Resumen Este trabajo evaluó las propiedades fisicoquímicas del caldo de pulverización formado con diferentes tipos de agua, con y sin utilizar la mezcla de múltiples plaguicidas. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorio, los tratamientos se organizaron en un esquema factorial 4x5 (4 tipos de agua y 4 caldos de plaguicidas + 1 sin producto fitosanitario) en tres épocas de muestreo (maíz de segunda zafra, pre-siembra de la soja y durante cultivo de la soja) en un año. Los tipos de agua fueron agua desionizada, agua de pozo, agua de río y agua de laguna, y la mezcla de productos consistió en herbicida (glifosato 925 g i.a. ha-1), herbicida + insecticida (Imidacloprid + beta-cifluthrina 100 + 12.5 g i.a. ha-1), herbicida + fungicida (Trifloxistrobina + Prothioconazole 70+60 g i.a. ha-1), herbicida + insecticida + fungicida. Se encontró relación entre el origen del agua y la mezcla de los plaguicidas, que influenció la calidad del caldo de pulverización. Cuando el agua proviene de lagunas, el caldo presenta la peor calidad física, lo que disminuye el rendimiento del plaguicida. El caldo con el herbicida, insecticida y fungicida mezclados se diluye menos, aumentando el riesgo de incompatibilidad y de ineficacia de los plaguicidas.

Abstract This work evaluated physical-chemical properties of spraying syrup formulated with different water types and using or not tank-mixing pesticides. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (4 water types and 4 pesticide syrups + control, non-sprayed plant) in three sampling times (off-season corn, pre-planting soybean weed control, and soybean season) within one year. Water treatments consisted of deionized, well, river and weir water. Product mixing consisted of herbicide (Glyphosate 925 g a.i. ha-1), herbicide + insecticide (Imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin 100+12.5 g a.i. ha-1), herbicide + fungicide (Trifloxystrobin + Prothioconazole 70+60 g a.i. ha-1) and herbicide + insecticide + fungicide. Weir water presented the worst physical quality. Spraying syrup prepared with tank-mixing herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide in various combinations decreased the effectiveness of the pesticide. When associating the three pesticides, less dissolution of the spray syrup and greater risk of syrup incompatibility leads to pesticide ineffectiveness.

Among the copper sulphides, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), covellite (CuS) and chalcocite (Cu2S) are the most important source of minerals for copper mining industry. The acknowledge of behaviour of these sulphides related with bacterial leaching process are essential for optimization procedures. Despite of its importance, covellite has not deserved much interest of researchers regarding this matter. In this work it was studied the oxidation of covellite by the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans by using electrochemical techniques, such as open circuit potentials with the time and cyclic voltammetry. The experiments were carried out in acid medium (pH 1.8), containing or not Fe2+ as additional energy source, and in different periods of incubation; chemical controls were run in parallel. The results showed that a sulphur layer is formed spontaneously due the acid attack, covering the sulphide in the initial phase of incubation, blocking the sulphide oxidation. However, the bacterium was capable to oxidize this sulphur layer. In the presence of Fe2+ as supplemental energy source, the corrosion process was facilitated, because ocurred an indirect oxidation of covellite by Fe3+, which was produced by T. ferrooxidans oxidation of the Fe2+ added in the medium.

The Ti-6Al-4V alloy used as biomaterial has been used over the last years. The literature shows controversies concerning the kind and the chemical composition of the film naturally and elctrochemically formed on the surface of the titanium alloy. The presente work studies the film composition before and after the electrochemical polarization tests using the x Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. The results showed that the film naturally formed on the metallic surface is constituted of a variety of oxides which do not cover the whole surface of the metallic alloy and therefore, metallic Ti, Al and V can be found on the uncovered areas. The tests of XPS made after the polarization up to 4V (SCE) showed that the electrochemically formed film is constituted only of TiO2 and that the peak current observed around 1,5 V (SCE) is due to the oxidation of any kind of titanium oxide or the growth of the film.

Foram realizados estudos para avaliar a microestrutura, a dureza e a resistência à corrosão do titânio comercialmente puro-Ti c.p. soldado por laser e utilizado na confecção de prótese sobre implantes. Verificou-se que na soldagem a laser a microestrutura apresentou três regiões distintas: o cordão de solda, a zona afetada pelo calor - ZAC e o metal base. O Ti c.p. possui microestrutura granular, a microestrutura do cordão de solda é mais refinada e de maior dureza do que o metal base. A ZAC obtida por este processo de soldagem foi relativamente pequena quando comparada com o processo de soldagem por brasagem. Os ensaios eletroquímicos mostraram que a região da solda apresentou menor resistência à corrosão em meio de NaCl 0,15 molL-1 à temperatura ambiente.

This research was developed to study the microstructure, the hardness properties and corrosion resistence of the commercial pure titanium-cp Ti to be applied for prosthesis supported by implants submeted to laser welding process. In the welding area was found three different microstructure regions: the weld fusion zone, the heat afected zone - HAZ, and the base metal. The cp Ti revealed a more refined and hardness weld zone microstructure than that base metal area. The HAZ width were smaller when compared with brazing welding process. The eletrochemical experiments showed that the weld region had a lowest corrosion resistance in NaCl 0.15 molL-1 solution at room temperature.