Resumen Introducción. Los individuos infectados por el virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) pueden presentar formas graves y diseminadas de infestación por Strongyloides stercoralis con poca mejoría terapéutica. Objetivo. Investigar la infestación por S. stercoralis y la seroprevalencia de IgG anti-S. stercoralis en individuos infectados por HTLV-1 atendidos en el Centro de Referencia para HTLV-1 (CHTLV), en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal con 178 individuos infectados por HTLV-1 atendidos en el centro especializado de HTLV entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. El diagnóstico parasitológico de S. stercoralis se hizo mediante los métodos de Hoffman, Pons y Janer, cultivo en placa de agar y Baermann-Morais. Para la detección de IgG anti-S. stercoralis, se utilizó una prueba casera de inmunoabsorción ligada a enzimas (ELISA). La infección por HTLV-1 se diagnosticó usando un ELISA comercial y se confirmó mediante Western blot. Resultados. La frecuencia de infestación por S. stercoralis fue del 3,4 % (6/178). Además, los individuos infestados por S. stercoralis provenientes de la zona rural (50,0 %; 3/6) también mostraron hiperinfestación por S. stercoralis (>3.000 larvas/gramo de heces). La frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-S. stercoralis fue del 20,8 % (37/178). Conclusiones. Las personas infectadas por HTLV-1 que viven en condiciones sanitarias precarias son más propensas a desarrollar formas graves de infestación por S. stercoralis. Teniendo en cuenta la gran vulnerabilidad y el resultado desfavorable de la infección en estos individuos, se debe considerar el diagnóstico serológico de S. stercoralis para administrar el tratamiento.

Abstract Introduction: Individuals infected with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) may present severe and disseminated forms of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with low therapeutic response. Objective: To investigate the S. stercoralis infection and the seroprevalence of IgG anti-S. stercoralis antibodies in individuals infected with HTLV-1 attending the Reference Center for HTLV-1 (CHTLV) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 178 HTLV-1-infected individuals treated at the HTLV specialized center between January, 2014, and December, 2018. The parasitological diagnosis of S. stercoralis was performed using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer, agar plate culture, and Baermann-Morais methods. The IgG anti-S. stercoralis detection was performed using an in house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The HTLV-1 infection was diagnosed using a commercial ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Results: The frequency of S. stercoralis infection was 3.4% (6/178). Individuals infected with S. stercoralis from rural areas (50.0%; 3/6) also showed S. stercoralis hyperinfection (>3,000 larvae/ gram of feces). The frequency of circulating anti-S. stercoralis IgG antibodies was 20.8% (37/178). Conclusions: HTLV-1-infected people living in precarious sanitary conditions are more prone to develop severe forms of S. stercoralis infection. Considering the high susceptibility and unfavorable outcome of the infection in these individuals, the serological diagnosis for S. stercoralis should be considered when providing treatment.

Os estudos sobre obesidade e asma frequentemente analisam o peso em um determinado momento; portanto, a modelagem de trajetórias de sobrepeso ao longo da vida pode ajudar a explicar os aspectos temporais dessa relação. O estudo atual modelou as trajetórias na associação entre história de sobrepeso e asma na vida adulta, utilizando dados da Coorte de Nascimento de 1978/1979, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil (n = 2.063), coletados ao nascer (linha de base), na idade escolar (9-11 anos) e na idade adulta (23-25 anos). Foi proposto um modelo teórico para explorar a associação entre o sobrepeso ao longo da vida e asma na vida adulta, analisada pela modelagem de equações estruturais. Obesidade dos pais (CP - coeficiente padronizadoglobal = 0,211, p < 0,001; CPdireto = 0,115; p = 0,007) e sobrepeso na idade escolar (CPglobal = 0,565; p < 0,0001; CPdireto = 0,565; p < 0,0001) mostraram associação com sobrepeso na idade adulta. Obesidade dos pais (CPdireto = 0,105; p = 0,047) e estado nutricional ao nascer (CPglobal = - 0,124; p = 0,009; CPdireto = -0,131; p = 0,007) mostraram associação com asma na idade adulta. “Condição socioeconômica” mais alta na vida adulta mostrou associação inversa com sobrepeso (CPdireto = -0,171, p = 0,020) e com asma na vida adulta (CPglobal = -0,179; p = 0,041; CPdireto = -0,182; p = 0,039). Obesidade dos pais mostrou um efeito transgeracional sobre o peso, como gatilho na infância e no sobrepeso na vida adulta. Em paralelo ao baixo peso ao nascer, a obesidade dos pais também esteve associada com asma na vida adulta. A condição socioeconômica na vida adulta mostrou efeito protetor contra sobrepeso e asma.

Studies focusing on obesity and asthma frequently consider the weight at a given time; thus, modeling pathways through lifetime overweight may contribute to elucidate temporal aspects in this relationship. This study modeled the pathways in the association of lifetime overweight with asthma in adult life, using data from the 1978/1979 Birth Cohort, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil (n = 2,063) at birth (baseline), school age (9/11 years) and adult age (23/25 years). A theoretical model was proposed to explore the effects of lifetime overweight on asthma in adult life analyzed by structural equation modeling. Parental obesity (SC - standardized coefficenttotal = 0.211, p < 0.001; SCdirect = 0.115, p = 0.007) and overweight at school age (SCtotal = 0.565, p < 0.0001; SCdirect = 0.565, p < 0.0001) were associated with overweight in adult life. Parental obesity (SCdirect = 0.105, p = 0.047) and nutritional status at birth (SCtotal = -0.124, p = 0.009; SCdirect = -0.131, p = 0.007) were associated with asthma in adult life. A higher “current adult socieconomic situation” was inversely associated to overweight (SCdirect = -0.171, p = 0.020) and to asthma in adult life (SCtotal = -0.179, p = 0.041; SCdirect = -0.182, p = 0.039). Parental obesity showed a transgenerational effect in weight, triggering to childhood and adulthood overweight. Parallel to underweight at birth, parental obesity was also a risk to asthma in adult life. While, the socioeconomic status in adult life protected from both, overweight and asthma.

Los estudios que se centran en la obesidad y asma frecuentemente consideran el peso en un determinado momento; por este motivo, la creación de modelos de patrones de sobrepeso a lo largo de la vida quizás puede contribuir a elucidar aspectos temporales en esta relación. Este estudio modeló los patrones en la asociación de sobrepeso a lo largo de la vida con el asma en etapa adulta, usando datos de una cohorte nacimientos de 1978/1979, en Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil (n = 2.063), considerando: nacimiento (base de referencia), edad escolar (9-11 años) y edad adulta (23-25 años). Se propuso un modelo teórico para analizar los efectos del sobrepeso a lo largo de la vida en el asma, durante la etapa adulta, analizado mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. La obesidad de los padres (CE - coeficiente estandarizadototal = 0,211, p < 0,001; CEdirecto = 0,115; p = 0,007) y sobrepeso en edad escolar (CEtotal = 0,565; p < 0,0001; CEdirecto = 0,565; p < 0,0001) estuvieron asociados con sobrepeso en la vida adulta. La obesidad de los padres (CEdirecto = 0,105; p = 0,047) y el estatus nutricional al nacer (CEtotal = - 0,124; p = 0,009; CEdirecto = -0,131; p = 0,007) estuvieron asociados con el asma en la vida adulta. Un “condición socioeconómica actual en la etapa adulta” más alto estuvo inversamente asociado con el sobrepeso (CEdirecto = -0,171; p = 0,020) y al asma en la vida adulta (CEtotal = -0,179; p = 0,041; CEdirect = -0,182; p = 0,039). La obesidad de los padres mostró un efecto transgeneracional en el peso, desencadenando sobrepeso en la infancia y etapa adulta. Junto al bajo peso al nacer, la obesidad de los padres fue también un riesgo para el asma en la etapa adulta. Mientras que el estatus socioeconómico en la etapa adulta protegía tanto ante el sobrepeso como el asma.

Os estudos sobre obesidade e asma frequentemente analisam o peso em um determinado momento; portanto, a modelagem de trajetórias de sobrepeso ao longo da vida pode ajudar a explicar os aspectos temporais dessa relação. O estudo atual modelou as trajetórias na associação entre história de sobrepeso e asma na vida adulta, utilizando dados da Coorte de Nascimento de 1978/1979, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil (n = 2.063), coletados ao nascer (linha de base), na idade escolar (9-11 anos) e na idade adulta (23-25 anos). Foi proposto um modelo teórico para explorar a associação entre o sobrepeso ao longo da vida e asma na vida adulta, analisada pela modelagem de equações estruturais. Obesidade dos pais (CP - coeficiente padronizadoglobal = 0,211, p < 0,001; CPdireto = 0,115; p = 0,007) e sobrepeso na idade escolar (CPglobal = 0,565; p < 0,0001; CPdireto = 0,565; p < 0,0001) mostraram associação com sobrepeso na idade adulta. Obesidade dos pais (CPdireto = 0,105; p = 0,047) e estado nutricional ao nascer (CPglobal = - 0,124; p = 0,009; CPdireto = -0,131; p = 0,007) mostraram associação com asma na idade adulta. “Condição socioeconômica” mais alta na vida adulta mostrou associação inversa com sobrepeso (CPdireto = -0,171, p = 0,020) e com asma na vida adulta (CPglobal = -0,179; p = 0,041; CPdireto = -0,182; p = 0,039). Obesidade dos pais mostrou um efeito transgeracional sobre o peso, como gatilho na infância e no sobrepeso na vida adulta. Em paralelo ao baixo peso ao nascer, a obesidade dos pais também esteve associada com asma na vida adulta. A condição socioeconômica na vida adulta mostrou efeito protetor contra sobrepeso e asma.

Studies focusing on obesity and asthma frequently consider the weight at a given time; thus, modeling pathways through lifetime overweight may contribute to elucidate temporal aspects in this relationship. This study modeled the pathways in the association of lifetime overweight with asthma in adult life, using data from the 1978/1979 Birth Cohort, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil (n = 2,063) at birth (baseline), school age (9/11 years) and adult age (23/25 years). A theoretical model was proposed to explore the effects of lifetime overweight on asthma in adult life analyzed by structural equation modeling. Parental obesity (SC - standardized coefficenttotal = 0.211, p < 0.001; SCdirect = 0.115, p = 0.007) and overweight at school age (SCtotal = 0.565, p < 0.0001; SCdirect = 0.565, p < 0.0001) were associated with overweight in adult life. Parental obesity (SCdirect = 0.105, p = 0.047) and nutritional status at birth (SCtotal = -0.124, p = 0.009; SCdirect = -0.131, p = 0.007) were associated with asthma in adult life. A higher “current adult socieconomic situation” was inversely associated to overweight (SCdirect = -0.171, p = 0.020) and to asthma in adult life (SCtotal = -0.179, p = 0.041; SCdirect = -0.182, p = 0.039). Parental obesity showed a transgenerational effect in weight, triggering to childhood and adulthood overweight. Parallel to underweight at birth, parental obesity was also a risk to asthma in adult life. While, the socioeconomic status in adult life protected from both, overweight and asthma.

Los estudios que se centran en la obesidad y asma frecuentemente consideran el peso en un determinado momento; por este motivo, la creación de modelos de patrones de sobrepeso a lo largo de la vida quizás puede contribuir a elucidar aspectos temporales en esta relación. Este estudio modeló los patrones en la asociación de sobrepeso a lo largo de la vida con el asma en etapa adulta, usando datos de una cohorte nacimientos de 1978/1979, en Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil (n = 2.063), considerando: nacimiento (base de referencia), edad escolar (9-11 años) y edad adulta (23-25 años). Se propuso un modelo teórico para analizar los efectos del sobrepeso a lo largo de la vida en el asma, durante la etapa adulta, analizado mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. La obesidad de los padres (CE - coeficiente estandarizadototal = 0,211, p < 0,001; CEdirecto = 0,115; p = 0,007) y sobrepeso en edad escolar (CEtotal = 0,565; p < 0,0001; CEdirecto = 0,565; p < 0,0001) estuvieron asociados con sobrepeso en la vida adulta. La obesidad de los padres (CEdirecto = 0,105; p = 0,047) y el estatus nutricional al nacer (CEtotal = - 0,124; p = 0,009; CEdirecto = -0,131; p = 0,007) estuvieron asociados con el asma en la vida adulta. Un “condición socioeconómica actual en la etapa adulta” más alto estuvo inversamente asociado con el sobrepeso (CEdirecto = -0,171; p = 0,020) y al asma en la vida adulta (CEtotal = -0,179; p = 0,041; CEdirect = -0,182; p = 0,039). La obesidad de los padres mostró un efecto transgeneracional en el peso, desencadenando sobrepeso en la infancia y etapa adulta. Junto al bajo peso al nacer, la obesidad de los padres fue también un riesgo para el asma en la etapa adulta. Mientras que el estatus socioeconómico en la etapa adulta protegía tanto ante el sobrepeso como el asma.

BACKGROUND Behavioral and neurochemical alterations associated with toxoplasmosis may be influenced by the persistence of tissue cysts and activation of an immune response in the brain of Toxoplasma gondii-infected hosts. The cerebral extracellular matrix is organised as perineuronal nets (PNNs) that are both released and ensheath by some neurons and glial cells. There is evidences to suggest that PNNs impairment is a pathophysiological mechanism associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. However, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of parasitic infections on the PNNs integrity and how this could affect the host’s behavior. OBJECTIVES In this context, we aimed to analyse the impact of T. gondii infection on cyst burden, PNNs integrity, and possible effects in the locomotor activity of chronically infected mice. METHODS We infected mice with T. gondii ME-49 strain. After thirty days, we assessed locomotor performance of animals using the open field test, followed by evaluation of cysts burden and PNNs integrity in four brain regions (primary and secondary motor cortices, prefrontal and somesthetic cortex) to assess the PNNs integrity using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) labeling by immunohistochemical analyses. FINDINGS AND MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a random distribution of cysts in the brain, the disruption of PNNs surrounding neurons in four areas of the cerebral cortex and hyperlocomotor behavior in T. gondii-infected mice. These results can contribute to elucidate the link toxoplasmosis with the establishment of neuroinflammatory response in neuropsychiatric disorders and to raise a discussion about the mechanisms related to changes in brain connectivity, with possible behavioral repercussions during chronic T. gondii infection.

RESUMO A busca pela alta produtividade e qualidade de plantas de eucalipto que sejam mais resistentes ao ataque de insetos-praga vem sendo cada vez mais estudada. Dentro deste contexto, realizou-se o estudo da absorção e a translocação de silício em plantas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. O experimento foi realizado com o clone 58, em viveiro comercial da empresa Votorantim Siderurgia /Vazante - MG, onde foi avaliada a aplicação de silício via solo (silicato de cálcio) e via foliar (silicato de potássio), com três doses diferentes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos, 20 repetições, totalizando 160 plantas. A avaliação do experimento foi realizada com base na análise do teor de silício presente no substrato (%) e na matéria seca das raízes e parte aérea das plantas (mg planta-1). Foram realizadas três avaliações aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após aplicação das doses de silício em folhas e raízes. Para o substrato foram realizadas quatro avaliações, sendo a primeira no dia da instalação do experimento (antes da aplicação de Si) e as demais aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após semeadura do eucalipto. Nas análises foliares realizadas, os maiores valores em relação ao teor de silício foram observados para o tratamento com aplicação de silicato de potássio (10mL/planta), T8, que foi em média 3 vezes maior, quando comparado aos tratamentos sem aplicação de silício (adubação padrão+110 gramas de CaO) - T1 e sem aplicação de silício (adubação padrão+1,71gramas de KCl) - T2. Os tratamentos não diferiram estatisticamente entre si nas avaliações realizadas, em relação à percentagem de silício presente nas raízes de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. No substrato verificou-se um aumento significativo no teor do mineral aos 30, 60 e 90 dias, em função das doses crescentes de silicato, nas duas formas de aplicação, destacando o T8. Assim, foi possível concluir que Eucalyptus camaldulensis é capaz de absorver e translocar o mineral.

ABSTRACT The search for high productivity of Eucalyptus plants and seedlings with good nutritional and genetic quality, and more resistant to the insect-pest attack are being more and more studied. On this context, this study was realized to understand the absorption and the translocation of silicon in Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings. The experiment was carried through in a nursery belonging to ‘Votorantim Siderurgia’ company, in Vazante - MG state, where the application in substrate (calcium silicate) of the micronutrient was evaluated as well as its application on plant leaves (potassium silicate), at three different doses. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with eight treatments, 20 replicates, totalizing 160 plants. The evaluation of the experiment was carried through on the basis of the values of silicon present on the analysis of the dry matter of roots and aerial parts of plants (mg plant-1) and in substrate (%). Three evaluations had been carried through at 30, 60 and 90 days after application of the doses of silicon in leaves and roots and four evaluations for the substrate samples, being the first evaluation at the beginning of the experiment (before the silicon fertilization) and the others at 30, 60 and 90 days after the eucalyptus sowing. Considering the leaf analyses, greater silicon content was observed on the treatment with application of potassium silicate (10 ml/plant) T8, that was on average 3 times more when compared to treatments without silicon (standard fertilization + 110 grams of CaO) - T1 and without application of silicon (standard fertilization + 1.71 grams of KCl) - T2. There were no differences among treatments in relation to silicon content in the Eucalyptus camaldulensis roots. In the substrate samples, a significant increase in the micronutrient content was observed at 30, 60 and 90 days, due to the increasing doses of silicate, in the two forms of application, especially on T8. Thus, it was possible to conclude that Eucalyptus camaldulensis is able to absorb and to translocate this mineral.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Savanna biome has the largest plant diversity among savannas worldwide and is the predominant biome in Goiás state, Brazil. Among plant species previously catalogued in the Brazilian Savanna, the Myrtaceae family has received attention, as these plants show great economic potential for its medicinal properties, food and ecological importance, highlighting in this context the Psidium genus. In order to contribute to the differentiation of problematic taxonomic groups, such as Myrtaceae, and to quality control of its plant material, morphological and venation leaf studies of four species of Psidium were performed. For this purpose, leaf samples of Psidium firmum O.Berg., P. myrsinites DC., P. laruotteanum Cambes., and P. guineense Sw. were collected from Goiás State University, Anápolis Air Base, and Serra de Caldas Novas State Park and submitted to classical techniques for morphological and leaf venation characterizations. The results showed that P. firmum presents brochidodromous secondary veins, marginal last venation of the fimbrial type, an abaxial surface with a grooved midrib, flat secondary veins on both sides, an apex obtuse to mucronate, and a rounded base. P. guineense presents trichomes on both surfaces, a grooved midrib on the adaxial surface and a prominent midrib on the abaxial surface, which distinguishes this species from all other Myrtaceae species examined in the present study. The species P. guineense and P. firmum presented a set of differential leaf characteristics among the others taxa of the genus, clearly separating these plants in the morphological identification key.

Abstract Here, we present four patients with confirmed Chikungunya virus infection showing atypical neurologic manifestations and death. This case series includes patients ranging in age from five to 92 years, with or without comorbidities. This report is important, as very few cases in the literature reporting death due to atypical Chikungunya virus infection are available.

Abstract INTRODUCTION The relationships between monocytes and lymphocytes through MHC class II molecules and costimulatory, are of utmost importance for the production of an efficient immune response. In this work, we assessed the expression of surface molecules CD80 and CD86 on CD14+HLA-DR+ monocytes from patients with Chagas disease. METHODS: The study population consisted of 31 patients with chronic clinical forms of Chagas disease. Patient blood samples were cultured in the presence of recombinant cytoplasmic repetitive antigen (CRA) and flagellar repetitive antigen (FRA). RESULTS: We found considerable differences in the expression profile of surface molecules involved in antigen presentation. CONCLUSIONS: CRA and FRA may contribute to host immune response evasion by Trypanozoma cruzi.

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative protozoan agent of toxoplasmosis, which is a common infection that is widely distributed worldwide. Studies revealed stronger clonal strains in North America and Europe and genetic diversity in South American strains. Our study aimed to differentiate the pathogenicity and sulfadiazine resistance of three T. gondii isolates obtained from livestock intended for human consumption. The cytopathic effects of the T. gondii isolates were evaluated. The pathogenicity was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using a CS3 marker and in a rodent model in vivo. Phenotypic sulfadiazine resistance was measured using a kinetic curve of drug activity in Swiss mice. IgM and IgG were measured by ELISA, and the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene sequence was analysed. The cytopathic effects and the PCR-RFLP profiles from chickens indicated a different infection source. The Ck3 isolate displayed more cytopathic effects in vitro than the Ck2 and ME49 strains. Additionally, the Ck2 isolate induced a differential humoral immune response compared to ME49. The Ck3 and Pg1 isolates, but not the Ck2 isolate, showed sulfadiazine resistance in the sensitivity assay. We did not find any DHPS gene polymorphisms in the mouse samples. These atypical pathogenicity and sulfadiazine resistance profiles were not previously reported and served as a warning to local health authorities.

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the frequencies of bacterial isolates cultured from diabetic foot infections and assess their resistance and susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics.METHODS: This prospective study included 41 patients with diabetic foot lesions. Bacteria were isolated from foot lesions, and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and/or broth method [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)].RESULTS: The most common location of ulceration was the toe (54%), followed by the plantar surface (27%) and dorsal portion (19%). A total of 89 bacterial isolates were obtained from 30 patients. The infections were predominantly due to Gram-positive bacteria and polymicrobial bacteremia. The most commonly isolated Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most commonly isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Proteus spp. and Enterobacterspp., followed by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasspp., and Citrobacterspp. Nine cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had cefoxitin resistance, and among these MRSA isolates, 3 were resistant to vancomycin with the MIC technique. The antibiotic imipenem was the most effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and gentamicin was effective against Gram-negative bacteria.CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in diabetic foot ulcers. It is necessary to evaluate the different microorganisms infecting the wound and to know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates from the infected wound. This knowledge is crucial for planning treatment with the appropriate antibiotics, reducing resistance patterns, and minimizing healthcare costs.

O armazenamento de produtos alimentícios processados pode causar alterações na sua composição química. Sendo assim, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, determinar a retenção de carotenóides em grãos de milho verde normal e biofortificado com precursores de vitamina A, em espigas minimamente processadas, embaladas em bandeja de poliestireno com cobertura de filme comercial e embalagem multicamadas nylon poli ao longo do período de estocagem do produto. Os carotenóides foram extraídos dos grãos de milho verde em esquema sequencial de solventes orgânicos e quantificados por CLAE. O experimento foi planejado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, constituído de três fatores (cultivar, embalagem, período de armazenamento). Os grãos verdes das cultivares de milho BRS1030 e BRS4104 apresentam semelhança no perfil de carotenóides, sendo zeaxantina o principal carotenoide presente nos grãos verdes desses materiais. Maiores concentrações dos carotenóides luteína, &beta;-criptoxantina, &beta;-caroteno, carotenóides totais e do total de carotenóides precursores de vitamina foram identificadas nos grãos verdes do milho biofortificado BRS4104. A retenção de carotenóides em grãos verdes de milho, durante o período de estocagem das espigas minimamente processadas, não foi influenciada pelos tipos de embalagens estudadas.

Storing processed food products can cause alterations in their chemical compositions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate carotenoid retention in the kernels of minimally processed normal and vitamin A precursor (proVA)-biofortified green corn ears that were packaged in polystyrene trays covered with commercial film or in multilayered polynylon packaging material and were stored. Throughout the storage period, the carotenoids were extracted from the corn kernels using organic solvents and were quantified using HPLC. A completely factorial design including three factors (cultivar, packaging and storage period) was applied for analysis. The green kernels of maize cultivars BRS1030 and BRS4104 exhibited similar carotenoid profiles, with zeaxanthin being the main carotenoid. Higher concentrations of the carotenoids lutein, &beta;-cryptoxanthin, and &beta;-carotene, the total carotenoids and the total vitamin A precursor carotenoids were detected in the green kernels of the biofortified BRS4104 maize. The packaging method did not affect carotenoid retention in the kernels of minimally processed green corn ears during the storage period.

Bactris maraja (marajá) é uma palmeira frequente nas margens de lagos e igarapés amazônicos, cujos frutos comestíveis são consumidos pelo homem e pela fauna. Os estudos morfoanatômicos das estruturas reprodutivas podem contribuir com informações que subsidiarão estudos taxonômicos, fisiológicos e ecológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar características biométricas e morfoanatômicas do pirênio, bem como características histoquímicas da semente. Frutos maduros foram coletados e foram determinadas as dimensões, a massa fresca, e o teor de água, e descritas a forma, coloração e textura. O estudo anatômico foi feito pelo método de inclusão em resina. Foram aplicados testes histoquímicos para detecção dos principais metabólitos. Tanto os pirênios quanto as sementes isoladas apresentaram pequena variação biométrica, exceto para a massa fresca. O pirênio varia de obovado a elíptico, com endocarpo espesso, rígido, formado por células esclerificadas de paredes espessas. A semente é obovada depressa a elíptica, com tegumento fino, cartáceo, marrom-claro, aderido ao endocarpo, constituído de células parenquimáticas espessadas e taníferas; endosperma volumoso, sólido, homogêneo, branco, formado por células oblongas, elípticas e ovais transversalmente, e arredondadas longitudinalmente, com reserva proteica e lipídica; embrião lateral, cônico, pequeno, branco-leitoso, com conteúdo proteico e lipídico, polo radicular indiferenciado e polo caulinar com três primórdios foliares.

Bactris maraja (marajá) is a common palm tree at the margins of Amazonian lakes and streams, whose edible fruits are eaten by man and wildlife. Morphological and anatomical studies of reproductive structures can provide information that will subsidize taxonomic, physiological and ecological studies. The aim of this study was to determine the biometric and morphoanatomical features of the pyreneas well as histochemical characteristics of the seed. Mature fruits were collected and we measured size, fresh mass, water content and described shape, color and texture. The anatomical study was performed by resinembedding. Histochemical tests for detection of principal metabolites were applied. The pyrenes and isolated seeds showed small biometric variationexcept for fresh weight. The pyrene is obovate to elliptical, with a thick, hard, sclerified endocarp, formed by cells with thick walls. The seed is compressed obovate to elliptic, with a thin chartaceous seed coat, light brown, adhered to the endocarp composed of thickened parenchyma cells and tanniferous cells; bulky endosperm, solid, homogeneous, white, formed by oblong, elliptical and transversely oval cells, that are rounded longitudinally, with protein and lipid reserves; embryo lateral, conical, small, milky-white, with protein and lipid content, undifferentiated root pole and shoot pole with three leaf primordia.

Bactris maraja Mart., palmeira nativa da Amazônia, ocorre em solos arenosos tipicamente às margens de lagos e igarapés. Apresenta grande importância ecológica, podendo ser propagada vegetativamente (touceiras) ou através de sementes. A propagação das palmeiras por meio de sementes geralmente apresenta germinação lenta, irregular e em baixa porcentagem. Dessa forma, a pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas, períodos de secagem do pireno e extração da semente e períodos de embebição da semente na germinação. Foram realizados três experimentos: 1) Sementes foram submetidas a dois níveis de beneficiamento (sem remoção e com remoção do endocarpo) e seis diferentes temperaturas (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 26-40 ºC); 2) Pirenos foram submetidos a 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 e 15 dias de secagem, em que em cada período foi feita a extração da semente; e 3) Sementes foram submetidas a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 dias de embebição. As sementes submetidas à temperatura alternada de 26-40 ºC apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação (acima de 60%), não diferindo entre os níveis de beneficiamento. A secagem dos pirenos facilitou a extração das sementes. Contudo, a secagem e a extração das sementes reduziram a germinação e o vigor. Assim, o beneficiamento não é recomendado. A embebição das sementes por dois dias favoreceu a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação.

Bactris maraja Mart., palm tree native to the Amazon, typically occurs in sandy soils on the shores of lakes and streams. Presents great ecological importance and can be vegetatively propagated (clumps) or by seed. The spread of palm trees by seeds usually show slow, irregular and low percentage germination. Thus, the research aimed to study the effects of different temperatures, drying periods of pyrene and extraction of seeds and soaking periods of the seed in germination. Three experiments were conducted: 1) Seeds were subject to two levels of processing (with and without removal of endocarp) and six different temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 26-40 ºC); 2) Pyrenes were subject to 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 days of drying, in each period the seed extraction was made, 3) Seeds were subject to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days of soaking. Seeds subjected to alternating temperatures of 26-40 ºC showed higher germination percentage (above 60%), with no difference between the levels of processing. Drying of pyrenes made seed extraction easier. However, drying and extraction of seeds reduced germination and vigor. Thus, the processing is not recommended. The seed soaking for two days favored the germination percentage and speed.

Objetivo: a rubéola, durante os primeiros estágios da gravidez, pode levar a graves defeitos congênitos, conhecidos como síndrome da rubéola congênita (SRC). Amostras de gestantes com sintomas e suspeitas da rubéola congênita foram coletadas entre 1996 e 2008. Métodos: um total de 23 amostras de fluido amniótico, 16 amostras de sangue fetal, um produto da concepção e uma placenta foram analisados por sorologia e PCR. Resultados: todas as gestantes apresentaram sorologia positiva para IgG/IgM para o vírus da rubéola. Entre os recém-nascidos, 14 apresentaram anticorpos IgG positivos e 11 foram os anticorpos IgM positivos. Das 25 amostras analisadas neste estudo, 24 eram positivas por RT-PCR. Alterações na ultrassonografia foram encontradas em 15 (60%) dos 25 fetos infectados com o vírus da rubéola. Morte fetal e aborto espontâneo foram reportados em 10 (40%) dos 25 casos analisados. O vírus da rubéola foi amplificado por PCR em todos os fetos que apresentaram alterações na ultrassonografia, compatíveis com a rubéola. Morte fetal e aborto foram relatados em 10 dos 25 casos analisados. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram que os ensaios moleculares são ferramentas importantes para o diagnóstico precoce da rubéola e da síndrome da rubéola congênita.

Objective: rubella during the early stages of pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Samples collected from pregnant women with symptoms and suspected of congenital rubella infection between 1996 and 2008 were analyzed. Methods: a total of 23 amniotic fluid samples, 16 fetal blood samples, 1 product of conception and 1 placenta were analyzed by serology and RT-PCR. Results: all patients presented positive serology for IgG / IgM antibodies to rubella virus. Among neonates, 16 were IgG-positive, 9 were IgM-positive and 4 were negative for both antibodies. Of the 25 samples analyzed in this study, 24 were positive by RT-PCR. Changes in ultrasound were found in 15 (60%) of 25 fetuses infected with rubella virus. Fetal death and miscarriage were reported in 10 (40%) of the 25 cases analyzed. The rubella virus was amplified by PCR in all fetuses with abnormal ultrasound compatible with rubella. Fetal death and abortion were reported in 10 of 25 cases analyzed. Conclusion: this study, based on primary maternal rubella infection definitely confirms the good sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR using amniotic fluid and ultrasound. The results showed that molecular assays are important tools in the early diagnosis of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.