During tooth life in mouth cellular cement settles in the apex in order to compensate the occlusal wear considered normal. After a tooth extraction, on rare occasions it is possible to visualize cement excesses with pearls form well delimited and hard to tact, located in another radicular sector different of the apex. Our aim was to compare structures in both types of cement in order to find histological differences. Consequently, 20 permanent teeth with pearls (G1) and 20 with normal roots (G2) were used. G1 roots were cut by a thin grain metallic disc at low speed in transverse sense, at the height of the protuberance most prominent part; G2 roots were marked in thirds and cut in transverse sense at the half of the third apical. From both groups a segment was obtained to be reserved and other one that was prepared by erosion technology to be visualized by MO at minor and major increases. Results were compared with student t test, categorical variables with Fisher's tests significance 5%. Forty adult patients teeth were obtained, male 42.5 % and female 57.5 %, age average in G1 61±16 and 55±18 in G2 (p=0.289). Pearls exterior face was smooth, with a preserved perimeter, Tomes granular zone was visible as were lagoons, which were less abundant, greater in size and with uneven distribution arriving at tissue border in a lesser proportion compared with normal cement.

Durante la vida del diente en boca se deposita cemento celular en el ápice a fin de compensar el desgaste oclusal considerado normal. Al extraer un diente, en raras ocasiones es posible visualizar excesos de cemento con forma de perlas bien delimitados y duros al tacto, ubicados en otro sector radicular diferente al ápice. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar estructuras en ambos tipos de cemento a fin de hallar diferencias histológicas. Se utilizaron 20 dientes permanentes con perlas (G1) y 20 con raíces normales (G2). Las raíces de G1 se cortaron con disco metálico de grano fino a baja velocidad en sentido transversal, a la altura de la parte más prominente de la protuberancia, las raíces de G2 se marcaron en tercios y se cortaron en sentido transversal aproximadamente a la altura de la mitad del tercio apical y de ambos grupos se obtuvieron un segmento que fue reservado y otro que fue preparado con técnica por desgaste para visualización con MO a menor y mayor aumentos. Los resultados se compararon con prueba t de student, las variables categóricas se compararon con pruebas de Fisher significación 5%. Se obtuvieron 40 dientes de pacientes adultos, 42,5% masculinos y 57,5% femeninos, edad promedio 61±16 en G1 y 55±18 en G2 (p=0,289). El contorno exterior de las perlas fue liso, conservando su perímetro, la zona granular de Tomes fue visible al igual que las lagunas, que fueron menos abundantes, de mayor tamaño y con distribución desordenada llegando en menor proporción al borde del tejido comparado con cemento normal.

Secondary cementum is deposited in a root apical third throughout the lifespan of a tooth to compensate occlusal erosion, keeping dental pieces in occlusion contact. Pearls are more difficult to spot, found by X-rays or after extraction. Their ovoid or spherical aspect is well outlined, hard to touch, and located in different thirds of the root. Our objective was to compare physical and radiological dental normal roots characteristics with those presenting this type of formations that alter radicular anatomy. We used 20 normal roots and 20 pearl shapes. Variables compared: age, sex, previous general pathologies and periodontals; extracted tooth type, dental arch location, extraction cause, consistency characteristics, color, aspect and texture of all roots and pearls. Radiological image was crucial for incorporation of teeth with cementum excess. Proportions between normal pieces and pearls were calculated with Fisher's Exact Test, with 5% significance level. Average age was 61years (16-79), and male proportion was 42.5% and 57.5% female. General pathology presented 37.5 % and periodontal 55%, more extracted teeth were right side upper premolars 15%. Caries were extraction chief motive 72.5%. Roots were of hard consistency and smooth texture in both groups; nacreous aspect was 65%, clear colors 75%. Pearl consistency was hard in all of them; white color 60% and root similar color 40%; nacreous aspect 75% and smooth texture 90%. In radiographs was observed that cementum did not differ from dentine in 85% of pearls and in 60% of normal roots (p=0.004). Adults can develop cementum anomalies located in another apex sector although the root physical characteristics are considered inside normal parameters.

El cemento secundario del ápice radicular se deposita en forma lenta y continua durante toda la vida útil del diente, siendo su función compensar el desgaste producido por la masticación. En raras ocasiones podemos hallar en la raíz dental, a posteriori de una extracción dentaria, excesos de cementos redondeados u ovalados, bien delimitados y duros al tacto, ubicados en un sector radicular diferente al ápice. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar las características físicas y radiológicas de raíces dentales normales con aquéllas que presentan este tipo de formaciones que alteran la anatomía radicular. Fueron incluidos 20 dientes adultos con raíces normales y 20 con raíces donde se visualizaron estos depósitos. Las variables investigadas fueron edad, sexo, patologías generales y periodontales previas, tipo de diente extraído, ubicación en el arco dental, motivo de extracción, características de consistencia, color, aspecto y textura de todas las raíces. La imagen radiológica fue crucial para la inclusión de dientes con exceso de cemento. Se recolectó un total de 40 dientes adultos, cuya edad promedio fue de 61años (16-79), 42.5% masculinos y 57.5% femeninos. Patología general presentó el 37.5% y periodontal el 55%, los dientes mas extraídos fueron premolares superiores del lado derecho 15%. La caries fue causa principal de extracción 72.5%. En ambos grupos las raíces fueron de consistencia dura y textura lisa. El aspecto nacarado fue de 70% y 60%, los colores claros 45% y 75%, respectivamente. En las radiografías se observó que el cemento no se diferenció de la dentina en el 40% y 85% de cada grupo (p=0.004). Los adultos pueden desarrollar anomalías de cemento ubicadas en otro sector del ápice si bien las características físicas de la raíz se consideran dentro de parámetros normales.

The embryological, structural and functional unit of the dentine-pulp complex shares the odontoblast, located in the border of the dentine pulp, with basal nuclei and organelles. The odontoblast process emerges from its apical pole. It is formed by microtubules, microfilaments and vesicles covered by membranes penetrating the dentinal tubules, isolated from the inter-tubular matrix, along the extent of the dentine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three staining techniques: hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and Schmorl, by staining the process, from beginning to end, and compare the results with the erosion technique. Thirty human teeth were employed in the trial; after their extraction the pulp was fixated, the pieces demineralized in nitric acid at 8%, the collagen filaments eliminated with Type II Collage-nase, the tissue was stained, and the measurements were made. The portions with no pulp were prepared with the erosion technique. Results: Comparing the best results obtained by staining with the values obtained with the erosion technique, the former showed lower values. Conclusion: Staining techniques show lower density of the staining processes compared with the dentinal tubules in the erosion technique.

The dentin-pulp complex shares the odontoblast, whose body is located in the external part of the dental pulp. The odontoblast process emerges from the apical pole and penetrates the dentinal canaliculus through the dentine producing multiple collaterals along the way. Descriibing the process was an arduous task for researchers, who combined histological techniques to preserve it in the interior of the canaliculi using transmission electron microscopy or scanning to visualize it. In a previous work we observed both tissues joined by the odontoblasts and the stained processes. The objective now was to micrometrically measure the length of the processes and canaliculi to verify if they are similar in the crown and in the root. Thirty healthy teeth were used, extracted for orthodontic reasons, from individuals of both sexes whose ages ranged from 6 to 18. The dental pulp was uncovered and attached, and they were divided in equal parts. The halves without pulp were prepared with the erosion technique. The halves that kept the pulp were demineralized with type II collagenase and stained with the Schmorl technique. With an optical microscope and a calibrated grid with a micrometric objective the width of the histological fields was first measured and then the length of the dentinal processes and canaliculi. The results were analyzed with chi2 test, Student t and Fischer's exact test with a 5% significance level. We observed that the width of the stained histological fields had a 92 % retraction compared to the same field in the erosion and that the length of the canaliculi was always greater than the length of the processes, although four coincidences in length were found in the crown and one in the root. These results suggest that the length of the process is still a controversial topic. Professional precaution in odontological treatments is the safest prevention against injuries.

El complejo dentinopulpar comparte el odontoblasto cuyo cuerpo está ubicado en la parte externa de la pulpa dentaria. De su polo apical se desprende el proceso odontoblástico que se introduce en el canalículo dentinal atravesando la dentina originando en su recorrido múltiples colaterales hasta su finalización. Describir el proceso fue ardua tarea de investigadores que combinaron técnicas histológicas para preservarlo en el interior de los canalículos utilizando microscopio electrónico de transmisión o scanning para visualizarlo. En un trabajo previo observamos ambos tejidos unidos por los odontoblastos y los procesos coloreados. El objetivo actual fue medir micrométricamente la longitud de procesos y canalículos para verificar si ambas son similares tanto en corona como en raíz. Se utilizaron treinta dientes sanos, extraídos por razones ortodóncicas de ambos sexos, cuyas edades oscilaron entre 6 y 18 años. Se descubrió la pulpa dental, se fijó y se dividieron en partes iguales. Las mitades sin pulpa se prepararon con técnica por desgaste. Las mitades que conservaron la pulpa se desmineralizaron aplicándoseles Colagenasa tipo II y coloreándolos con la técnica de Schmorl. Con microscopio óptico y una cuadrícula calibrada con micrómetro objetivo se midió primero el ancho de los campos histológicos y luego la longitud de procesos y canalículos dentinales. Los resultados fueron analizados con pruebas de chi2, t de Student y test exacto de Fischer con un nivel de significación del 5%. Observamos que el ancho de los campos histológicos coloreados tuvo una retracción del 92% respecto al mismo campo en el desgaste y que la longitud de canalículos siempre fue mayor que la de procesos, si bien se hallaron cuatro coincidencias de longitudes en corona y una en raíz. Estos resultados sugieren que la longitud del proceso aún sigue siendo tema controversial. La precausión profesional en los tratamientos odontológicos es el único medio para evitar dañarlo.

Foram estudados 211 pacientes do sexo masculino, fumantes, com câncer de pulmão, em Rosário (Argentina). Compararam-se as idades no momento do diagnóstico entre os tipos histológicos e ocupações e idade de início, duração e intensidade do hábito de fumar. A idade média dos pacientes diagnosticados foi de 61 anos, sem diferença por tipo histológico, porém por hábito de fumar: 58 anos os fumantes e 68 os ex-fumantes (p<0,0001). Nesses pacientes encontrou-se predomínio de tumores epidermoides, o que poderia estar associado aos contaminantes ocupacionais presentes nesta fase de industrialização. A associação entre tipo celular e ocupação foi altamente significativa (p<0,001), encontrando-se o adenocarcinoma com maior freqüência nos trabalhadores administrativos e o epidermoide em outras ocupações, especialmente em homens que primeiramemte foram agricultores e depois metalúrgicos.

High male lung cancer incidence and mortality in Rosario city, Argentina, have been found in previous studies. A project was undertaken for the purpose of evaluating the life-time occupational history as well as the duration and intensity of cigarette smoking as determinants of histologic cell types in 211 male patients with primary lung cancer. Their histologic cell types were: squamous 39%, adenocarcinoma 29%, small cell 18%, and others and not specified 14%. An association was found between histologic cell types and occupations (p<0.0001), adenocarcinoma being more prevalent in office personnel, teachers, accountants, lawyers, and squamous in the other, supposedly dirtier working environments, mainly in those men who had begun to work in farming and later transferred to mechanics and metallurgy. These latter ones were diagnosed at a younger age than those in other occupations, with a significant difference for squamous and small cell. No differences in the smoking intensity were found between the occupational groups. The mean age these patients began to smoke at was 15 years for those with squamous and small cell, and 17 years for those with adenocarcinoma (p<0.001). An interesting finding was the difference at their mean-age at diagnosis, 58 years for smokers and 68 for ex-smokers (p<0.0001). Studies are needed to elucidate the interplay of risk factors in the etiology of histologic subtypes of lung cancer.

Las altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en hombres en Rosario, Argentina motivaron o estudio de 211 pacientes varones. Se comparon las edades al diagnóstico entre los tipos histológicos y ocupaciones, y edad de iniciación, duración e intensidad del hábito de fumar. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue 61 años, sin diferencias por tipo histológico pero sí por hábito de fumar: 58 años los fumadores y 68 los ex-fumadores (p<0,0001). En estos pacientes se encontró un predominio de tumores epidermoides, lo que podria estar asociado a los contaminantes ocupacionales presentes en esta etapa de industrialización. La asociación entre tipo celular y ocupación fue altamente significativa (p<0,0001), encontrándose el adenocarcinoma con mayor frecuencia en administrativos (oficinistas, docentes, contadores, abogados) y el epidermoide en otras ocupaciones (agricultores, metalúrgicos), especialmente en quienes fueron primeramente agricultores y luego metalúrgicos.

Foram estudados 211 pacientes do sexo masculino, fumantes, com câncer de pulmão, em Rosário (Argentina). Compararam-se as idades no momento do diagnóstico entre os tipos histológicos e ocupações e idade de início, duração e intensidade do hábito de fumar. A idade média dos pacientes diagnosticados foi de 61 anos, sem diferença por tipo histológico, porém por hábito de fumar: 58 anos os fumantes e 68 os ex-fumantes (p<0,0001). Nesses pacientes encontrou-se predomínio de tumores epidermoides, o que poderia estar associado aos contaminantes ocupacionais presentes nesta fase de industrialização. A associação entre tipo celular e ocupação foi altamente significativa (p<0,001), encontrando-se o adenocarcinoma com maior freqüência nos trabalhadores administrativos e o epidermoide em outras ocupações, especialmente em homens que primeiramemte foram agricultores e depois metalúrgicos.

Las altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en hombres en Rosario, Argentina motivaron o estudio de 211 pacientes varones. Se comparon las edades al diagnóstico entre los tipos histológicos y ocupaciones, y edad de iniciación, duración e intensidad del hábito de fumar. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue 61 años, sin diferencias por tipo histológico pero sí por hábito de fumar: 58 años los fumadores y 68 los ex-fumadores (p<0,0001). En estos pacientes se encontró un predominio de tumores epidermoides, lo que podria estar asociado a los contaminantes ocupacionales presentes en esta etapa de industrialización. La asociación entre tipo celular y ocupación fue altamente significativa (p<0,0001), encontrándose el adenocarcinoma con mayor frecuencia en administrativos (oficinistas, docentes, contadores, abogados) y el epidermoide en otras ocupaciones (agricultores, metalúrgicos), especialmente en quienes fueron primeramente agricultores y luego metalúrgicos.

High male lung cancer incidence and mortality in Rosario city, Argentina, have been found in previous studies. A project was undertaken for the purpose of evaluating the life-time occupational history as well as the duration and intensity of cigarette smoking as determinants of histologic cell types in 211 male patients with primary lung cancer. Their histologic cell types were: squamous 39%, adenocarcinoma 29%, small cell 18%, and others and not specified 14%. An association was found between histologic cell types and occupations (p<0.0001), adenocarcinoma being more prevalent in office personnel, teachers, accountants, lawyers, and squamous in the other, supposedly dirtier working environments, mainly in those men who had begun to work in farming and later transferred to mechanics and metallurgy. These latter ones were diagnosed at a younger age than those in other occupations, with a significant difference for squamous and small cell. No differences in the smoking intensity were found between the occupational groups. The mean age these patients began to smoke at was 15 years for those with squamous and small cell, and 17 years for those with adenocarcinoma (p<0.001). An interesting finding was the difference at their mean-age at diagnosis, 58 years for smokers and 68 for ex-smokers (p<0.0001). Studies are needed to elucidate the interplay of risk factors in the etiology of histologic subtypes of lung cancer.

Estudou-se a associação de níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, high density lipoprotein (HDL) e fow density lipoprotein (LDL), com o hábito de fumar cigarros, atividade física no trabalho e classe social em amostra aleatória de 238 homens de 18 anos de idade, de Rosario, Argentina. Os fumantes de tabaco negro, que se estavam igualmente representados nas diferentes classes sociais, apresentaram maiores níveis de colesterol total e LDL. O nível de colesterol total foi maior na classe social mais alta, o que se contrapõe com a distribuição dos fumantes por classes sociais. A associação entre atividade física no trabalho e classe social foi negativa e altamente significativa. Contrariamente não se encontraram diferenças significativas nos níveis de lipoproteínas entre os trabalhadores manuais e não manuais. É possível que as diferenças na alimentação por classes sociais ainda prevaleçam sobre o hábito de fumar quanto sua influência sobre os níveis de lipoproteínas em homens jovens.

The association of cigarette smoking, physical activity at work, and social class with total cholesterol and with high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were examined in a random sample of 238 males, of 18 years of age, of Rosario, Argerntina. The mean (mg/dl) total serum cholesterol of the whole sample was 174.7, the high density lipoprotein cholesterol 52.8, and the low density lipoprotein cholesterol 121.5. Black tobacco consumers, evenly distributed by social class, had higher levels of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Total cholesterol was higher in the high social class, differently from what smokers' distribution by social class, would lead one to expect. While a highly negative association was found between social class and physical activity at work, there were no significant diferences in lipoprotein levels between manual and non-manual workers. It is possible that the nutritional differences by social class still prevail over the smoking habit in their influence on the lipoprotein levels in these subjects.

Estudou-se a associação de níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, high density lipoprotein (HDL) e fow density lipoprotein (LDL), com o hábito de fumar cigarros, atividade física no trabalho e classe social em amostra aleatória de 238 homens de 18 anos de idade, de Rosario, Argentina. Os fumantes de tabaco negro, que se estavam igualmente representados nas diferentes classes sociais, apresentaram maiores níveis de colesterol total e LDL. O nível de colesterol total foi maior na classe social mais alta, o que se contrapõe com a distribuição dos fumantes por classes sociais. A associação entre atividade física no trabalho e classe social foi negativa e altamente significativa. Contrariamente não se encontraram diferenças significativas nos níveis de lipoproteínas entre os trabalhadores manuais e não manuais. É possível que as diferenças na alimentação por classes sociais ainda prevaleçam sobre o hábito de fumar quanto sua influência sobre os níveis de lipoproteínas em homens jovens.

The association of cigarette smoking, physical activity at work, and social class with total cholesterol and with high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were examined in a random sample of 238 males, of 18 years of age, of Rosario, Argerntina. The mean (mg/dl) total serum cholesterol of the whole sample was 174.7, the high density lipoprotein cholesterol 52.8, and the low density lipoprotein cholesterol 121.5. Black tobacco consumers, evenly distributed by social class, had higher levels of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Total cholesterol was higher in the high social class, differently from what smokers' distribution by social class, would lead one to expect. While a highly negative association was found between social class and physical activity at work, there were no significant diferences in lipoprotein levels between manual and non-manual workers. It is possible that the nutritional differences by social class still prevail over the smoking habit in their influence on the lipoprotein levels in these subjects.

Rosario, with a million inhabitants, is the second major urban concentration in Argentina and serves as the commercial and industrial center for a large area. In view of the lack of information on the present prevalence of smoking in this area as for the country as a whole, a study was performed on random samples of young people and university students of medicine and economics, as well as on their parents. Information was obtained on their life smoking habits, education and occupation. The prevalence of the habit was higher: a) in men, both in the youngsters and their parents; b) in medical students than in those of the economic sciences; c) in parents with university education. The smoking habit of these subjects and parents was highly associated (p < 0.001) in the sample of young people, although no association was found between the prevalence of smoking among university students and their parents. Peer smoking was the main factor influencing the onset of cigarette smoking given by 69% of the subjects. Knowledge of specific adverse health effects of smoking was poor. Attitudes toward restrictive measures were highly associated (p < 0.001) with the non-smoker category. Based on these findings, we conclude that while there is a need for educational programs for the population in general, the university as a whole and specifically the school of medicine should implement a program to increase knowledge and awareness on this public health problem.

Con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia del hábito de fumar cigarrillos en los jóvenes, se estudiaron muestras aleatorias de varones de 18 años y de estudiantes universitarios de medicina y de economía, los que respondieron un cuestionario referido al hábito, escolaridad y ocupación propias y de sus padres, así como sus opiniones y motivaciones. La prevalencia del hábito fue mayor en los varones en ambas generaciones, en los estudiantes de medicina que en los de economía, y en los padres con nivel universitario. Se encontró asociación entre el hábito de los jóvenes de la problación general con el de sus padres (p<0.001), pero no entre el de éstos y sus hijos universitarios. Considerando el rol protagónico que los universitarios y en especial los médicos deberían cumplir en la comunidad, surge la necesidad del desarrollo de programas educativos no sólo en las escuelas sino también en la universidad.

Com o objetivo de conhecer a prevalência de hábito de fumar cigarros entre os jovens, estudaram-se amostras aleatórias de homens de 18 anos e de estudantes universitários de medicina e de economia, que responderam um questionário sobre o hábito, escolaridade e ocupação, próprios e de seus pais. A prevalência do hábito de fumar foi maior nos homens de ambas as gerações, nos estudantes de medicina, que nos de economia, e nos pais com educação universitária. Achou-se associação entre o hábito dos jovens representativos da população geral (p < 0,001), mas não entre o dos progenitores e de seus filhos universitários. Visto a participação fundamental que os universitários, em especial os médicos, deveriam ter na comunidade, surge a necessidade de programas educativos, não só nas escolas mas também nas universidades.

Com o objetivo de conhecer a prevalência de hábito de fumar cigarros entre os jovens, estudaram-se amostras aleatórias de homens de 18 anos e de estudantes universitários de medicina e de economia, que responderam um questionário sobre o hábito, escolaridade e ocupação, próprios e de seus pais. A prevalência do hábito de fumar foi maior nos homens de ambas as gerações, nos estudantes de medicina, que nos de economia, e nos pais com educação universitária. Achou-se associação entre o hábito dos jovens representativos da população geral (p < 0,001), mas não entre o dos progenitores e de seus filhos universitários. Visto a participação fundamental que os universitários, em especial os médicos, deveriam ter na comunidade, surge a necessidade de programas educativos, não só nas escolas mas também nas universidades.

Rosario, with a million inhabitants, is the second major urban concentration in Argentina and serves as the commercial and industrial center for a large area. In view of the lack of information on the present prevalence of smoking in this area as for the country as a whole, a study was performed on random samples of young people and university students of medicine and economics, as well as on their parents. Information was obtained on their life smoking habits, education and occupation. The prevalence of the habit was higher: a) in men, both in the youngsters and their parents; b) in medical students than in those of the economic sciences; c) in parents with university education. The smoking habit of these subjects and parents was highly associated (p < 0.001) in the sample of young people, although no association was found between the prevalence of smoking among university students and their parents. Peer smoking was the main factor influencing the onset of cigarette smoking given by 69% of the subjects. Knowledge of specific adverse health effects of smoking was poor. Attitudes toward restrictive measures were highly associated (p < 0.001) with the non-smoker category. Based on these findings, we conclude that while there is a need for educational programs for the population in general, the university as a whole and specifically the school of medicine should implement a program to increase knowledge and awareness on this public health problem.

Con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia del hábito de fumar cigarrillos en los jóvenes, se estudiaron muestras aleatorias de varones de 18 años y de estudiantes universitarios de medicina y de economía, los que respondieron un cuestionario referido al hábito, escolaridad y ocupación propias y de sus padres, así como sus opiniones y motivaciones. La prevalencia del hábito fue mayor en los varones en ambas generaciones, en los estudiantes de medicina que en los de economía, y en los padres con nivel universitario. Se encontró asociación entre el hábito de los jóvenes de la problación general con el de sus padres (p<0.001), pero no entre el de éstos y sus hijos universitarios. Considerando el rol protagónico que los universitarios y en especial los médicos deberían cumplir en la comunidad, surge la necesidad del desarrollo de programas educativos no sólo en las escuelas sino también en la universidad.