Resumo A vegetação de afloramentos rochosos é reconhecida mundialmente pela biodiversidade e singularidade de sua flora. O Campo Rupestre forma mosaicos hiperdiversos em ambientes rochosos distribuídos ao longo de um amplo gradiente latitudinal e altitudinal, com altas taxas de substituição de espécies em macro e microescalas. Em macroescala, os biomas adjacentes, clima e formações geológicas influenciam as taxas de substituição de espécies, enquanto os micro-habitats parecem influenciar as peculiaridades do Campo Rupestre em microescala. Este estudo foi realizado no município de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Visamos avaliar como os micro-habitats de afloramentos rochosos quartzíticos determinam a composição florística e os atributos funcionais considerando dois habitats principais: superfície superior, com rocha exposta, depressões rasas e poças efêmeras; e superfície lateral, com fendas e fissuras. Espécies vasculares e suas respectivas formas de vida e cobertura foram registradas em 18 parcelas. Identificamos 71 espécies pertencentes a 31 famílias. O espectro florístico e a composição de espécies foram similares entre os habitats. Não houve diferença significativa entre os espectros vegetacionais. Entretanto, hemicriptófitas foram ligeiramente dominantes na superfície superior e caméfitas, na lateral. Compreender as adaptações das plantas a esses ambientes fornece informações sobre os mecanismos subjacentes à heterogeneidade geomorfológica nas comunidades vegetais.

Abstract Rock outcrop vegetation is recognized worldwide by its singular and biodiverse flora. Campo Rupestre forms hyperdiverse mosaics in rocky environments across a wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradient, with high species turnover at macro- and micro-scales. The surrounding biomes, climate, and geological formations are the main drivers of species turnover on a macro-scale while micro-habitat seems to be the main one determining the peculiarities of the Campo Rupestre on a micro-scale. In a quartzitic Campo Rupestre area we evaluate how the outcrop micro-habitats influence floristic composition and functional traits. The study area is located in the municipality of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. Two main outcrop habitats were considered: top surfaces, with bare rock, shallow depressions and ephemeral ponds; and lateral surfaces, with clefts and crevices. We recorded the vascular species, their respective life-forms (according to Raunkiaer’s system) as well as their coverage in 18 plots. We identified 71 species in 31 families. The floristic spectra and species composition were similar between top and lateral surfaces. There was no significant difference among the vegetational spectra. However, hemicryptophytes were slightly dominant on top, while on the sides chamaephytes were the dominant life-form. Understanding plant adaptations to these environments provides insights into the mechanisms underlying geomorphological heterogeneity in plant communities.

ABSTRACT Mussununga is an understudied ecosystem within the Atlantic Forest domain, in sandy spodosol lowlands from Bahia to Espírito Santo. Its physiognomy varies from grassland to forest, with a transitional savannic area. We evaluated the life-form spectra differences between the grassland and savanna Mussunungas and its relationship with the depth of a soil impermeable layer (ortstein). The study area is located in the municipality of Linhares, Espírito Santo State. Ten plots were settled in each physiognomy. The floristic and vegetation spectra (accordingly to Raunkiaer) were compared using the G-test. A total of 35 species into three life-forms were found: Phanerophytes, hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes. The floristic spectra were similar in both physiognomies, with a greater richness of phanerophytes. However, the vegetation spectra of the two areas were different. Phanerophytes dominated in the savannas (where ortstein is deeper), while the shallower ortstein of the grasslands favored hemicryptophytes.

ABSTRACT Recovery of degraded areas of rupestrian grasslands is hampered mainly by the limited knowledge regarding substrate management and the biology of native species suitable for revegetation of these areas. The aim of our study was to examine the establishment and growth of Periandra mediterranea in different textures of lateritic substrate from a mining-degraded area. The growth of P. mediterranea was evaluated using fine and coarse laterite, both with and without the addition of topsoil. Survival, dry biomass, content of chemical elements and nodulation were evaluated in ten individuals per treatment sixteen months after planting. Although the substrate has low nutrient content, yet high metal concentrations, all plants survived. Plants growing on coarse laterite had 140 % greater biomass than those growing on fine laterite. The addition of topsoil increased biomass in coarse and fine laterite by 46 and 151 %, respectively, and doubled the number of nodulated plants, regardless of grain size. The biomass accumulation of P. mediterranea to a dystrophic substrate revealed its potential for use in the revegetation of degraded areas of rupestrian grasslands. Furthermore, the addition of topsoil facilitated the association of P. mediterranea with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and increased its growth and capacity to improve substrate fertility.

ABSTRACT Rupestrian complexes of the Serra do Espinhaço are recognized for their high degree of biodiversity and endemism. However, environmental impacts, particularly from mining, have degraded these environments. The purpose of this study was to describe the herbaceous-subshrub communities that occur in quartzitic (QRC) and ferruginous (FRC) rupestrian complexes in different seasons of the year, with regard to floristic similarity and phytosociological structure. Additionally, the study aimed to identify native species with potential use for the restoration of similar degraded areas. Vegetation was sampled from plots located in the municipality of Conceição do Mato Dentro, state of Minas Gerais. Five contiguous strata of 10 × 50 m were demarcated in each environment, in which 12 plots of 2 × 1 m (2 m²) were randomly distributed, for a total of 60 plots (sample units) in each physiognomy. The studied communities exhibited few similarities and lower floristic diversity than other rupestrian complexes. Detrended correspondence analysis distinguished the communities of FRC from those of QRC. The species with the highest value of importance in FRC were Bulbostylis fimbriata and Centrosema brasilianum, while in QRC Echinolaena inflexa had the highest values, thus, making them eligible for restoration programs in similar environments.

Abstract: Background: The leaves of many species of Maytenus are used to prepare herbal drugs to treat stomach ulcers. Questions: In order to define key anatomical characters for the unambiguous species identification, the present study aimed to describe the leaf morphoanatomy of M. imbricata. Species study: Maytenus imbricata Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae) Study site and dates: Collected in an area of ‘campo rupestre’ - one of the Brazilian Savannah vegetation (20º 22’ 11.02” S, 43º 30’ 22.81” W) in August 2015. Methods: The plant material was processed according to commonly used techniques in plant anatomy studies. Results: The major anatomical characters for several species of Maytenus identification also present in M. imbricata are marginal teeth, conspicuous epicuticular wax, ciclocytic stomata, thick external periclinal wall with large pits on epidermal cells and vascular system with a closed loop shape in cross-section. Strips on the anticlinal walls on epidermal cells and conspicuous gelatinous fibers sheath are diagnostic for M. imbricata. Conclusions: Strips on the anticlinal wall of the epidermal cell are reported for the first time for the genus. The xeromorphic traits help the species to survive in arid environments and may contribute to quality control of the raw material used in the production of herbal medicines.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Las hojas de muchas especies de Maytenus se utilizan para la preparación de medicamentos para el tratamiento de las úlceras de estómago. Preguntas: Con la finalidad de contribuir a la identificación de la especie, este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la morfología y anatomia de la hoja de M. imbricata. Especie de estudio: Maytenus imbricata Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae) Sitio y años de estudio: Recolecta de material en una zona de ‘campo rupestre’ - vegetación del cerrado brasileño (20º 22’ 11.02” S, 43º 30’ 22.81” W) en agosto del 2015. Métodos: El material vegetal se procesó mediante las técnicas que se utilizan en los estudios de anatomía vegetal. Resultados: Los principales caracteres anatómicos para la identificación de varias especies de Maytenus, que están presentes en M. imbricata, son los dientes marginales, la cera epicuticular gruesa, los estomas ciclocíticos, las células epidérmicas con la pared periclinal externa gruesa, con grandes punteaduras y la sección transversal del sistema vascular en un círculo cerrado. Las estrías en las paredes anticlinales y las fibras gelatinosas son caracteres diagnósticos para M. imbricata. Conclusiones: Las estrías que se forman en la pared de las células epidérmicas se reportan por primera vez en el género. Estos caracteres xeromórficos ayudan a la especie a sobrevivir en ambientes áridos y pueden contribuir al control de la calidad de la materia prima utilizada en la producción de medicamentos.

Foram realizados estudos fitossociológicos de duas áreas em campos rupestres quartzíticos e ferruginosos (sobre itabirito) de MG. Objetivou-se verificar se os litotipos e as geoformas influenciam a vegetação dessas comunidades. Os campos rupestres de ambas litologias foram estratificados pelas geoformas e fitofisionomias em: 1. Áreas inclinadas, com campos limpos 2. Platôs, com campos limpos e 3. Porções inferiores dos perfis, com campos sujos. Amostraram-se 60 parcelas (10x10m), 10 em cada habitat. Estimou-se a cobertura e calculou-se a frequência, dominância e valor de importância (VI) das espécies. Calculou-se a diversidade pelo índice de Shannon-Wiener (H') e equabilidade de Pielou (J') para cada habitat e a similaridade florística entre eles pelo índice de Jaccard e análise de agrupamentos. Inventariou-se 165 espécies nos campos quartzíticos e 160 nos ferruginosos. Nos campos rupestres declivosos e nos platôs ferruginosos Vellozia compacta foi a espécie de maior VI. Nos campos inclinados com afloramentos quartzíticos Lagenocarpus rigidus foi a espécie com maior VI, seguida por algumas fanerófitas. Echinolaena inflexa foi a espécie de maior importância nos platôs sobre quartzito, seguida por algumas fanerófitas e várias hemicriptófitas. Os campos sujos sobre itabirito foram dominados por E. erythropappus e V. compacta enquanto que os campos sujos sobre quartzito por Echinolaena inflexa, Eremanthus erythropappus e outras fanerófitas. Os campos sujos foram mais diversos que os campos limpos. Os campos rupestres ferruginosos apresentaram menor diversidade (H'=2,92) e equabilidade (J'=0,58) do que os quartzíticos (H'=3,36; J'=0,66). A análise de agrupamentos indicou a formação de grupos definidos pelas diferentes litologias e geomorfologias. Os resultados evidenciaram que a geologia e as geoformas influenciam a composição florística de campos rupestres.

The floristic composition and phytosociological structure of two areas with quartzitic and ferruginous (itabiritic) campos rupestres in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region of Minas Gerais state were studied. The aim of this research was to determine if geology and geomorphology influence the vegetation of these communities. The campos rupestres in both lithologies were stratified in three kinds of geomorphologic/phytophysionomic habitats: 1. Slopes with grasslands; 2. Plateaus with grasslands and 3. Lower slopes with woody savannas. In each habitat, 10 plots (10x10m) were randomly defined, totaling 60 plots. Frequency, dominance and importance value (IV) parameters were calculated for each species. Shannon-Wiener (H') and Pielou (J') indexes were estimated for each habitat. Jaccard index and clustering analysis were used to assess the floristic similarity of the different habitats. There were 165 species in the quartzitic and 160 in the ferruginous grasslands. Vellozia compacta was the species with the highest IV in both ferruginous grasslands. Lagenocarpus rigidus was the species with the highest IV in quartzitic sloped areas, followed by several phanerophytes. Echinolaena inflexa was the species with the highest IV in quartzitic plateaus followed by several phanerophytes and many hemicryptophytic species. The woody savannas in ferruginous areas were dominated by E. erythropappus and V. compacta, while in quartzitic areas by Echinolaena inflexa, Eremanthus erythropappus and many phanerophytic species. Woody savannas were more diverse than grasslands. Ferruginous campos rupestres exhibited lower diversity (H'=2.92) and equitability (J'=0.58) than quartzitic ones (H'=3.36; J'=0.66). Cluster analysis produced groups corresponding to the lithological and geomorphological habitats. The results give evidence that geology and geomorphology influence the floristic composition of campos rupestres.

Realizou-se um levantamento das espécies vasculares e suas respectivas formas de vida e coberturas, em campos rupestres na Serra de Ouro Preto, sobre quartzito e itabirito, para construção dos espectros florísticos, de freqüência e vegetacional. Em cada litologia foram delimitados, pela geomofologia, três tipos de habitats: 1) Áreas inclinadas, nos topos das montanhas, com campos limpos; 2) Platôs, na parte mediana das encostas, com campos limpos e 3) Partes mais baixas ou côncavas das encostas, com campos sujos. As formas de vida seguiram o sistema de Raunkiaer. Averiguaram-se as seguintes questões: Campos rupestres sobre itabirito e quartzito possuem diferentes espectros biológicos? Os habitats estratificados pela geomorfologia diferem quanto aos espectros biológicos? Os espectros florísticos, de frequência e vegetacional diferem entre si? Qual espectro se destaca como descritor da fisionomia de campos rupestres? Os resultados evidenciaram que: a) fanerófitas e hemicriptófitas são as formas de vida predominantes; b) os espectros florísticos e de frequência não diferiram entre si e ambos foram estatisticamente diferentes do espectro vegetacional; c) os habitats estratificados pela litologia e geomorfologia apresentaram espectros florísticos similares, mas os espectros de frequência e vegetação mostraram diferenças significativas; d) maior cobertura de fanerófitas e menor cobertura de hemicriptófitas foram encontradas nas áreas sobre itabirito, assim como nas partes mais baixas ou côncavas das encostas, em ambas litologias; e e) o espectro vegetacional mostrou-se mais eficiente para comparação dos habitats. Aspectos do ambiente relacionados com a distribuição de formas de vida são discutidos. Este estudo subsidia programas de restauração ambiental, ampliando o conhecimento da vegetação de campos rupestres.

Vascular species and their respective life-forms and coverage were recorded in a Brazilian quartzite and itabirite rocky outcrop site at Serra de Ouro Preto, producing the floristic, frequency and vegetational spectra. Three habitats in both lithologies were defined by geomorphology as: 1) Sloped areas near the mountain summit, with grasslands; 2) Plateaus in the middle of the slope, with grasslands; and 3) Lower and/or concave parts of the slopes, with woody savannas. The life-forms followed Raunkiaer's System. We aimed to answer the following questions: Do quartzite and itabirite rocky outcrops have different biological spectra? Are the biological spectra different in the geomorphologic habitats? Do the floristic, vegetational and frequency spectra differ from one another? What spectrum stacks up to a rocky outcrop physiognomy description? The results portrayed that: a) the most represented life-forms were the phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes; b) the floristic and frequency spectra did not differ from each other, but both differed from the vegetational one; c) all the floristic spectra were similar, but there were significant differences in the frequency and vegetational spectra among the lithology and geomorphology habitats; d) higher phanerophyte and lesser hemicryptophyte coverages were found in the itabirite areas and also in the lower or concave parts of the slopes of both lithologies; and e) the vegetational spectrum was more efficient for the studied rocky outcrop comparison. Relationships between the environmental aspects and life-form spectra are discussed. This study will help advance the development of restoration projects for these areas by adding knowledge of their flora composition, structure and function.

Nos últimos quarenta anos, o Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (PEI), localizado na região de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, esteve sujeito a várias mudanças em seus padrões de uso e ocupação do solo. Essas mudanças foram registradas e quantificadas através de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de geoprocessamento, com as quais se efetuou o mapeamento das transformações no uso e na ocupação da área durante essas quatro décadas. A fim de se avaliarem as mudanças no uso e ocupação, foram definidas as seguintes classes vegetacionais: Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Campos Rupestres e Áreas antropogênicas. Primeiramente, foram comparados os mapeamentos de uso da terra de 1966 e 1974, definidos como primeiro período de análise, depois, 1974 e 1986, considerados segundo período de análise; e, por último, o terceiro período de análise: 1986 e 2000. As mudanças que ocorreram no PEI foram predominantemente de origem antrópica, com uma maior intensidade nos anos setenta. Como resultado do abandono dessas atividades e, também, devido a um maior monitoramento e controle das ações antrópicas efetuadas no PEI nas décadas seguintes, as áreas abandonadas foram pouco a pouco sendo ocupadas por plantas pioneiras como as candeias, recuperando a região.

Over the past forty years, Itacolomi State Park (ISP), located in the region of Ouro Preto/Minas Gerais, has been subject to several changes in its patterns of land use and occupation. These changes were recorded and quantified using remote sensing and GIS techniques, which allowed for the construction of four land use maps, representing the changes in the area during the last four decades. In order to evaluate these changes, the following classes of vegetation were defined: Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Rocky outcrops and Anthropogenic Areas. First, land use maps from 1966 and 1974 were compared, defining the first period of analysis; then, 1974 and 1986 maps were considered in the second period of analysis, and finally the third period of analysis used 1986 and 2000 maps. The changes that occurred in ISP were predominantly of anthropogenic origin, with greater intensity in the seventies. As a result of the abandonment of these activities and also due to greater monitoring and control of human actions performed at ISP during the following decades, the abandoned areas are gradually being occupied by native plants such as "candeia" (Eremanthus sp), rehabilitating the region.

Esse trabalho consiste no estudo taxonômico das Schizaeales no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, localizado nos municípios de Ouro Preto e Mariana, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O Parque é constituído principalmente por campos rupestres e florestas estacionais semideciduais. A ordem Schizaeales ocorre essencialmente em ambientes tropicais e temperado meridional, sendo constituída por três famílias: Schizaeaceae, Anemiaceae e Lygodiaceae. Foram encontrados 14 táxons, distribuídos em três gêneros: Anemia (11 espécies, com reconhecimento de três variedades), Lygodium (uma espécie), Schizaea (uma espécie). Do total de táxons estudados, seis são endêmicos do Brasil. São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrições, ilustrações e comentários.

This work presents the taxonomic study of Schizaeales from Itacolomi State Park, located in Ouro Preto and Mariana Municipalities, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The vegetation of the Park is mostly formed by campos rupestres and semideciduous forests. The Schizaeales is found primarily in tropics and southern temperate zones, consisting of three families: Schizaeaceae, Anemiaceae and Lygodiaceae. Fourteen taxons were found: Anemia (11 species, including three varieties), Lygodium (one species), Schizaea (one species). Six taxons were recognized as endemics to Brazil. Identification keys, descriptions, illustrations and comments are presented.