1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a non-fasting glycemic marker that responds to hyperglycemia excursions. The reduction in serum levels of 1,5-AG is associated with an increase in postprandial glycemia and glycosuria, phenomena that increase the risk and severity of diabetic complications. The objective is to assess the ability of 1,5-AG to discriminate type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients without overt kidney disease, for screening or diagnostic purposes. The Human Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) approved the project. Serum samples from 567 individuals classified as healthy subjects (n = 291) and T2D (n = 276) with moderate glycemic control (HbA1c of 7-8%), matched by gender, were analyzed. Serum 1,5-AG levels were measured using an automated enzymatic method (GlycoMark, Inc.). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for 1,5-AG showed sensibility of 65.3% and specificity of 91.1% to detect T2D at cut-off point of 92 µmol/L. The results were similar to the groups’ discrimination by glycemia (sensibility/specificity, 62.2%; 89.0%) at cut-off point of 6.3 mmol/L. HbA1c was the best discriminator (sensibility/specificity, 87.4%; 94.2%) at a cut-off point of 5.8% (40 mmol/mol). The serum 1,5-AG concentration was not able to discriminate T2D in the presence of moderate glycemic control with no overt nephropathy.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of the study is to describe a portable and convenient software to facilitate the diagnostics of gestational (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes (PGDM). Materials and methods An open source software, d-GDM, was developed in Java. The integrated development environment Android Studio was used as the Android operational system. The software for GDM diagnosis uses the criteria endorsed by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group, modified by the World Health Organization. Results GDM diagnosis criteria is not simple to follow, therefore, errors or inconsistencies in diagnosis are expected and could delay the appropriate treatment. The d-GDM, was developed to assist GDM diagnosis with precision and consistency diagnostic reports. The open source software can be manipulated conveniently. The operator requires information regarding the gestational period and selects the appropriate glycaemic marker options from the menu. During operation, pressing the button “diagnosticar” on the screen will present the diagnosis and information for the follow up. d-GDM is available in Portuguese or English and can be downloaded from the Google PlayStore. A responsive web version of d-GDM is also available. The usefulness and accuracy of d-GDM was verify by field tests involving 22 subjects and 5 mobile phone brands. The approval regards user-friendliness and efficiency were 95% or higher. The GDM diagnosis were 100% correct, in this pilot test. d-GDM is a user-friendly, free software for diagnosis that was developed for mobile devices. It has the potential to contribute and facilitate the diagnosis of gestational diabetes for healthcare professionals.

ABSTRACT Objective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder that shares pathophysiologic features with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the polymorphisms fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) rs1421085, leptin receptor (LEPR) rs1137100, rs1137101, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) rs1801282, and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7901695 with GDM. Subjects and methods 252 unrelated Euro-Brazilian pregnant women were classified into two groups according to the 2015 criteria of the American and Brazilian Diabetes Association: healthy pregnant women (n = 125) and pregnant women with GDM (n = 127), matched by age. The polymorphisms were genotyped using fluorescent probes (TaqMan®). Results All groups were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype and allele frequencies of the studied polymorphisms did not show significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). In the healthy and GDM groups, the C allele frequencies (95% CI) of the FTO rs1421085 polymorphism were 36.8% [31–43%] and 35.0% [29–41%]; the G allele frequencies (95% CI) of the LEPR rs1137100 polymorphism were 24.8% [19–30%] and 22.8% [18–28%]; the G allele frequencies (95% CI) of the LEPR rs1137101 polymorphism were 43.6% [37–50%] and 42.9% [37–49%]; the G allele frequencies (95% CI) of the PPARg rs1801282 polymorphism were 7.6% [4–11%] and 8.3% [5–12%]; and the C allele frequencies (95% CI) of the TCF7L2 rs7901695 polymorphism were 33.6% [28–39%] and 39.0% [33–45%], respectively. Conclusion The studied polymorphisms were not associated with GDM in a Brazilian population.

ABSTRACT Objectives Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are involved in the pathogenesis and complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Gestational DM (GDM) is characterized by increased glycemia and oxidative stress, which are factors associated with high serum AGE concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a serum fluorescence AGE (F-AGE) method as a screening tool for gestational diabetes. Subjects and methods Serum samples from 225 GDM patients and 217 healthy pregnant women (healthy controls) were diluted 50-fold in phosphate-buffered saline, and the AGEs were estimated by fluorometric analysis (λEx 350 nm/ λEm 440 nm). Results No significant (P > 0.05) differences in AGE concentrations, expressed in Arbitrary Units (UA/mL × 104), were observed in the women with GDM or in the healthy controls. Furthermore, F-AGE concentrations did not change significantly during the pregnancy (12-32 weeks of gestation). Only the GDM group had a positive correlation (r = 0.421; P < 0.001) between F-AGEs and serum creatinine concentrations. Conclusion It was not possible to distinguish women with gestational diabetes from the healthy controls on the basis of serum F-AGE concentrations.

Objective To investigate the association of the rs10885122G>T polymorphism in the ADRA2A gene in a Euro-Brazilian sample of healthy (controls) and type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects. Subjects and methods We used fluorescent probes (TaqMan) to genotype 241 subjects, that is, 121 healthy and 120 T2D subjects, who were classified based on the Brazilian Diabetes Association (2013) and American Diabetes Association (2014) criteria. Results The genotype and allele frequencies showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two studied groups. The minor allele (T) frequencies (95%CI) for rs10885122 were 19% (14-24%) and 20% (15-26%) for healthy and T2D groups, respectively. Carriers of the T allele (genotypes GT+TT) were significantly associated (P = 0.016) with approximately a 7-kg body weight reduction compared with the genotype GG, which was only found in the T2D group. Conclusion The rs10885122G>T polymorphism of the ADRA2A gene was not associated with T2D in Euro-Brazilians, and carriers of the T allele had lower body weight in the presence of T2D. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(1):29-33

Objective: to evaluate the relation between patient adherence and therapeutic effectiveness of hypolipidemic agents in clinical practice. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 417 patients using hypolipidemic drugs (simvastatin, atorvastatin) between 2003 and 2010 was performed. The population studied consists of patients assisted by the Public Health Service in the far-west region of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The Medication Possession Ratio obtained from pharmacy refill data was used to measure patient adherence. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated based on the difference obtained in the serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, before and after taking the drug, in an average time of 8.3 months. Results: Following the treatment with hypolipidemic agents, it has been observed a reduction of 14.3% for total cholesterol, 19.6% for LDL-cholesterol, and 14.4% for triglycerides. HDL-cholesterol increased by an 8.0% average. The major changes in lipid profile were promoted by atorvastatin 20 mg daily. The medication adherence rate decreased over the monitoring period. Adherence rates below 60% were associated with therapeutic failure, while rates equal to 80% or higher were associated with the best response to the lipid-lowering drugs. Conclusion: Adherence to hypolipidemic agents is higher at the beginning of the treatment, but it decreases over time, affecting the achievement of therapeutic goals.

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre la adherencia del paciente y la efectividad terapéutica de los hipolipemiantes en la práctica clínica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 417 pacientes que usaban hipolipemiantes (simvastatina, atorvastatina) entre 2003 y 2010. La población estudiada estaba compuesta de pacientes atendidos en el Servicio Público de Salud de la región del oeste lejano del estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se usó como medida de adherencia el ratio de posesión de medicación obtenido de los datos de consumo en la farmacia. La efectividad terapéutica se evaluó en base a la diferencia obtenida en los niveles séricos de colesterol total, colesterol-LDL, colesterol-HDL y triglicéridos antes y después de tomar el medicamento en una media de tiempo de 8,3 meses. Resultados: Después del tratamiento con hipolipemiantes, se observó una reducción del 14,3% para el colesterol total, 19,6% para el LDL, y 14,4% para los triglicéridos. El HDL aumentó en una media del 8,0%. Los mayores cambios del perfil lipídico fueron promovidos por la atorvastatina 20 mg diarios. La tasa de adherencia a la medicación disminuyó durante el periodo seguido. Las tasas de adherencia por debajo del 60% estaban asociadas con fracaso terapéutico, mientras que las tasas del 80% o superiores estaban asociadas a la mejor respuesta a los hipolipemiantes. Conclusión: La adherencia a los hipolipemiantes fue mayor al principio del tratamiento, pero disminuye a lo largo de éste, afectando a la consecución de los objetivos terapéuticos. Los procedimientos sistemáticos de monitorización de la tasa de adherencia y la evaluación del perfil lipídico por el farmacéutico.

Yeasts can be enriched with microelements, including iron; however, special physicochemical conditions are required to formulate a culture media that promotes both yeast growth and iron uptake. Different iron sources do not affect biomass formation; however, considering efficacy, cost, stability, and compatibility with Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism, ferrous sulphate is recommended.

Many conditions interfere with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, e.g., pregnancy or presence of the BCHE gene variant -116A can decrease activity whereas obesity and types I and II diabetes mellitus can increase activity. In this study, we examined BChE activity, -116A and 1615A BCHE gene variants, and anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with diabetes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in healthy pregnant women. BChE activity was measured spectrophotometrically using propionylthiocholine as substrate and genotyping of the -116 and 1615 sites of the BCHE gene was done with a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Three groups were studied: 150 patients with GDM, 295 healthy pregnant women and 156 non-pregnant healthy women. Mean BChE activity was significantly lower in healthy pregnant women than in women from the general population and was further reduced in GDM patients. BChE activity was significantly reduced in carriers of -116A in GDM patients and healthy pregnant women. Although GDM patients had a significantly higher mean body mass index (BMI) and triglycerides than healthy pregnant women, they had lower mean BChE activity, suggesting that the lowering effect of GDM on BChE activity was stronger than the characteristic enhancing effect of increased BMI and triglycerides.

A hiperglicemia crônica, presente em todas as formas de diabetes, favorece a formação de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs). A interação de AGEs com o receptor de produtos finais glicosilados (RAGE) inicia uma cascata de processos pró-inflamatórios e pró-coagulantes que resultam em estresse oxidativo, o qual estimula a formação e o acúmulo de maior quantidade de moléculas de AGEs. Esse processo cíclico, denominado memória metabólica, pode explicar por que, mesmo após um período de bom controle glicêmico, as complicações vasculares associadas ao diabetes não regridem. O RAGE fixado nas membranas de várias células também está presente em isoformas solúveis (esRAGE e cRAGE), geradas por processamento alternativo do ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) ou por clivagem proteolítica. Esta revisão aborda os novos estudos sobre a função desses mediadores como potenciais biomarcadores para as complicações vasculares no diabetes.

Chronic hyperglycemia, which is present in all types of diabetes, increases the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The interaction of AGEs with receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) initiates a cascade of pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant processes that result in oxidative stress, stimulating the formation and accumulation of more AGE molecules. This cyclic process, denominated metabolic memory, may explain the persistency of diabetic vascular complications in patients with satisfactory glycemic control. The RAGE found in several cell membranes is also present in soluble isoforms (esRAGE and cRAGE), which are generated by alternative deoxyribonucleic acid splicing or by proteolytic cleavage. This review focuses on new research into these mediators as potential biomarkers for vascular complications in diabetes.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre as atividades (total e banda específica) da butirilcolinesterase (BChE) e diabetes melito. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: As atividades da BChE (BChEA, AC4/5, AC OF e RC5) foram analisadas em 101 pacientes diabéticos do tipo 1 (DM1) e 145 do tipo 2 (DM2) em relação aos fenótipos, ao peso e à incidência da síndrome metabólica. Os complexos C4/5 e C5 foram separados das outras formas moleculares (C OF), usando gel de ágar ácido. RESULTADOS: A atividade da BChE (BChEA) e as atividades absolutas de C4/5 (AC4/5) e de C OF (AC OF) mostraram altos coeficientes de correlações positivos com peso no grupo de CHE2 C5-, enquanto a atividade relativa do complexo C5 (RC5) mostrou correlação negativa com o peso. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo sugere que as correlações positivas das atividades da BChE com diabetes melito e com a resistência à insulina podem depender da variabilidade do loco CHE2. Altos valores nas atividades da BChE estão associados com a resistência à insulina somente nos pacientes diabéticos CHE2 C5-, enquanto nos pacientes diabéticos CHE2 C5+ a presença do complexo C5, especialmente em alta proporção relativa, leva a um menor estoque de gordura e à maior proteção contra a síndrome metabólica.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (total and band specific) and diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: BChE activities (BChEA, AC 4/5, AC OF and RC5) were analyzed in 101 type 1 (DM1) and in 145 type 2 (DM2) diabetic patients, in relation to phenotype, weight and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in these patients. The C4/5 and C5 complex were separated from other molecular forms (C OF) using an acid agar gel. RESULTS: The BChE activity (BChEA) and the absolute activities of C4/5 (AC4/5) and C OF (AC OF) showed a high positive correlation coefficient to weight in the CHE2 C5- group, while the relative activity of C5 complex (RC5) showed a negative correlation to weight. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the positive correlation of the BChE activities to diabetes mellitus and to insulin resistance may depend on the CHE2 locus variability. High values of BChE activities were associated with insulin resistance only in CHE2 C5- diabetic patients, while in CHE2 C5+ diabetic patients, the presence of C5 complex, especially in a relatively high proportion, leads to less fat storage and better protection against metabolic syndrome.

INTRODUÇÃO: A fase pré-analítica é a responsável por mais de dois terços de todos os erros atribuídos ao laboratório e contempla poucos procedimentos rotineiros para a detecção de não conformidades. Nesta fase, os procedimentos envolvendo a flebotomia, críticos para a obtenção do espécime diagnóstico, são pouco estudados no que diz respeito às principais fontes de erro, bem como aos procedimentos relacionados com o processo de controle da qualidade. OBJETIVOS: Propor uma ferramenta para averiguação de falhas na fase pré-analítica e estabelecer indicadores da qualidade, com ênfase nos procedimentos de coleta do espécime diagnóstico sanguíneo, visando monitorar potenciais fontes de erro nesta etapa. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram observados os procedimentos de flebotomia empregados em 10 laboratórios clínicos da cidade de São Paulo, todos com programa de qualidade estabelecido. Os erros que apresentaram frequência superior a 80% foram selecionados para elaboração de uma lista de verificação, com a finalidade de avaliar o desempenho de flebotomistas. Normas e recomendações estabelecidas por instituições nacionais e internacionais, como Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML) e Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), serviram de referência para a elaboração da lista de verificação. RESULTADOS: A lista de verificação proposta aborda cinco pontos do processo de flebotomia: tempo de aplicação do torniquete, número de flebotomistas que solicitam ao paciente execução da constrição do músculo do antebraço previamente à coleta, fricção do músculo do antebraço no processo de antissepsia, sequência correta ou não de utilização dos tubos de coleta e avaliação da homogeneização adequada ou não do espécime diagnóstico coletado. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação do processo de flebotomia é parte essencial no planejamento da qualidade no laboratório. A lista de verificação proposta permite detectar erros na fase pré-analítica, estabelecer indicadores da qualidade e auxilia no estabelecimento de planos de ações corretivas e preventivas com redução nos custos e ganho na eficiência do processo.

BACKGROUND: The preanalytical phase is responsible for more than two thirds of all errors attributed to the clinical laboratory and it has only a few routine procedures for the detection of nonconformity. In this phase, the procedures involving phlebotomy, critical to the obtainment of diagnostic blood specimen, are poorly studied with regard to major sources of errors and procedures related to quality control process. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to propose a tool for finding failures in the preanalytical phase and to establish quality indicators, with emphasis on procedures for the collection of diagnostic blood specimens, in order to monitor potential sources of error in this phase. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated phlebotomy procedures employed in ten clinical laboratories in São Paulo city, Brazil. All of them with established quality program. The errors that had a frequency higher than 80% were selected to be part of a checklist aiming to evaluate the performance of phlebotomists. Standards and recommendations established by national and international institutions, such as ANVISA, SBPC/ML and CLSI, served as reference to elaborate the checklist. RESULTS: The proposed checklist covers five points of phlebotomy procedures: tourniquet application time, number of phlebotomists that ask patients to clench forearm muscle prior to collection, friction of the forearm muscle in antisepsis process, correct or incorrect sequence of blood collecting tubes and evaluation of accurate or inaccurate homogenization of collected blood specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Phlebotomy evaluation is an essential part of the quality planning in clinical laboratories. The proposed checklist allows error detection in the preanalytical phase, establishment of quality indicators and implementation of corrective and preventive actions with cost effectiveness and improvement in process efficiency.

A quantificação sérica da alfa-1-glicoproteína (GPA) ácida é útil no diagnóstico e no acompanhamento dos processos agudos resultantes de múltiplas causas. Esta proteína também pode ser estimada pela quantificação da mucoproteína (Muco), ensaio que reflete as glicoproteínas com elevado teor de açúcar, entre as quais a GPA é majoritária. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a correlação e a performance analítica das determinações de mucoproteína (Muco) e alfa-1-glicoproteína ácida (GPA), propondo uma equação de regressão linear. Amostras de soros de 540 pacientes, com idades entre 10 e 79 anos (média de 34,6), predominando mulheres (71,3%), foram analisadas simultaneamente para Muco (Winzler, manual com reagentes próprios) e GPA (imunoturbidimetria automatizada, Roche; Cobas mira). A análise de regressão, fixando a Muco como variável dependente, apresentou Muco (mg/dl em tirosina) = 0,031 x GPA (mg/dl) + 0,8 (r = 0,91); e, fixando o intercepto em zero, Muco = 0,039 x GPA (r = 0,98). A imprecisão interensaio foi de 23,4% e 5,2% (coeficiente de variação), respectivamente, para Muco e GPA. Conclusão: a elevada variabilidade analítica da quantificação da mucoproteína pelo método de Winzler recomenda que este ensaio seja substituído pela dosagem da alfa-1-glicoproteína ácida. Quando necessário, recomendamos estimar a mucoproteína, quantificando a alfa-1-glicoproteína ácida com ensaios de mesmo desempenho que o do utilizado neste trabalho, e usar a equação de regressão AGP (mg/dl) x 0,039 = Muco (mg/dl em tirosina).

The alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP, orosomucoid) serum measurement is useful in the diagnosis and management of acute processes of multiple causes. This protein can also be estimated by measuring the mucoprotein (Muco) that reflects the serum glycoproteins with high levels of sugars, in which than AGP is the principal component. The analytical performance between Muco and AGP was analyzed and a linear regression equation was proposed in this study. Samples from 540 patients between the ages of 10 and 79 years, averaged 34.6, being most of then women (71.3%), were analyzed simultaneously for Muco (Winzler manual procedure with in house reagents) and AGP (immunoturbidimetry, Roche, automated in Cobas mira). The regression equation considering Muco as a dependent variable showed: Muco (mg/dL Tyrosine) = 0.031 x GPA (mg/dL) + 0.8 (r = 0.91), and fixing the intercept to zero showed Muco = 0.039 x GPA (r = 0.98). In the imprecision studies (inter-run, coefficient of variation) 23.4% and 5.2% were found for Muco and AGP, respectively. Conclusion: the determination of serum mucoprotein is a highly imprecise assay that must be substituted by alpha-1-acid glycoprotein measurement. When necessary, we recommend the estimate of mucoprotein values, measuring AGP, with assays with same performances as we did in this paper, and using the regression equation AGP (mg/dL) x 0.039 = Muco (mg/dL in Tyrosine).