RESUMO: A taxa de aquecimento usada durante o descongelamento do sêmen desempenha um papel importante na redução dos danos estruturais e funcionais nos espermatozóides. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da temperatura de descongelamento na qualidade do sêmen, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen bovino criopreservado. Foram utilizados 195 palhetas de 0,5 mL de cinco touros Holstein Friesian (39 palhetas por touro). As amostras passaram por oito a 22 anos de armazenamento e foram processadas sob protocolo padrão com Tris-gema de ovo e armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido. As temperaturas de descongelamento foram T1: 36 °C, T2: 38 °C, T3: 40 °C, cada uma por 30 segundos em banho-maria. Pós-descongelamento, a motilidade e cinética dos espermatozoides, morfologia, integridade estrutural da membrana (SMI), integridade funcional da membrana (FMI), integridade acrossomal (AI), ROS e potencial de membrana mitocondrial (ΔΨM) foram avaliados. Modelos lineares generalizados foram ajustados. Cada modelo incluiu os efeitos de touro, tempo de armazenamento e tratamento. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. T2 e T3 apresentaram resultados mais elevados para a maioria dos parâmetros de motilidade e cinemática espermática, SMI (%) (T1 41,9 ± 2,3; T2 45,7 ± 1,9; T3 47,4 ± 2,8), ROS (RFU/min) (T1 0,026 ± 0,007; T2 0,032 ± 0,001; T3 0,031 ± 0,001) e alto ΔΨM (RFU x 103) (67,1 ± 0,4; 71,3 ± 0,4; 74,2 ± 0,4) (P < 0,05). No entanto, T1 apresentou maior FMI (%) (39,3 ± 2,3) em comparação a T2 (34,0 ± 1,9) (P < 0,05), mas não foi diferente do T3 (38,4 ± 2,2) (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que as temperaturas de descongelamento de 38 °C e 40 °C produzem um aumento na motilidade, cinética, integridade de membrana, atividade mitocondrial e ROS do sêmen bovino criopreservado, em comparação com o uso mais convencional de uma temperatura de descongelamento de 36 °C.

ABSTRACT: The heating rate used during semen thawing plays an important role in reducing structural and functional damage to spermatozoa. In this study, we evaluated the influence of thawing temperature on semen quality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial activity of cryopreserved bovine semen. A total of 195 straws of 0.5 mL from five Holstein Friesian bulls were used (39 straws per bull). Samples underwent 8 to 22 years of storage; they were processed under a standard protocol with tris-egg yolk and stored in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed for 30 seconds in a water bath at T1: 36 °C, T2: 38 °C or T3: 40 °C. Sperm motility and kinematics, morphology, structural membrane integrity (SMI), functional membrane integrity (FMI), acrosome integrity (AI), ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) of post-thawing bovine sperm were evaluated. Generalized linear models were fitted to the data. Each model included the effects of bull, storage time, and treatment. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, and means were compared using the Tukey test. T2 and T3 showed better results for sperm motility and kinematic parameters, SMI (%) (T1 41.9 ± 2.3; T2 45.7 ± 1.9; T3 47.4 ± 2.8), ROS (RFU/min) (T1 0.026 ± 0.007; T2 0.032 ± 0.001; T3 0.031 ± 0.001) and high-ΔΨM (RFU x 103) (67.1± 0,4; 71.3 ± 0.4; 74.2 ± 0.4) (P < 0.05). However, T1 had higher FMI (39.3 ± 2.3) than T2 (34.0 ± 1.9) (P < 0.05), though not significantly (P > 0.05) different from T3 (38.4 ± 2.2). Thawing temperatures of 38 °C and 40 °C increases motility, kinetics, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and ROS of cryopreserved bovine semen, compared with more conventional thawing at 36 °C.

ABSTRACT: Spermatozoa experience oxidative, osmotic, chemical, and thermal stresses when cooled, which degrade the quality and fertilizing capacity of the cells. Adding antioxidants to the sperm extender mitigates these alterations. This study evaluated the effect of isoespintanol (ISO) on boar semen subjected to cooling. Fifteen ejaculates from five boars (Susscrofadomestica) were extended in Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) supplemented with 0 µM (control), 5 µM (ISO5), 10 µM (ISO10), 15 µM (ISO15), 20 µM (ISO20), 25 µM (ISO25), and 30 µM (ISO30) of ISO, which were then cooled for five days at 16 °C. Sperm kinetics, total motility (TM), and progressive motility (PM) were evaluated every 24 h using an IVOS computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. On day 1 and day 5 of cooling, a hypoosmotic test, spectrofluorometry, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the following: membrane functionality, measured as a function of hypoosmotic swelling (HOS); total antioxidant capacity (TAC); reactive oxygen species (ROS); and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ¥M). Regression analysis and comparison of means using the Duncan test were performed. The ISO added had a slight impact on sperm motility, as evidenced by a reduction in TM at 24 h of cooling (but not prior) with the addition of 20 µM of ISO. Similarly, no effect of the ISO on the kinetics and functional integrity of the sperm membrane was observed at 96 h of cooling; however, the regression coefficients indicated that the ISO lowered the rate of decrease in sperm motility and the proportion of rapid spermatozoa relative to the concentration of ISO used. The ISO did not affect the TAC of the cooled semen; however, different concentrations of ISO lowered ROS production in the semen after 96 h of cooling. ISO also impacted the Δ¥M of the spermatozoa at 0 h of cooling, increasing the proportion of low Δ¥M cells and decreasing the proportion of high Δ¥M cells. In conclusion, ISO can reduce the loss of quality and oxidative stress occurring in boar semen during cooling and can modulate the mitochondrial activity of sperm.

RESUMO: Durante a refrigeração, os espermatozoides sofrem estresse oxidativo, osmótico, químico e térmico, que diminuem sua qualidade e afetam sua capacidade de fertilização. A adição de antioxidantes ao diluente espermático é uma alternativa para mitigar essas alterações. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do isospintanol (ISO) na refrigeração do sêmen suíno. Quinze ejaculados de cinco varrascos (Sus scrofa domestica) foram diluídos em BTS suplementado com ISO a 0 (controle), 5 (ISO5), 10 (ISO10), 15 (ISO15), 20 (ISO20), 25 (ISO25) e 30 (ISO30) µM e foram refrigerados por cinco dias a 16 °C. A motilidade total (MT), motilidade progressiva (MP) e cinética dos espermatozóides foram avaliadas a cada 24 h com um sistema CASA IVOS. Nos dias um e cinco de refrigeração, foram avaliadas a funcionalidade da membrana, a capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), as espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e o potencial de membrana mitocondrial (Δ¥M), através do teste hiposmótico (HOS), espectrofluorimetría e citometria de fluxo. Foram realizadas análises de regressão e comparação de médias, pelo teste de Duncan. A adição de ISO teve pouca influência na motilidade espermática, apresentando apenas redução na MT em 24 h de refrigeração, devido à adição de 20 µM. Da mesma forma, não foi observada influência de ISO na cinética e integridade funcional da membrana em 96 horas de refrigeração; porém, os coeficientes de regressão mostraram que ISO produziu menor taxa de diminuição da motilidade e proporção de espermatozoides rápidos dependendo da concentração utilizada. ISO não influenciou significativamente na CAT do sêmen refrigerado; entretanto, diferentes concentrações de ISO reduziram a produção de EROs a partir do sêmen após de 96 h de refrigeração. ISO também influenciou o Δ¥M dos espermatozóides em 0 h de refrigeração, com aumento das células de baixo Δ¥M e diminuição das células de alto Δ¥M. Em conclusão, o isospintanol pode reduzir a perda da qualidade e o estresse oxidativo do sêmen suíno durante a refrigeração e pode modular a atividade mitocondrial do esperma.

Resumen Los métodos de preparación de café de filtración por gravedad en su mayoría constituyen una buena alternativa para obtener café con diferentes notas de acidez, amargo y cuerpo. En este estudio, se determinó la composición de los compuestos con capacidad antioxidante y el perfil de taza en bebidas de café preparadas con ocho métodos de filtración por gravedad. Se aplicó espectrofotometría UV-visible y cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia para cuantificar antioxidantes, ácidos hidroxicinámicos y la actividad antioxidante. Para establecer la calidad sensorial se aplicó el análisis descriptivo cualitativo mediante un panel de expertos. Los métodos con mayor concentración de fenoles totales y flavonoides fueron Chemex, Sifón y Silvertone. Los de mayor contenido de taninos condensados fueron Silvertone, Sifón y Napolitana. El mayor contenido de ácidos hidroxicinámicos lo presentaron los métodos Sifón y Napolitana. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante los métodos ABTS (capacidad antioxidante del radical catiónico 2,2-Azino-bis-3- etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico), ORAC (Capacidad de Absorción de Radicales de Oxígeno), and FRAP (Poder Antioxidante Reductor del Hierro) y fue alta en Silvertone, Sifón y Napolitana. Las preparaciones con mayor calificación sensorial fueron Silvertone y Chemex. El método con menor aceptación a nivel sensorial fue el método que empleó el colador de Tela. Las bebidas preparadas mediante Kalita y Goteo obtuvieron la más baja expresión de sus compuestos antioxidantes. El ácido hidroxicinámico más predominante en las ocho preparaciones estudiadas fue el ácido clorogénico. Se recomienda el consumo de café con los métodos Silvertone, Sifón y Napolitana para aumentar el consumo de antioxidantes en la dieta. Si el consumidor prefiere notas amargas, con Silvertone las encuentra; de lo contrario, con el método Sifón y Napolitana puede disfrutar de notas ácidas en la bebida de café.

Abstract Most gravity-filtration coffee preparation methods constitute good alternatives for obtaining coffee with varying acidity, bitterness, and bodies. The present study identifies the composition of compounds with antioxidant capacities and cup profiles for coffee beverages prepared using eight gravity-filtration methods. UV-visible spectrophotometry and high- performance liquid chromatography quantified antioxidants, hydroxycinnamic acids, and antioxidant activity. A qualitative descriptive analysis was performed using an expert panel to establish the sensory quality. The methods that yielded the highest total phenol and flavonoid concentrations were Chemex, Siphon, and Silvertone. The Silvertone, Siphon, and Neapolitan methods had the most condensed tannin content. The maximum hydroxycinnamic acid content was found with the Siphon and Neapolitan methods. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the ABTS (antioxidant capacity of the cationic radical 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods and found to be the highest with the Silvertone, Siphon, and Neapolitan methods. The preparation methods with the highest sensorial scores were Silvertone and Chemex, while the lowest sensorial acceptance level was found with the Cloth filter method. Beverages made with the Kalita and Drip methods showed the lowest antioxidant compound expressions. The most predominant hydroxycinnamic acid was chlorogenic acid in the eight preparations studied. We thus recommend that coffee be consumed following preparation with the Silvertone, Siphon, or Neapolitan methods to increase antioxidant consumption in the diet. Should the consumer prefer bitter notes, these may be found with the Silvertone preparation method; otherwise, one may enjoy acidic notes in coffee beverages with the Siphon and Neapolitan methods.

Abstract: The primary objective of this research study is to assess retention of antioxidant metabolites, antioxidant activity, and cup profile of cold coffee drinks prepared using five different methods: Toddy, Cold Tower, Mizudashi, Cold Brew, and Fretta. UV-Visible spectrophotometry and high efficiency liquid chromatography are applied to quantify antioxidants and antioxidant activity. The results show that the preparation method that registered the highest antioxidant retention is Cold Tower, followed by the Toddy and Cold Brew preparations. The highest content of hydroxycinnamic acids is obtained with Mizudashi, Cold Brew, and Toddy. Antioxidant capacity is proportional to antioxidant compound retention. The preparation methods with the highest global impression are Toddy and Mizudashi. The most predominant hydroxycinnamic acid is chlorogenic acid. In conclusion, the Cold Tower, Toddy, and Cold Brew coffee preparation methods are recommended for their positive acceptance, retention, and antioxidant expression, resulting in a well-balanced refreshing drink with sensory quality and functionality.

Resumen: El principal objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la retención de metabolitos antioxidantes, la actividad antioxidante y el perfil de taza de bebidas frías de café preparadas mediante cinco métodos: Toddy, Torre fría, Mizudashi, Cold Brew y Fretta. Se utilizan la espectrofotometría UV-Visible y la cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia para cuantificar antioxidantes y actividad antioxidante. Los resultados muestran que el método que registró mayor retención de antioxidantes fue Torre fría, seguido de la preparación Toddy y Cold Brew. La actividad antioxidante fue proporcional a la retención de compuestos antioxidantes. Los métodos con mayor impresión global fueron Toddy y Mizudashi. El ácido hidroxicinámico más predominante fue el ácido clorogénico. El mayor contenido de ácidos hidroxicinámicos se obtuvo con Mizudashi, Cold Brew y Toddy. Se recomienda el consumo de café con los métodos Torre fría, Toddy y Cold Brew por su buena aceptación, retención y expresión de antioxidantes para encontrar buen balance en una bebida refrescante, con calidad sensorial y funcionalidad.

RESUMO: O colostro materno fornece ao recém-nascido imunoglobulinas que são essenciais para a imunidade passiva. No entanto, o armazenamento e o manuseio do colostro podem alterar suas características físicas e nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de três métodos de conservação na densidade, pH, capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), peroxidação protéica (PP) e lipídica (LP) do colostro. Amostras de colostro foram coletadas de 15 vacas Bos indicus, e divididas em três alíquotas para armazenamento usando três métodos: refrigeração a 4 °C, congelamento a -20 °C e liofilização. Em cada método, foram realizados quatro tempos de avaliação: dia (d) 5, 10, 15 e 20 para refrigeração e dia 15, 30, 45 e 60 para congelamento e liofilização. Além disso, as análises de pH e densidade foram realizadas em cada momento de avaliação para cada método. No dia 0 e 15 de conservação foram realizadas análises da CAT, PL e PP. Foi realizado um modelo linear generalizado, teste de Tukey para comparação de médias e análise de correlação de Pearson. Uma diminuição no pH do colostro refrigerado foi encontrada no dia 15. A densidade do colostro liofilizado diminuiu em comparação com o colostro congelado. A liofilização apresentou menor PP das amostras, enquanto a refrigeração apresentou os maiores valores de PL e PP. Não foram observadas diferenças no TAC do colostro entre os métodos de armazenamento. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre PP e densidade do colostro e uma correlação negativa entre densidade do colostro e CAT. Assim, concluiu-se que tanto o congelamento quanto a liofilização são métodos adequados de armazenamento do colostro bovino, pois limitam a oxidação de proteínas e lipídios e mantêm o TAC do colostro fresco.

ABSTRACT: Maternal colostrum provides the neonate with immunoglobulins, essential for passive immunity. However, storage and handling of colostrum can alter its physical and nutritional characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three conservation methods on colostrum density, pH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein (PP) and lipid peroxidation (LP). Colostrum samples were collected from 15 Bos indicus cows, and divided into three aliquots for storage using three methods: refrigeration at 4°C, freezing at -20°C, and lyophilization. For each method, four evaluation times were performed: day (d) 5, 10, 15, and 20 for refrigeration and d 15, 30, 45, and 60 for freezing and lyophilization. pH and density analyses were performed at each evaluation time for each method. On d 0 and 15 of storage, TAC, LP, and PP analyses were performed. A generalized linear model, Tukey’s test for means comparisons, and a Pearson correlation analysis were conducted. A decrease in refrigerated colostrum pH was observed on d 15. Density of the lyophilized colostrum decreased, as compared with that of frozen colostrum. Lyophilization exhibited the lower PP values of samples, whereas refrigeration presented the highest values of LP and PP. No differences in colostrum TAC were observed between storage methods. A positive correlation between PP and colostrum density and a negative correlation between colostrum density and TAC were found. It was concluded that both freezing and lyophilization are suitable storage methods for bovine colostrum, as they limit proteins and lipids oxidation, and maintain the TAC of fresh colostrum.

ABSTRACT The needs for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are increased during pregnancy for the visual and neurological development of the fetus and the breastfed infant. In this study, a yogurt with microalgae oil added to contribute to the dietary recommendation of DHA in pregnant and breastfeeding women was developed and evaluated. Three yogurt formulations were designed with 0.075; 0.125 and 0.175 microalgae oil percentage and compared with a control sample. Fatty acid profile, antioxidant potential (ABTS, total phenols), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbitrical acid reactive substances [TBARS]), physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological properties were evaluated. Yogurts with microalgae oil added covered 30, 45 and 63% of DHA recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women per portion (200 mL). Fat acid stability was observed, except in the one with the greatest oil addition. The sample with 0.125% of microalgae oil added was rated the highest by the sensory panel. All samples met the microbiological and physicochemical standard for a whole yogurt added with sugar. Promising antioxidant potential capable of protecting DHA was observed in the yogurt. We conclude that dairy drinks such as yogurt are suitable matrices for adding microalgae oil in order to increase DHA in the diet, especially in stages where the needs of this component are higher as is the case during pregnancy and lactation periods.

RESUMEN Las necesidades de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), se incrementan en la mujer gestante para el desarrollo visual y neurológico del feto y el lactante. En este trabajo, se desarrolló y se evaluó un yogur adicionado con aceite de microalgas, que contribuyera a la recomendación dietaria de DHA en mujeres gestantes y lactantes. Se diseñaron tres formulaciones de yogur con 0,075; 0,125 y 0,175% de aceite de microalga y se compararon con una muestra control. Se evaluaron propiedades fisicoquímicas, sensoriales, microbiológicas, perfil de ácidos grasos, potencial antioxidante (ABTS, fenoles totales) y peroxidación lipídica (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]). Los yogures adicionados con el aceite de microalga cubrieron en 30, 45 y 63% las recomendaciones de DHA para mujeres gestantes y lactantes por porción (200 mL). Se observó estabilidad del ácido graso, excepto en la muestra de mayor adición del aceite. La muestra con adición de 0,125% de aceite de microalga fue la de mejor calificación por el panel sensorial. Todas las muestras cumplieron con el estándar microbiológico y fisicoquímico para un yogur entero adicionado con dulce. Se observó potencial antioxidante promisorio en el yogur, capaz de proteger el DHA. Se concluye que las bebidas lácteas como el yogur son matrices adecuadas para la adición de aceite de microalga con la finalidad de aumentar el DHA en la dieta, especialmente en etapas en que las necesidades de este componente son más altas, como en periodo de gestación y lactancia.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El mango (Mangifera indica L.) es una de las frutas más consumidas en el mundo y también es una fuente rica en antioxidantes los cuales pueden prevenir el estrés oxidativo. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el mango (c.v Azúcar) puede mejorar el estado antioxidante de individuos sanos con un bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cruzado, simple-ciego en 16 individuos sanos durante 73 días. Los participantes fueron asignados aleatoriamente al período del consumo del jugo o del placebo. Se determinó el contenido fenólico total, la capacidad antioxidante y los niveles de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbiturico (TBARS), mangiferina, glutatión total y 8-hidroxi-guanosina, en el plasma obtenido de los participantes. Resultados: La capacidad antioxidante en plasma fue mayor en el período del consumo del jugo en comparación con el período del consumo del placebo; sin embargo, el contenido fenólico total, y los niveles de glutation total, 8-hidroxideoxiguanosina y TBARS no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el período del jugo y el período del placebo. La mangiferina se detectó en todos los individuos después del consumo del jugo. Conclusiones: El consumo diario de jugo de mango variedad Azúcar mejora la capacidad antioxidante en plasma.

ABSTRACT Background: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world’s most consumed fruit, and it is also a rich source of antioxidants that may prevent oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to determine if mango (cv. Azúcar) juice can improve the antioxidant status of healthy individuals with low consumption of vegetables and fruit. Methods: This was a cross-over single-blind study carried out with 16 healthy individuals for 73 days. Participants were randomly assigned to either a mango juice period or a placebo period. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, mangiferin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels were determined in plasma. Results: Plasma antioxidant activity was significantly higher in the juice consumption period than the placebo consumption period; however, total phenolic content, total glutathione, TBARS, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels did not show significant differences between juice period and placebo period. Mangiferin was detected in every participant after juice consumption. Conclusions: Mango (cv. Azúcar) juice daily consumption improves plasma antioxidant capacity.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Vaccinium meridionale produce frutos con alto contenido en antocianinas y polifenoles con elevada capacidad antioxidante. Objetivo: Producir vinagre a partir de bebidas alcohólicas de V. meridionale y determinar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos antioxidantes, capacidad antioxidante y actividad citotóxica sobre células de cáncer colorrectal. Métodos: Muestras de Vino y vinagre fueron obtenidas mediante fermentación del jugo de V. meridionale, usando tres procesos extractivos: maceración mecánica (MAC), precalentamiento a 80 °C (CAL) y una combinación de ambos (MIX). En la fermentación acética fueron evaluadas la acidez titulable y el contenido de ácido acético. Se registró y comparó la evolución de la fermentación midiendo el potencial antioxidante por DPPH, FRAP y ORAC. Se cuantificaron los polifenoles, antocianinas y ácidos hidroxicinámicos. Finalmente, la actividad antiproliferativa del vinagre fue evaluada en células de cáncer de colon SW480. Resultados: En la fermentación acética, el rendimiento y la productividad fueron independientes de la extracción indicando que no afectan la biotransformación del alcohol en vinagre. Las bebidas alcohólicas mostraron la mayor actividad antioxidante, después de la fermentación acética se observó una disminución del potencial antioxidante en los tres procesos extractivos evaluados. Los vinagres obtenidos por CAL y MIX, presentaron los mayores valores de actividad antioxidante, polifenoles y antocianinas. La inhibición de la actividad antiproliferativa del vinagre fue dosis dependiente y mostró un IC50 de 536 μg/mL. Conclusiones: El vinagre preparado a partir de bayas de V. meridionale presentó una excelente actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa debido al contenido de compuestos bioactivos y poder antioxidante que puede contribuir a la quimioprevención en la prevención secundaria del cáncer.

ABSTRACT Background: Vaccinium meridionale produces fruits with a high content of anthocyanins and polyphenols with great antioxidant capacity. Objective: produce vinegar from V. meridionale alcoholic beverages and to determine the content of bioactive antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cells. Methods: Wine and vinegar samples were obtained by fermentation of V. meridionale berries juice, using three extractive processes: mechanical maceration (MAC), preheating to 80 °C (CAL) and a combination of both (MIX). During acetic fermentation, titratable acidity and acetic acid content were evaluated. Fermentation progress was recorded and compared by measuring the antioxidant potential by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC. Polyphenols, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids were quantified. Finally, the antiproliferative activity of vinegar was evaluated in SW480 colon cancer cells. Results: In acetic fermentation, yield and productivity were independent of extraction, indicating that they do not affect the biotransformation of alcohol into vinegar. The alcoholic beverages showed the highest antioxidant activity; after acetic fermentation, a decrease in antioxidant potential was observed in all three extractive processes evaluated. The different vinegar obtained by CAL and MIX, showed the highest values of antioxidant activity, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The inhibition of the antiproliferative activity of vinegar was dose-dependent and showed an IC50 of 536 μg/mL. Conclusions: The vinegar prepared from V. meridionale berries presented an outstanding antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. The reason is the contents of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant power, which may contribute to chemoprevention in secondary cancer prevention.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el análisis de la estabilidad oxidativa permite determinar la funcionalidad de los antioxidantes presentes en los alimentos, en el tiempo. Objetivo: en esta investigación se elaboró una bebida funcional de mango y se evaluaron los cambios en el perfil antioxidante y los parámetros fisicoquímicos de la bebida sometida a condiciones aceleradas de almacenamiento. Métodos: la bebida se distribuyó a 22, 35 y 45°C durante 80 días. Para hacer el seguimiento de la estabilidad oxidativa, se realizaron los análisis antioxidantes ABTS, ORAC, Mangiferina, Fenoles Totales y Carotenoides totales; además, se realizó seguimiento de las propiedades fisicoquímicas (pH y °Bx) y las coordenadas L*a*b*. Se verificó el ajuste de los datos al modelo de Arrhenius y la vida útil se determinó teniendo en cuenta una pérdida del 50% en los atributos evaluados, como el límite crítico. Resultados: se observó el deterioro de los atributos antioxidantes y el color en las temperaturas de estudio, siendo más pronunciado a 45°C. Los atributos menos estables fueron carotenoides y la coordenada CIELab b*, presentando pérdidas superiores al 50%. Los valores de mangiferina exhibieron un deterioro menor al 40% y similar en las temperaturas evaluadas. El pH y los grados Brix no presentaron cambios significativos. Las reacciones de deterioro fueron de orden uno y siguieron la ley de Arrhenius, presentando coeficientes de determinación mayores a 0,90. Los valores de la energía de activación (E a ) estuvieron dentro del rango reportado para jugos de fruta, destacándose el valor hallado para la coordenada b* (44,59 kJ.mol-1). Conclusión: los valores ORAC estimaron un tiempo de vida útil para la bebida en 10 meses, bajo un almacenamiento a 4°C, sin embargo, se recomienda realizar análisis sensoriales y microbiológicos complementarios, bajo las mismas condiciones.

ABSTRACT Background: the analysis of the oxidative stability allows to determine the functionality of the antioxidants present in food, over time. Objectives: in this research, a functional mango drink is elaborated and the changes in the antioxidant profile and physicochemical parameters of the drink subjected to accelerated storage conditions are evaluated. Methods: the drink was distributed at 22, 35 and 45°C for 80 days. To monitor oxidative stability, the antioxidant analyzes ABTS, ORAC, mangiferin, total phenols and total carotenoids were performed; in addition, physicochemical properties (pH and °Bx) and L*a*b* coordinates, were monitored. The fit of the data to the Arrhenius model was verified and the shelf life was determined considering a 50% loss in the evaluated attributes, such as the critical limit. Results: the deterioration of the antioxidant attributes and the color at the study temperatures is observed, being more pronounced at 45°C. The least stable attributes are the carotenoids and the b-coordinate, presenting losses greater than 50%. The values of mangiferin exhibit deterioration lower than 40% and similar in the temperatures evaluated. The pH and Brix degrees do not show significant changes. The deterioration reactions are of order one and followed the Arrhenius law, presenting coefficients of determination greater than 0.90. The values of the activation energy (E a ) are within the range reported for fruit juices, standing out the value found for the b* coordinate (44.59 kJ.mol-1). Conclusions: the ORAC units are the chosen attribute to condition the life of the beverage, giving 10 months of useful life at 4°C, however, it is recommended to perform sensory and microbiological analyzes under the same conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la evidencia acumulada sugiere que los compuestos naturales, especialmente monoterpenos, ejercen una acción vasodilatadora. Objetivo: investigar los efectos vasculares del monoterpeno isoespintanol (2-isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-5-metilfenol, ISO) aislado de hojas de Oxandra cf xylopioides. Métodos: anillos de aorta torácica aislados de ratas Wistar fueron contraídas con cloruro de potasio 80 mM y luego relajadas por exposición a una solución libre de Ca2+ en ausencia y presencia de isoespintanol 0,6 µg/mL. El radio fuerza/tejido (F/T) y el tiempo para obtener 50% de relajación (T-50) se usaron para lograr la máxima respuesta contráctil y de relajación, respectivamente. Para evaluar la participación del óxido nítrico, se realizaron experimentos adicionales bajo la inhibición de la óxido nítrico sintetasa con L-NAME (L-NG-éster metílico de nitroarginina). Resultados: Isoespintanol disminuyó el radio F/W significativamente (257 ± 19 vs. 360 ± 18) y no cambió T-50. En presencia de L-NAME, los efectos del isoespintanol en la respuesta contráctil fueron suprimidos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados demuestran que el isoespintanol ejerce un efecto vasodilatador a través de vías NO dependientes y sugiere que la inhibición de la entrada de calcio puede ser el mecanismo involucrado.

ABSTRACT Background: accumulating evidence suggests that natural compounds and specifically monoterpenes exert a vasodilator action. Objective: to investigate the vascular effects of isoespintanol (2-isopropil-3,6- dimetoxi-5-metilfenol, ISO) monoterpene isolated from the leaves of Oxandra cf xylopioides. Methods: thoracic aortic rings isolated from Wistar rats were contracted with KCl 80 mM and then relaxed by exposure to Ca2+-free solution in absence and in presence of ISO 0.6 μg/mL. The force/tissue ratio (F/W) and the time to obtain 50% of relaxation (T-50) were used to assess the maximal contractile response and the relaxation, respectively. To examine the participation of NO additional experiments were performed under inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester). Results: ISO significantly decreased the F/W ratio (257 ± 19 vs. 360 ± 18) and did not change T-50. In presence of L-NAME the effects of ISO on contractile response was abolished. Conclusions: these results demonstrate that ISO exerts a vasodilator effect through NO-dependent pathways and suggest that an inhibition of calcium influx could be the involved mechanism.

Oxidative stress has been associated with the development of many chronic and degenerative diseases in canines. The presence of antioxidants in food contributes to the reduction of the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS). Polyphenols are a group of substances with high antioxidant activity and play an important role in the prevention of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the composition, the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol content of dog feeds from different commercial segments. Nineteen dog foods from four commercial segments: popular, economic, premium and super premium were randomly selected. Through a bromatological analysis the composition of each feed was evaluated. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TFC) were measured through the ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Analysis of variance and correlation were performed. Dog feeds of the premium and super premium segments presented higher proportions of crude protein and fat, and lower crude fiber, ash, calcium and phosphorus, in comparison with feeds of the popular and economic segments (p<0.05). For the popular, economic, premium and super premium segments, TFC values of 160. µmol Trolox/L sample were determined, respectively (p0.05). A positive correlation was found between crude fiber content and TFC (r = 0.47, p0.05). It is concluded that commercial segmentation of the dog feeds is not reflected in its antioxidant contribution and a higher crude fiber content, typical of feeds of the popular and economic segments, is positively associated with the content of phenols.

El estrés oxidativo se ha asociado con el desarrollo de muchas enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas en los caninos. La presencia de antioxidantes en los alimentos contribuye a la reducción de los efectos nocivos de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROS) y nitrógeno (ERNS). Los polifenoles son un grupo de sustancias con alta actividad antioxidante y juegan un papel importante en la prevención de enfermedades. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación entre la composición, la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de polifenoles de concentrados para perros de diferentes segmentos comerciales. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 19 alimentos para perros de cuatro segmentos comerciales: popular, económico, premium y super premium. Mediante un análisis bromatológico se evaluó la composición de cada alimento. Se midió la capacidad antioxidante total (CAT) y el contenido fenólico total (FT) a través de los métodos ABTS y Folin-Ciocalteu, respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y de correlación. Los concentrados de los segmentos premium y super premium presentaron proporciones mayores de proteína cruda y grasa, y menores de fibra cruda, cenizas, calcio y fósforo en comparación con los concentrados de los segmentos popular y económico (p0.05). Para los segmentos popular, económico, premium y super premium se encontraron valores de FT de 160.1 0.05). Se concluye que la segmentación comercial de los concentrados para perros no está reflejada en su aporte antioxidante y que un mayor contenido de fibra cruda, propio de concentrados de los segmentos popular y económico, está asociado positivamente con el contenido de fenoles.

Resumen Los métodos de preparación de café de filtración por presión, en su mayoría constituyen una buena alternativa para obtener café con notas amargas y cuerpo. En este estudio, se determinó la retención de metabolitos antioxidantes, su actividad antioxidante y el perfil de taza, de bebidas de café preparadas con 5 métodos de filtración por presión. Los métodos que registraron mayor retención de antioxidantes fueron Espresso, Mocca y Staresso. El mayor contenido de ácidos hidroxicinámicos se obtuvo con Staresso, Espresso y Mocca en orden decreciente. La capacidad antioxidante fue proporcional a la retención de compuestos antioxidantes mediante el método ORAC en las bebidas preparadas, excepto con la metodología ABTS. El método Presso obtuvo la más baja retención de antioxidantes. La bebida preparada por Aeropress obtuvo la más baja expresión de los metabolitos antioxidantes que la componen. El ácido hidroxicinámico más predominante en las 5 preparaciones evaluadas fue el ácido clorogénico. Se recomienda el consumo de café con los métodos Expreso y Mocca.

Abstract The majority of pressure filtration methods for coffee preparation constitute acceptable alternatives for the obtention of coffee with bitter notes and body. In this study, antioxidant metabolite retention, antioxidant activity, and cup profiles were determined for coffee beverages prepared using five methods of pressure filtration. The methods which registered the highest antioxidant retention rates were Espresso, Moka, and Staresso. The highest hydroxycinnamic acid content was obtained with the Staresso, Espresso, and Moka methods, in descending order. Antioxidant capacity was proportional to antioxidant compound retention, with the ORAC method, in the beverages prepared, but not with the ABTS methodology. The Presso method had the lowest antioxidant retention rate. The beverage prepared with the Aeropress method obtained the lowest amount of antioxidant metabolites. In the five preparations evaluated, the most prominent hydroxycinnamic acid was chlorogenic acid. It is recommended that coffee prepared with the Espresso or Moka methods be consumed.

RESUMEN El mango (Mangifera indica L.) es una de la frutas que ha mostrado actividad antioxidante y un valor nutricional alto. Se evaluó el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento y la temperatura, en el contenido fenólico total, niveles de ácido ascórbico y actividad antioxidante, de un jugo de mango (variedad Azúcar) almacenado a 4 °C durante 64 días. El contenido fenólico total fue medido por el método de Folin-Ciocalteau, los niveles de mangiferina y ácido ascórbico fueron medidos mediante HPLC (cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia) y la actividad antioxidante fue medida mediante ORAC (capacidad de absorbancia del radical oxígeno) y ABTS•+ (ácido 2,2’-azinobis- (3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico). El contenido fenólico total disminuyó después de 16 días de almacenamiento del jugo. Los niveles de ácido ascórbico no mostraron cambios significativos hasta el día 48 de almacenamiento, y el contenido de mangiferina mostró valores similares durante el tiempo de almacenamiento. La actividad antioxidante medida por el método de ORAC no mostró variaciones significativas durante el tiempo de almacenamiento, en contraste se observó una disminución de los valores de ABTS después del día 32 de almacenamiento. En conclusión, el almacenamiento del jugo de mango (variedad Azúcar) durante 32 días a 4 °C no da lugar a cambios en su actividad antioxidante o contenido de ácido ascórbico.

ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one the fruits that have shown antioxidant activity and high nutritional value. It was evaluated the effect of storage time and temperature on polyphenol content, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity of mango (cv. Azucar) juice stored up to 64 days at 4 °C. Total polyphenol content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method, mangiferin and ascorbic acid were measured by HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) and antioxidant activity was measured by ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity), and ABTS•+ (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Total phenolic content decreased after 16 days of juice storage. Ascorbic acid values did not show significant differences until 48 days of storage, and mangiferin content was very similar throughout storage time. The antioxidant activity measured by ORAC method was similar until the end of the storage; however, ABTS value decreased after 32 days of juice storage. In conclusion, storage up to 32 days of mango juice at 4 °C did not alter its antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid content.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic antioxidant capacity of cryopreserved bovine semen with different sources of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and trehalose (T). Ten ejaculates selected from five bulls were cryopreserved under the treatments: LDL (8% m/v), T (100 mM), TLDL (100 mM T and 8% m/v LDL), centrifuged egg yolk (CEY, 20% v/v) and egg yolk (EY, 20% v/v) as control treatment. After the semen thawing process, the antioxidant enzymatic capacity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of bovine semen were evaluated by spectrophotometry plus its relationship with spermatic kinetic parameters. A completely random model was used. The normality of the variables was validated by the KolmogorovSmirnov test. The sources of variation were evaluated through a mixed model. The comparison of the adjusted means between the treatments was carried out using the Tukey test. EY, CEY and LDL treatments increased the antioxidant activity of CAT and GPx and correlated positively with the kinetic parameters and the integrity of the sperm membrane (p<0.05). No differences were found between LDL and TLDL with respect to the activity of CAT and GPx. The enzymatic activity of SOD was similar in all treatments compared to the control (EY). T did not improve the antioxidant activity of the enzymes used. It is concluded that the diluents with EY, CEY and LDL improve the antioxidant activity of CAT and GPx, generating a positive correlation with the seminal quality.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad antioxidante enzimática del semen bovino criopreservado con diferentes fuentes de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y trehalosa (T). Diez eyaculados seleccionados a partir de cinco toros fueron criopreservados bajo los tratamientos: LDL (8% m/v), T (100 mM), TLDL (T 100 mM y LDL 8% m/v), yema de huevo centrifugada (YHC, 20% v/v) y yema de huevo (YH, 20% v/v) como tratamiento control. Se evaluó la capacidad enzimática antioxidante de la catalasa (CAT), la superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y la glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) del semen bovino luego de la descongelación por espectrofotometría y su relación con los parámetros cinéticos espermáticos. Se utilizó un modelo completamente al azar. La normalidad de las variables se validó mediante la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Las fuentes de variación se evaluaron a través de un modelo mixto. La comparación de las medias entre los tratamientos se llevó a cabo utilizando la prueba de Tukey. Los tratamientos YH, YHC y LDL aumentaron la actividad antioxidante de CAT y GPx y se correlacionaron positivamente con los parámetros cinéticos y la integridad de la membrana espermática (p<0.05). No se encontraron diferencias entre LDL y TLDL con respecto a la actividad de CAT y GPx. La actividad enzimática de SOD fue similar en todos los tratamientos en comparación con el control (YH). T no mejoró la actividad antioxidante de las enzimas utilizadas. Se concluye que los diluyentes con YH, YHC y LDL mejoran la actividad antioxidante de CAT y GPx, generando una correlación positiva con la calidad seminal.

The seminal plasma (SP) has enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants with the function of protecting sperm from the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant contribution of SP during the freezing of equine semen and its effect on post-thawing sperm quality. The semen of five horses was collected, the SP was separated and supplemented in proportions of 0% (Control), 10% (PS10) and 20% (PS20) to the sperm fraction in the freezing extender. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was evaluated by the oxygen radical trapping capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing capacity (FRAP) methods, and the activity of SOD, GPx and catalase enzymes by spectrophotometry. Fifteen ejaculates were subjected to freezing and motility (MOT), vitality (EV), morphology (AM), functional membrane integrity (MI) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of the sperm were evaluated. Mixed models were adjusted, the means were compared by the Tukey test and a correlation analysis was performed. PS10 and PS20 generated an increase in the TAC measured by FRAP and the catalase activity of the diluted semen (p<0.05). PS20 increased the MOT of thawed semen compared to the Control (p<0.05). A post-thawing reduction of MMP was observed due to PS10 and PS20 (p<0.05), and positive correlations were found between MMP and SOD activity. It is concluded that SP increases the total and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of stallion semen and influences mitochondrial activity and post-thaw sperm motility.

El plasma seminal (PS) posee antioxidantes enzimáticos y no enzimáticos con la función de proteger los espermatozoides de los efectos nocivos del estrés oxidativo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el aporte antioxidante del PS durante la congelación del semen equino y su efecto sobre la calidad espermática posdescongelación. Se colectó el semen de cinco caballos, se separó el PS y se suplementó en proporciones del 0% (Control), 10% (PS10) y 20% (PS20) a la fracción espermática en el diluyente de congelación. Se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante total (CAT) por los métodos de la capacidad atrapadora de radical oxígeno (ORAC) y de la capacidad reductora férrica (FRAP), y la actividad de las enzimas SOD, GPx y catalasa mediante espectrofotometría. Quince eyaculados fueron sometidos a congelación y se evaluó la movilidad (MOV), vitalidad (VE), morfología (MA), integridad funcional de membrana (IM) y el potencial de membrana mitocondrial (PMM) de los espermatozoides. Se ajustaron modelos mixtos, se compararon las medias por la prueba de Tukey y se realizó un análisis de correlación. PS10 y PS20 generaron un incremento de la CAT medida por FRAP y de la actividad de catalasa del semen diluido (p<0.05). PS20 produjo un aumento de la MOV del semen descongelado en comparación con el Control (p<0.05). Se observó una reducción posdescongelación del PMM por efecto de PS10 y PS20 (p<0.05), y se hallaron correlaciones positivas entre el PMM y la actividad de SOD. Se concluye que el PS aumenta la capacidad antioxidante total y enzimática del semen equino e influye en la actividad mitocondrial y la movilidad espermática posdescongelación.