test, the physiological and sanitary qualities of the seeds of the two species of celosia were evaluated. We conclude that the accelerated aging proved to be effective for the evaluation of vigor, germination and emergence in the species field, when submitted to temperatures of 41 and 45 °C up to 120 h.