ABSTRACT: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a nervous disease that affects ruminants, has a worldwide distribution and causes significant economic losses. PEM is abundantly described and studied in cattle and small ruminants, but there is little information about the disease in buffaloes, especially in Brazil. The objective of this work is to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of PEM in buffaloes in a feedlot in the state of Pará, Brazil. The outbreak occurred in a flock of 76 Murrah buffaloes, with an average age of five months, in a feedlot. Twenty-eight of these buffaloes became ill, and thirteen showed neurological signs and died. Two buffaloes underwent necropsy. The brain and fragments of various abdominal and thoracic cavity organs were fixed in 10% formalin and sent for histopathological examination. In the frontal, parietal, and occipital telencephalic lobes, the convolutions were flattened and yellowish, and when cut, there was a clear line of demarcation between the superficial and deep layers. Histologically, the intermediate layers of the cerebral cortex showed mild to moderate vacuolization of the neuropil, moderate enlargement of the perivascular, perineuronal, and periastrocyte spaces, moderate swelling and edema of astrocytes, and a large number of necrotic neurons. The work demonstrates that, despite being poorly documented in Brazil, PEM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological syndromes in buffaloes.

RESUMO: Polioencefalomalacia (PEM) é uma doença nervosa complexa que afeta ruminantes, tem distribuição mundial e causa perdas econômicas significativas. A PEM é abundantemente descrita e estudada em bovinos e pequenos ruminantes, porém há poucas informações sobre a doença em bubalinos, especialmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de PEM em búfalos em um confinamento no estado do Pará, Brasil. O surto ocorreu em um lote de 76 búfalos da raça Murrah, com idade média de cinco meses, em um sistema de confinamento. Vinte e oito desses bubalinos adoeceram e treze apresentaram sinais neurológicos e morreram. Dois bubalinos foram submetidos à necropsia. O encéfalo e fragmentos de diversos órgãos da cavidade abdominal e torácica foram fixados em formol a 10% e enviados para exame histopatológico. Nos lobos frontal, parietal e occipital do telencéfalo as circunvoluções estavam achatadas e amareladas e ao corte havia uma clara linha de demarcação entre as camadas superficial e profunda. Na histologia as camadas intermediárias do córtex cerebral apresentavam vacuolização leve a moderada do neurópilo, aumento moderado dos espaços perivascular, perineuronal e periastrocitário, tumefação e edema moderados de astrócitos e grande número de neurônios necróticos. O trabalho demonstra que, apesar de pouco documentada no Brasil, a PEM deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das síndromes neurológicas em bubalinos.

Background: The concept introduced by enhanced recovery after surgery protocols modifies perioperative traditional care in digestive surgery. The integration of these modern recommendations components during the perioperative period are highly important to ensure less postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay and decreased surgical costs. Aims: The aim of this position paper is to emphasize the most important points of a multimodal perioperative care protocol. Methods:  A careful analysis of each recommendation of both ERAS and ACERTO protocols is presented, justifying its inclusion in the recommended multimodal care of digestive surgery patients. Results: Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) such as ERAS and ACERTO protocols are a cornerstone in modern perioperative care. Nutritional therapy is highly important in digestive surgery and thus both preoperative and postoperative nutrition care are key to ensure less postoperative complications and to reduce the length of hospital stay. The concept of prehabilitation is another key element in ERPs. Management of crystalloid fluids in a perfect balance in vital. Fluid overload may delay the recovery of patients and increase postoperative complications. Abbreviation of preoperative fast for 2h before anesthesia is now accepted by various guidelines of both surgical and anesthesiology societies. Combined with early postoperative refeeding, these prescriptions are not only safe but can also enhance recovery of patients undergoing digestive procedures. Conclusions: This Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery position paper strongly emphasizes that the implementation of ERPs in digestive surgery represents a paradigm shift in perioperative care, transcending traditional practices and embracing an intelligent approach to patient well-being.   Background: The concept introduced by enhanced recovery after surgery protocols modifies perioperative traditional care in digestive surgery. The integration of these modern recommendations components during the perioperative period are highly important to ensure less postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay and decreased surgical costs. Aims: The aim of this position paper is to emphasize the most important points of a multimodal perioperative care protocol. Methods:  A careful analysis of each recommendation of both ERAS and ACERTO protocols is presented, justifying its inclusion in the recommended multimodal care of digestive surgery patients. Results: Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) such as ERAS and ACERTO protocols are a cornerstone in modern perioperative care. Nutritional therapy is highly important in digestive surgery and thus both preoperative and postoperative nutrition care are key to ensure less postoperative complications and to reduce the length of hospital stay. The concept of prehabilitation is another key element in ERPs. Management of crystalloid fluids in a perfect balance in vital. Fluid overload may delay the recovery of patients and increase postoperative complications. Abbreviation of preoperative fast for 2h before anesthesia is now accepted by various guidelines of both surgical and anesthesiology societies. Combined with early postoperative refeeding, these prescriptions are not only safe but can also enhance recovery of patients undergoing digestive procedures. Conclusions: This Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery position paper strongly emphasizes that the implementation of ERPs in digestive surgery represents a paradigm shift in perioperative care, transcending traditional practices and embracing an intelligent approach to patient well-being.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the impacts of thermal processing on the chemical composition of jackfruit seeds and their toxicity. The ash content of the seeds subjected to roasting was higher (3.21%) compared to the seeds in the other treatments. However, the contents of moisture (5.29%) and protein (10.49%) were lower. The protein content showed a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) among the studied groups (10.49%). The lipid content was lower in the seeds subjected to cooking (1.13%), while the carbohydrate content showed a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) among the groups studied (54.11%). Raw seeds had the highest fiber content (25.20%). Regarding toxicity, only the cooked jackfruit seed flour showed cytotoxic potential. However, none of the samples caused irritation or vascular disorders in fertilized eggs. These results suggested that heat treatment can ensure the safety of seeds against cytotoxicity; although, it reduces the content of some macronutrients.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos do processamento térmico na composição química das sementes de jaca sua toxicidade. O teor de cinzas das sementes submetida à torra foi maior (3,21%) em comparação com as sementes nos outros tratamentos. No entanto, os teores de umidade (5,29%) e proteínas (10,49%) foram menores. O teor de proteínas apresentou diferença significativa (P≤ 0.05) entre os grupos estudados (10,49%). O teor de lipídeos foi menor nas sementes submetidas ao cozimento (1,13%), enquanto o teor de carboidratos apresentou diferença significativa (P ≤ 0.05) entre os grupos estudados (54,11%). As sementes brutas apresentaram o maior teor de fibras (25,20%). Em relação à toxicidade, apenas a farinha de sementes de jaca cozidas apresentou potencial citotóxico, embora nenhuma das amostras tenha causado irritação ou distúrbios vasculares em ovos fecundados. Esses resultados sugerem que o tratamento térmico pode garantir a segurança das sementes frente à citotoxicidade, embora reduza o teor de alguns macronutrientes.

ABSTRACT The use of non-conventional feeds in poultry farming can reduce production costs, mainly because of its low cost, availability and chemical composition. Thus, parboiled whole rice bran (PWRB) appears as a potential use in feeding quails. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of PWRB in the diet of quails. In each experiment, a total of 288 seven-day-old European quails of both sexes, were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replicates of eight quails each. The treatments consisted in the inclusion of PWRB in the proportions of 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25% (first) and 0; 8; 16; 24; 32 and 40% (second). In the first experiment, a linear reduction in feed intake and weight gain was observed with the inclusion of PWRB above 5%, with no significant effect on feed conversion and carcass characteristics. However, there was no loss in the performance and carcass characteristics of quails fed with different levels of PWRB in comparison to the control group. In the second, it was observed that the inclusion of PWRB above 8% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake, weight gain and improvement in feed conversion, with no significant effect on carcass characteristics. However, quails fed 40% PWRB showed reduced intake and weight gain when compared to the control group. The use of PWRB provided an improvement in economic viability. Considering the effect on growth, PWRB can be used in the feeding of meat quails up to 32%.

Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between obesity and psychiatric diseases, especially mood disorders. However, few have evaluated the correlation between morbid obesity and affective temperament. Objective: To study the existence of affective temperament in morbidly obese individuals before surgical treatment of obesity. Methods: The material for reading and analysis was selected from research on virtual platforms focusing on affective temperaments (hyperthymia, dysthymia and cyclothymia). A search was carried out for descriptors related to the topic ("temperament, morbid obesity, bariatric surgery, mood disorders” and their equivalents in English with AND or OR search), considering the title and/or abstract, and then reading the work in full. Results: The most common psychiatric comorbidities in overweight and obesity were mood, anxiety and binge eating disorders. The estimated prevalence of affective temperaments in morbidly obese people is about 65%. Conclusion: The prevalence of affective temperaments is higher in morbidly obese people, candidates for bariatric surgery, compared to the general population. Cyclothymic temperament is the most common in the morbidly obese patient population.

Introdução: Inúmeros estudos têm demonstrado forte relação entre obesidade e doenças psiquiátricas, especialmente doenças do humor. Contudo, poucos avaliaram a correlação entre obesidade mórbida e temperamento afetivo. Objetivo: Estudar a existência de temperamento afetivo em obesos mórbidos antes do tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade. Métodos: O material para leitura e análise foi selecionado a partir de pesquisa em plataformas virtuais com foco nos temperamentos afetivos (hipertimia, distimia e ciclotimia). Inicialmente foi realizada busca por descritores relacionados ao tema (temperamento, obesidade mórbida, cirurgia bariátrica, transtornos do humor” e seus equivalentes em inglês com busca AND ou OR), considerando o título e/ou resumo, e a seguir a leitura do trabalho na íntegra. Resultados: As comorbidades psiquiátricas mais frequentes no sobrepeso e obesidade foram os transtornos do humor, de ansiedade e da compulsão alimentar. A prevalência estimada de temperamentos afetivos em obesos mórbidos é cerca de 65%. Conclusão: A prevalência de temperamentos afetivos é maior em obesos mórbidos, candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica, em comparação a população geral. O temperamento ciclotímico é o mais comum na população de pacientes com obesidade mórbida.

Introduction: Affective temperaments are understood as part of the spectrum of mood disorders and comprise the concepts of hyperthymia, dysthymia and cyclothymia. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between obesity and psychiatric illnesses, especially mood illnesses. However, few studies have evaluated the association between morbid obesity and affective temperament. Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of the 3 main types of affective temperaments in morbidly obese individuals and in controls without a diagnosis of obesity, and to establish a possible association between affective temperaments and morbid obesity in candidates for bariatric surgery. Methods: The is a case-control study and evaluated 206 individuals, 106 from the Case Group (diagnosed with morbid obesity) and 100 from the Control Group (without a diagnosis of obesity). Assessment was carried out using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, San Diego Autoquestionnaire – TEMPS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results: The average age was 48.1 years; women represented 73.8%; at least 1 affective temperament was 74.5% in the Case Group and 63% in the Control Group. In the morbidly obese group, dysthymic temperament was found in 9.4%, cyclothymic in 21.7% and hyperthymic in 61.3%. When comparing the 2 groups, the age subgroup aged 50 or over showed an Odds Ratio of 2.56 for the hyperthymic temperament. Conclusions: In the subgroup aged 50 or over, cases of morbid obesity were significantly more likely (2.56 times) to occur in individuals with a hyperthymic temperament, compared to individuals who do not have this temperament. Among the 3 types of affective temperaments evaluated, only hyperthymia was considered a risk factor for morbid obesity.

Introdução: Os temperamentos afetivos são entendidos como parte do espectro das doenças do humor e compreendem os conceitos de hipertimia, distimia e ciclotimia. Inúmeros estudos têm demonstrado forte relação entre obesidade e doenças psiquiátricas, especialmente doenças do humor. Contudo, poucos estudos avaliaram a associação entre obesidade mórbida e temperamento afetivo. Objetivos: Avaliar a frequência dos 3 principais tipos de temperamentos afetivos em obesos mórbidos e em controles sem o diagnóstico de obesidade, e estabelecer possível associação entre os temperamentos afetivos e a obesidade mórbida em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: O estudo é de caso-controle e avaliou 206 indivíduos, sendo 106 do Grupo Caso (com diagnóstico de obesidade mórbida) e 100 do Grupo Controle (sem o diagnóstico de obesidade). A avaliação foi realizada aplicando-se as escalas Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, San Diego Autoquestionnaire – TEMPS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) e Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Resultados: A média de idade foi de 48,1 anos; mulheres representaram 73,8%; pelo menos 1 temperamento afetivo foi de 74,5% no Grupo Caso e de 63% no Grupo Controle. No grupo de obesos mórbidos encontrou- se temperamento distímico em 9,4%, ciclotímico em 21,7% e hipertímico em 61,3%. Na comparação entre os 2 grupos, o subgrupo etário com 50 anos ou mais mostrou para o temperamento hipertímico Odds Ratio de 2,56. Conclusões: No subgrupo de 50 anos ou mais os casos de obesidade mórbida apresentou chance significativamente maior (2,56 vezes) de ocorrer em indivíduos com temperamento hipertímico, em comparação com indivíduos que não apresentam este temperamento. Dentre os 3 tipos de temperamentos afetivos avaliados, apenas a hipertimia foi considerado fator de risco para a obesidade mórbida.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report outcomes from the largest multicenter series of penile cancer patients undergoing video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL). Materials and Methods: Retrospective multicenter analysis. Authors of 21 centers from the Penile Cancer Collaborative Coalition-Latin America (PeC-LA) were included. All centers performed the procedure following the same previously described standardized technique. Inclusion criteria included penile cancer patients with no palpable lymph nodes and intermediate/high-risk disease and those with non-fixed palpable lymph nodes less than 4 cm in diameter. Categorical variables are shown as percentages and frequencies whereas continuous variables as mean and range. Results: From 2006 to 2020, 210 VEIL procedures were performed in 105 patients. Mean age was 58 (45-68) years old. Mean operative time was 90 minutes (60-120). Mean lymph node yield was 10 nodes (6-16). Complication rate was 15.7%, including severe complications in 1.9% of procedures. Lymphatic and skin complications were noted in 8.6 and 4.8% of patients, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed lymph node involvement in 26.7% of patients with non-palpable nodes. Inguinal recurrence was observed in 2.8% of patients. 10y- overall survival was 74.2% and 10-y cancer specific survival was 84.8%. CSS for pN0, pN1, pN2 and pN3 were 100%, 82.4%, 72.7% and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion: VEIL seems to offer appropriate long term oncological control with minimal morbidity. In the absence of non-invasive stratification measures such as dynamic sentinel node biopsy, VEIL emerged as the alternative for the management of non-bulky lymph nodes in penile cancer.

Research to identify plant bioactive compounds led to the evolution of extraction methods. This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to extract the flavonoids of Croton grewioides Baill. species contributing to characterize the polar extract profile and understand the antioxidant potential of these plant constituents. The use of experimental design and statistical treatments enabled the determination of the ideal conditions for each technique. The extracts of five accessions of C. grewioides were obtained under the optimized extraction conditions and were analyzed using ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-Orbitrap MS) operating at negative ionization mode for flavonoids detection. The accurate experimental mass obtained to the main compounds was used to attribute the molecular formula. Chemical structures of the main compounds detected were proposed using structure data bases. Chemometric analysis were performed with two FT-Orbitrap MS spectra samples using the identified metabolites and, the antioxidant activity data, showing that for this species the MAE was most effective in extracting the antioxidant compounds. It was possible to propose the structures for forty compounds in the C. grewioides extracts, demonstrating the excellent performance of the FT-Orbitrap MS in providing information on the chemical profile of polar compounds in plant extracts. methods ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted UAE (UAE microwaveassisted microwave (MAE Baill constituents technique C highresolution high resolution FTOrbitrap FT Orbitrap detection formula bases

This study aims to identify and analyze factors associated with Food Insecurity (FI), trends and spatial distributions for geographical strata. The hypothesis of worsening of the outcome of severe FI, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA), in households as an effect of the crisis and/or the austerity policy, was investigated. The article involves studies with cross-sectional design and mixed ecological of spatio-temporal trends, based on 4 national IBGE surveys. It was adopted a weight calibration procedure according to population distribution by gender and age group, as well as estimation and modeling methods that incorporate effects of the sample design. Poisson regression with robust estimation of variance was used to estimate prevalence ratios of severe FI at the etiological level. For the ecological level, two multilevel modeling approaches were employed for repeated measures of strata: multiple log-log regression for associations; and, modeling of splines for trend estimation. The findings point to impacts of the current austerity, with changes in trends in the Bolsa Família Program and reflections on the increase in severe FI. It is projected an increase in FI and distance from the achievement of the SDG nº 2 in 2030 by Brazil, despite the success obtained in 2014 for MDG nº 1.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar los factores asociados a la Inseguridad Alimentaria (IF), tendencias y distribución espacial por estratos geográficos. Se investigó la hipótesis de empeoramiento del resultado de la IF severa, medida por la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA), en los hogares como efecto de la crisis y/o de la política de austeridad. El artículo trata de estudios con diseño transversal para análisis ecológicos transversales y mixtos de tendencias espacio-temporales, a partir de 4 encuestas nacionales del IBGE. Se adoptó un procedimiento de calibración de peso de acuerdo con la distribución por sexo y grupo de edad y métodos de estimación y modelado que incorporan efectos del diseño de la muestra. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con estimación robusta de la varianza para estimar los índices de prevalencia de la IA grave a nivel etiológico. Para el nivel ecológico, se emplearon dos enfoques de modelado multinivel para medidas repetidas de estratos: regresión logarítmica múltiple para asociaciones; y modelado de splines para la estimación de tendencias. Los hallazgos apuntan a impactos de la actual austeridad, con cambios de tendencia en el Programa Bolsa Família y reflejos sobre el aumento de la IF severa. Se proyecta un aumento de la IA y distancia de la consecución del objetivo nº 2 de los ODS en 2030 por parte de Brasil, a pesar del éxito obtenido en 2014 para el ODM nº 1.

Este estudo visa identificar e analisar fatores associados à Insegurança Alimentar (IA), tendências e distribuição espacial para estratos geográficos. Investigou-se a hipótese de piora do desfecho de IA grave, medido pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA), nos domicílios como efeito da crise e/ou da política de austeridade. O artigo envolve estudos com desenho transversal para análises seccionais e ecológico misto de tendências espaço-temporais, a partir de 4 inquéritos nacionais do IBGE. Adotou-se procedimento de calibração dos pesos segundo distribuição por sexo e faixa etária e métodos de estimação e modelagem que incorporam efeitos do desenho amostral. A regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta de variância foi empregada para estimar razões de prevalências de IA grave em nível etiológico. Para o nível ecológico, empregou-se duas abordagens de modelagem multinível para medidas repetidas de estratos: regressão múltipla log-log para associações; e, modelagem de splines para estimação de tendências. Os achados apontam impactos da austeridade vigente, com mudanças de tendências no Programa Bolsa Família e reflexos sobre o aumento da IA grave. Projeta-se o aumento da IA e afastamento do alcance do objetivo nº 2 dos ODS em 2030 pelo Brasil, a despeito do sucesso obtido em 2014 para o ODM nº 1.

RESUMO A suplementação mineral adequada pode ser uma estratégia para viabilizar o uso de água salobra na produção de hortaliças. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das concentrações de nitrato de cálcio nas trocas gasosas foliares e na produção de couve (Brassica oleracea L.) fertigada com soluções nutritivas salinizadas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados (4 + 1), com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas cinco soluções nutritivas, sendo quatro foram preparadas em água salobra (6,0 dS m-1) contendo quatro concentrações de Ca(NO3)2 [(750, 1.125, 1.500 e 1.875 mg L-1)] e um tratamento controle (solução nutritiva padrão usando água de baixa salinidade, 0,5 dS m-1 (750 mg L-1 de Ca(NO3)2) . As seguintes análises foram realizadas: trocas gasosas foliares, área foliar e produção de matéria fresca. A solução nutritiva padrão forneceu maiores valores para taxa fotossintética (13,06 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), condutância estomática (0,19 mol H2O m-2 s-1), transpiração (2,76 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), eficiência instantânea do uso da água (4,73 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O), eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (0,053 mmol CO2 mol-1 CO2), área foliar (2,78 cm2 por planta) e produtividade de matéria fresca folhas (2,64 kg por planta).O Ca(NO3)2 não anulou, mas atenuou o efeito deletério do estresse salino nas trocas gasosas foliares, com exceção da produção da couve (massa fresca de folhas).

ABSTRACT Adequate mineral supplementation can be a strategy to enable the use of brackish water in the production of vegetables. This study intended to evaluate the effect of calcium nitrate concentrations on leaf gas exchanges and yield of kale (Brassica oleracea L) fertigated with salinized nutrient solutions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block experimental design (4 + 1), with four replicates. Four nutrient solutions prepared in brackish water (6.0 dS m-1) containing four concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 [(750, 1,125, 1,500, and 1,875 mg L-1)] and a control treatment (standard nutrient solution using low-salinity water, 0.5 dS m-1 (750 mg L-1 of Ca(NO3)2) were used in the study. The following analyses were performed: leaf gas exchanges, leaf area, and fresh matter yield. The standard nutrient solution promoted higher values for photosynthetic rate (13.06 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0.19 mol H2O m-2 s-1), transpiration (2.76 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), instantaneous water use efficiency (4.73 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (0.053 mmol CO2 mol-1 CO2), leaf area (2.78 cm2 per plant), and leaf fresh matter yield (2.64 kg per plant). The Ca(NO3)2 not nullified but mitigated the deleterious effect of salt stress on leaf gas exchanges, except for kale yield (leaf fresh matter).

INTRODUCTION: With the aging of the Brazilian population, to scale and evaluate the profile of the vulnerable population for having the Frailty Syndrome in Elderly (FSE) and understanding its associated factors is of great importance. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of elders corresponding to the information referred in the frailty indicators on the Edmonton Frail Scale on a geriatric specialized facility. METHODOLOGY: The present study is a cross-sectional, analytical study, with the elders from a geriatrics specialized facility in Joinville, Brazil. It was analyzed the social-economic profiles (gender, ethnicity, income and schooling) and the evaluation for the FSE, as well as comorbidities present. The project has been approved by the Ethics in Research Committee of UNIVILLE under the protocol number 40940020.6.0000.5366. RESULTS: the results were obtained from the 141 elderly interviewed, with 74 years old as the average age. Majority (60%) female, white (90,2%), of low scholar education (56%) and married or in a stable relationship (53,2%). The prevalence of some sort of fragility was of 17,7% (IC95%). DISCUSSION: Although the discussion over the criteria to establish FSE, the present study was based on the Edmonton Frail Scale. The local sample analyzed demonstrated how the discussion over schooling, smoking, income and the high rates of comorbidities predisposes to FSE and, in that way, also in a higher prevalence of elderly falls. This aligns with previous literature studies which showcase higher prevalence of falls in patients with these epidemiological characteristics. CONCLUSION: Despite some limitations of this present study, such as it being done in a well respected specialized geriatric facility, it does demonstrate the local profile of the elderly stricken with FSE.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Con el envejecimiento de la población brasileña, escalar y evaluar el perfil de la población vulnerable por tener el Síndrome de Fragilidad del Anciano (FSE) y comprender sus factores asociados es de gran importancia. OBJETIVO: Analizar el perfil de los ancianos correspondientes a las informaciones referidas en los indicadores de fragilidad de la Escala de Fragilidad de Edmonton en un establecimiento especializado en geriatría. METODOLOGÍA: El presente estudio es un estudio transversal, analítico, con ancianos de una unidad especializada en geriatría de Joinville, Brasil. Se analizaron los perfiles socioeconómicos (género, etnia, renta y escolaridad) y la evaluación para el FSE, así como las comorbilidades presentes. El proyecto ha sido aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de UNIVILLE bajo el protocolo número 40940020.6.0000.5366. RESULTADOS: los resultados fueron obtenidos de los 141 ancianos entrevistados, con 74 años como promedio de edad. Mayoritariamente (60%) mujeres, blancas (90,2%), de baja escolaridad (56%) y casadas o en pareja estable (53,2%). La prevalencia de algún tipo de fragilidad fue del 17,7% (IC95%). DISCUSIÓN: A pesar de la discusión sobre los criterios para establecer FSE, el presente estudio se basó en la Escala de Frágil de Edmonton. La muestra local analizada demostró cómo la discusión sobre la escolaridad, el tabaquismo, la renta y los altos índices de comorbilidades predisponen a la EEF y, de ese modo, también a una mayor prevalencia de caídas en ancianos. Esto se alinea con estudios previos de la literatura que muestran una mayor prevalencia de caídas en pacientes con estas características epidemiológicas. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de algunas limitaciones de este presente estudio, como que se realizó en un centro geriátrico especializado muy respetado, demuestra el perfil local de los ancianos afectados por FSE.

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o envelhecimento da população Brasileira, dimensionar e avaliar o perfil da população vulnerável a ter a Síndrome da Fragilidade no Idoso (SFI) e entender seus fatores associados é de grande importância. OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de idosos que correspondem às informações referentes aos indicadores de fragilidade do questionário de fragilidade de Edmonton, em uma clínica especializada em geriatria. MÉTODO: O presente estudo é do tipo transversal, analítico, com idosos da Unidade especializada de atenção geriátrica em Joinville, Brasil. Foram analisados perfil social econômico (escolaridade, renda, raça, sexo) e a avaliação para a SFI e as comorbidades no idoso. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UNIVILLE sob parecer de n⁰ 40940020.6.0000.5366. RESULTADO: Os resultados do estudo foram a partir dos 141 idosos entrevistados, com uma média de 74 anos de idade. A maioria (60%) do sexo feminino, de cor branca (90,1%), de baixa escolaridade (56%) e casados ou em união estável (53,2%). A prevalência de algum nível de fragilidade foi de 17,7% (IC95%). DISCUSSÃO: Apesar da discussão sobre os critérios para definição da SFI, o presente estudo baseou-se no questionário de fragilidade de Edmonton - Edmonton Frail Scale. A amostra local da população representa como discussão sobre a escolaridade, tabagismo, renda e o grande número de comorbidades predispõe a SFI e, dessa forma, também uma prevalência maior de queda do idoso. Isso converge com estudos prévios na literatura que ilustram maior prevalência de queda em pacientes com esse perfil epidemiológico. Conclusão: Apesar de algumas limitações do estudo como de ter sido realizado em um serviço de referência em geriatria, o estudo molda o perfil local da população idosa acometida pela SFI.

Abstract The objective of this study was to present information on the impacts resulting from Covid-19 on the artisanal coalho cheese production chain about: access to information; socioeconomic; income and government support; healthcare. The interviews were conducted using the Google Forms tool, with milk and artisanal coalho cheese producers in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The producers obtained a lot of information transmitted on television (66%); the majority to adhere to health protocols. There was instability in the production, with an initial need to reduce production resulting from prohibitive measures to trade. The level of demand with regard to the consumer market increased with the quality of milk and cheeses. An allegation of lack of support from the government to maintain the activity was also verified in 78.7% of the interviewees, but 83% had resorted to emergency aid. Therefore, it can be concluded that the challenges imposed by the pandemic are not just sanitary. The study confirmed the need to restructure public services and policies. These results can provide compelling evidence about the rural context in the country.

Resumen: Los efectos adversos de la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP) oral con fumarato de disoproxilo de tenofovir son barreras para el inicio y la continuación de la PrEP. Aunque los efectos graves son raros y predecibles, la evidencia de esta evaluación entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y mujeres transgénero (MTG) sigue siendo limitada. Este estudio evalúa los efectos adversos de la PrEP oral diaria en HSH y MTG. Se trata de una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos y cohortes que demuestran el uso de la PrEP oral diaria seleccionada de las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS y Cochrane CENTRAL. La recolección de datos incluyó efectos adversos y cambios en los marcadores renales y hepáticos. Se utilizaron modelos de efectos aleatorios para resumir el riesgo de efectos adversos a lo largo del estudio. La heterogeneidad se evaluó mediante la prueba Q de Cochran y la inconsistencia (I2). El riesgo de sesgo y la certeza de la evidencia se evaluaron utilizando las recomendaciones de la Colaboración Cochrane. Se identificaron 653 referencias. De estas, se seleccionaron diez. Todos los estudios evaluaron los marcadores renales de elegibilidad y los marcadores hepáticos. El uso diario de la PrEP oral no se asoció con eventos de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,99; IC95%: 0,83-1,18; I2 = 26,1%), con ningún evento adverso grave (RR = 1,04; IC95%: 0,58-1,87; I2 = 88,4%), con creatinina de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,24-1,84; I2 = 79,9%) y con hipofosfatemia de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,56, IC95%: 0,15-2,10). La certeza de la evidencia varió de alta a moderada para los resultados analizados. La PrEP oral diaria es segura y bien tolerada por HSH y MTG. Los efectos adversos fueron mínimos y se distribuyeron uniformemente entre la intervención y el control.

Abstract: The adverse effects of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are barriers to PrEP initiation and continuation. Although serious effects are rare and predictable, evidence for this assessment among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) is still limited. This study assesses the adverse effects of daily oral PrEP in MSM and TGW. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and cohort studies on the use of daily oral PrEP selected from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Data extraction included adverse effects and changes in renal and hepatic markers. Random effects models were used to summarize the risk of adverse effects throughout the study. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran’s Q test and the inconsistency test (I2). The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. The search identified 653 references. Of these, 10 were selected. All studies assessed the eligibility of renal and hepatic markers. The use of daily oral PrEP was not associated with grade 3 or 4 adverse events (RR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.83-1.18; I2 = 26.1%), any serious adverse event (RR = 1.04; 95%CI: 0.58-1.87; I2 = 88.4%), grade 3+4 creatinine level (RR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.24-1.84; I2 = 79.9%), and grade 3 or 4 hypophosphatemia (RR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.15-2.10). The certainty of the evidence ranged from high to moderate for the outcomes analyzed. Daily oral PrEP is safe and well tolerated by MSM and TGW. Adverse effects were minimal and evenly distributed between intervention and control.

Resumo: Os efeitos adversos da profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) oral com fumarato de tenofovir desoproxila são barreiras para o início e a continuidade da PrEP. Embora os efeitos graves sejam raros e previsíveis, as evidências dessa avaliação entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e mulheres transgênero (MTG) ainda são limitadas. Este estudo avalia os efeitos adversos da PrEP oral diária em HSH e MTG. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de ensaios clínicos e coortes que demonstram o uso de PrEP oral diária selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e Cochrane CENTRAL. A extração de dados incluiu os efeitos adversos e alterações nos marcadores renais e hepáticos. Modelos de efeitos aleatórios foram usados para resumir o risco de efeitos adversos ao longo do estudo. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e inconsistência (I2). O risco de viés e a certeza da evidência foram avaliados por meio das recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane. Foram identificadas 653 referências. Destes, dez foram selecionadas. Todos os estudos avaliaram marcadores renais de elegibilidade e marcadores hepáticos. O uso diário de PrEP oral não foi associado a eventos de grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,99; IC95%: 0,83-1,18; I2 = 26,1%), a qualquer evento adverso grave (RR = 1,04; IC95%: 0,58-1,87; I2 =88,4%), à creatinina grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,24-1,84; I2 = 79,9%) e à hipofosfatemia grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,56; IC95%: 0,15-2,10). A certeza das evidências variou de alta a moderada para os desfechos analisados. A PrEP oral diária é segura e bem tolerada por HSH e MTG. Os efeitos adversos foram mínimos e distribuídos uniformemente entre a intervenção e o controle.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the kyphosis measurement in thoracolumbar spine traumatic fractures by different assessment methods in different types of fractures. Methods: Fifteen fractures of the thoracolumbar spine, previously classified into types A, B, and C according to Magerl’s classification, were evaluated. The value of kyphosis was measured using five different methods: (1) Cobb angle; (2) Gardner’s method; (3) back wall method; (4) angle of adjacent endplates; and (5) wedge angle. The measurements were performed by five independent observers and repeated five times with a minimum interval of two weeks between each evaluation. Results: Intraobserver reliability was excellent among the five observers, evidencing good reproducibility of the methods. The five methods used also showed great intraobserver reliability in the global analysis, with methods one and four being more consistent. Conclusion: Although there is no universal agreement on measuring kyphosis in thoracolumbar fractures, our study concluded that method 1 (Cobb angle) and method 4 (adjacent endplate angle) presented the best interobserver reliabilities. Furthermore, the use of digitized radiographs and a simple computer program allowed the performance of highly reliable and reproducible measurements by all methods, given the high intraobserver reliability. Level of Evidence II; Comparative study.

Resumen: Objetivos: Evaluar la fiabilidad y reproducibilidad de mensuración de cifosis en fracturas traumáticas de la columna toracolumbar por diferentes métodos de valoración en diferentes tipos de fracturas. Métodos: Se evaluaron quince fracturas de columna toracolumbar, previamente clasificadas en los tipos A, B y C según la clasificación de Magerl. En cada caso, el valor de la cifosis se midió utilizando cinco métodos diferentes: (1) ángulo de Cobb; (2) método de Gardner; (3) método de la pared posterior; (4) ángulo de placas de extremo adyacentes; y (5) ángulo de cuña. Las mediciones fueron realizadas por cinco evaluadores independientes y repetidas cinco veces con un intervalo mínimo de dos semanas entre cada evaluación. Resultados: La confiabilidad intraobservador fue excelente entre los cinco evaluadores, evidenciando una buena reproducibilidad de los métodos. Los cinco métodos utilizados también mostraron una gran fiabilidad intraobservador en el análisis global, siendo el método 1 y el método 4 más consistentes. Conclusión: Aunque no existe un acuerdo universal sobre cómo medir la cifosis en las fracturas toracolumbares, nuestro estudio concluyó que el método 1 (ángulo de Cobb) y el método 4 (ángulo de la placa terminal adyacente) presentaron las mejores confiabilidades entre observadores. Además, el uso de radiografías digitalizadas y un programa informático simple permitieron realizar mediciones altamente fiables y reproducibles por todos los métodos, dada la alta fiabilidad intraobservador. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio Comparativo.

Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar a confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade da mensuração da cifose nas fraturas traumáticas da coluna toracolombar por diferentes métodos de avaliação nos diferentes tipos de fraturas. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 15 fraturas na coluna toracolombar previamente classificadas em tipo A, B e C de acordo com a classificação de Magerl. Em cada caso, foi medido o valor da cifose através de cinco diferentes métodos: (1) ângulo de Cobb; (2) método de Gardner; (3) método das paredes posteriores; (4) ângulo das placas terminais adjacentes; e (5) ângulo de cunha. As mensurações foram realizadas por cinco avaliadores independentes e repetidas cinco vezes com intervalo mínimo de duas semanas entre cada avaliação. Resultados: A confiabilidade intraobservador mostrou-se excelente entre os cinco avaliadores, evidenciando boa reprodutibilidade dos métodos. Os cinco métodos utilizados também apresentaram grande confiabilidade intraobservador na análise global, sendo mais consistentes o método 1 e o método 4. Conclusão: Apesar de não haver concordância universal em como medir a cifose nas fraturas toracolombares, nosso estudo concluiu que o método 1 (ângulo de Cobb) e o método 4 (ângulo das placas terminais adjacentes) apresentaram as melhores confiabilidades interobservadores. Além disso, o uso de radiografias digitalizadas e um programa computadorizado simples permitiram a realização de medidas altamente confiáveis e reprodutíveis por todos os métodos, visto pela elevada confiabilidade intraobservador. Nível de evidência II; Estudo Comparativo.

Abstract Strong acids used in industrial applications as cleaning, descaling, among others, can severely damage metallic structures, requiring corrosion inhibitors to diminish or avoid these issues. Since many conventional compounds used for this purpose may result in environmental and human health issues, eco-friendly compounds such as Schiff bases have been recently investigated. The synthesis of three novel Schiff bases (SBs) was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Weight loss measurements were carried out in 1 M HCl over 303K-333K. Furthermore, the combination of these compounds with a surfactant improved the efficiencies, reaching an efficiency of 93%. Optical and scanning electron microscopies confirmed the reduced roughness and pit depths of carbon steel samples. Density-functional theory calculations for neutral forms of SBs revealed that the geometrical and the energetical parameters are similar for the three studied SBs. The geometrical results exhibited more planar structures of protonated species, improving the chemical and physical interactions between aromatic rings and metallic atoms.