Abstract. The research objective was to identify the Fusarium specie(s) associated with commercial offsets of Agave tequilana and to develop a methodology to quantify the inoculum load in offsets from Jalisco mother plantations with differential epidemic inductivity to wilt and dry bud rot syndrome (SMAP). The purpose was to provide criteria for the certification of mother plantations. The samples were collect between March and May in 2018 and 2019, from 21 commercial plantations of 14 municipalities of Los Altos, South, and Valley of Jalisco. The number of diseased plants (PE) and SMAP severity (S) were estimated in 63 and 200 plants/plantation using App-SIVEA for 2018 and 2019 respectively. The CIFUSAG method was developed and applied in 7055 offsets and 46656 fungal colonies obtained from 2364 basal ‘piña’ wash isolates, internal tissue sections, and offset total maceration. Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Fusarium spp. (Fsp) and total fungi (HT), purification, monosporic, morphological and cultural characterization was made with Komada, water-agar, Sabouraud, SNA, and Sabouraud media, respectively, selecting 557 contrasting isolates. The highest epidemic inductivity in Los Altos was associated to moderate Fusarium Index [(FI) = (∑Fsp) / (∑HT) ] (0.30 and 0.40) and Fsp (20 and 72 CFU) compared to South, which had higher values (0.69, 0.50; 23, 84 CFU, respectively) (Tukey p=0.05). The offset base-size had no influence on FI and Fsp (p=0.183). FI and Fsp of basal ‘piña’ washing were not correlated with S in mother plants (r2 = 0.036 and 0.13), while PE only was correlated with Fsp (r2 = 0.94). The inoculum load obtained by washing was higher than internal tissue with a total of 17,828 CFU (93%) and FI=0.42. Molecular analysis with the EF-1a gene showed an association of 23 isolates with four phylogenetic complexes: Fusarium oxysporum, F. fujikuroi, F. solani and F. incarnatum-equiseti with identity greater than 98%. Offsets of Agave tequilana constitutes a dispersal factor of at least four species of Fusarium spp. in the range of 3.3±3 y 6.83±4.2 CFU/offset.

Resumen. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivos identificar la especie(s) de Fusarium asociada(s) a hijuelos comerciales de Agave tequilana y desarrollar una metodología para cuantificar la carga de inóculo en hijuelos provenientes de plantaciones madre de Jalisco con inductividad epidémica diferencial al síndrome marchitez y pudrición seca del cogollo (SMAP). La finalidad fue proporcionar criterios para la certificación de plantaciones madre. La fase de campo se realizó entre marzo-mayo 2018 y 2019 en 21 plantaciones comerciales en 14 municipios de Los Altos, Sur y Valles de Jalisco. Se estimó el número de plantas enfermas (PE) y severidad SMAP (S) en 63 y 200 plantas/plantación mediante App-SIVEA para 2018 y 2019 respectivamente. Se desarrolló y aplicó el método CIFUSAG en 7055 hijuelos y 46 656 colonias fungosas obtenidas de 2364 siembras de lavado basal de la ‘piña’, secciones de tejido interno y macerado total de hijuelo. Unidades formadoras de colonia de Fusarium spp. (Fsp) y hongos totales (HT), purificación, monospóricos, caracterización morfológica y cultural se realizó con los medios Komada, agua-agar, Sabouraud, SNA y Sabouraud, respectivamente, diferenciando 557 aislados. La mayor inductividad epidémica en Los Altos significó moderado Índice de Fusarium [(IF) = (∑Fsp) / (∑HT)] (0.30 y 0.40) y Fsp (20 y 72UFC) respecto al Sur que tuvo valores más altos (0.69, 0.50; 23, 84UFC, respectivamente) (Tukey p=0.05). Calibre de hijuelo no tuvo influencia en IF y Fsp (p=0.183). IF y Fsp de lavado basal no estuvieron correlacionadas con S de plantas madres (r2 = 0.036 y 0.13), mientras que PE únicamente se correlacionó con Fsp (r2 = 0.94). La carga de inóculo obtenida por lavado fue superior al de tejido interno con un total de 17,828 UFC (93%) e IF=0.42. Análisis molecular con el gen EF-1a evidenció asociación de 23 cepas con cuatro complejos filogenéticos: Fusarium oxysporum, F. fujikuroi, F. solani y F. incarnatum-equiseti con identidad superior al 98%. El hijuelo comercial de Agave tequilana constituye un factor de dispersión de al menos cuatro especies de Fusarium spp. en el rango de 3.3±3 y 6.83±4.2 UFC/hijuelo.

ABSTRACT This article presents the implementation of the mathematical model of the combustion chamber of a pyro-tubular boiler, by means of the approach of mass, energy and stoichiometric balances. These balances were described by the input components (air and fuel) that are presented in the combustion zone, based on the concept of maintaining the stoichiometric relationship between them, which were simulated through the computational tools such as the ESS and Matlab®, in order to determine the behavior of combustion gases depending on the type of chemical reaction presented. Likewise, it was determined the amount of carbons and hydrogens that make up the study fuels (ACMP and kerosene), as well as the kmol / s that compose the air, with the objective of analyzing its oxidation and determining the production of [CO]_(2,) H_2 O. Finally, the respective comparison was made analyzing the values of pressure and temperature in the three types of combustion, stoichiometric, with presence of unburned and with excess air. The approach of the mathematical model was applied for the two types of study fuels.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta la implementación del modelo matemático de la cámara de combustión de una caldera piro-tubular, por medio del planteamiento de los balances de masa, energía y estequiométrico. Estos balances fueron descritos por los componentes de entrada (aire y combustible) que se presentan en la zona de combustión, basados en el concepto de mantener la relación estequiométrica entre ellos, los cuales, fueron simulados a través de las herramientas computacionales como el ESS y Matlab®, con el fin de determinar el comportamiento de los gases de combustión dependiendo del tipo de reacción química presentada. Así mismo, fue determinado la cantidad de carbonos e hidrógenos que componen los combustibles de estudio (ACMP y Keroseno), igualmente los kmol/s que componen al aire, con el objetivo de analizar su oxidación y determinar la producción de y . Finalmente, se realizó la respectiva comparación analizando los valores de presión y temperatura en los tres tipos de combustión, estequiométrica, con presencia de inquemados y con exceso de aire. El planteamiento del modelo matemático fue aplicado para los dos tipos de combustibles de estudio.

Abstract Objective. To reflect our frustration when losing a patient, not because their infrequent pathology is in itself very serious, but because of the accumulation of other diagnostic and therapeutic reasons in a hospital environment of the Covid-19 epidemic. Method. First we describe the diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary process (February 27 to March 25, 2020) of a 73-year-old male with an aorto-enteric fistula secondary to an aorto-bifemoral bypass, implanted twelve years earlier in another hospital. Then we present our experience (1978-2020) in this type of situation, and finally we carried out a review of the literature (1953-2020) in this regard. Results. A) Clinical case: absence of early diagnosis, failure of the chosen operative technique, significant postoperative complications (hemorrhage, cerebral infarction and bilateral coronavirus pneumonia) that ended in death. B) Personal experience: four cases (including the referred one). C) Literature review: three systematic reviews: 564 cases (1953-1993); 386 cases in 58 publications (1991-2006), 823 patients in 216 publications (1995-2015) and 20 cases in 14 publications (2016-2020). Conclusion. If in normal situations an aorto-enteric fistula is a condition that seriously threatens the patient's life (hemorrhage and / or infection), it should not be surprising that in exceptional situations this serious situation increases. However, from these bad experiences we are obliged to draw lessons that will benefit others in the future.

Resumen Objetivo. Reflejar nuestra frustración al perder un paciente, no porque su infrecuente patología sea de por sí muy grave, sino por el acumulo sobreañadido de otros motivos diagnósticos, y terapéuticos en un entorno hospitalario de epidemia Covid-19. Método. Primero describimos el proceso diagnóstico, terapéutico y evolutivo (27 febrero al 25 marzo 2020) de un varón de 73 años portador de una fístula aorto-entérica secundaria a un bypass aorto-bifemoral, implantado doce años antes en otro hospital. Después presentamos nuestra experiencia (1978-2020) en este tipo de situaciones, y finalmente realizamos una revisión de la literatura (1953-2020) al respecto. Resultados. A) Caso clínico: ausencia de diagnóstico precoz, fracaso de la técnica operatoria elegida, importantes complicaciones postoperatorias (hemorragia, infarto cerebral y neumonía bilateral por coronavirus) que finalizo en exitus. B) Experiencia personal: cuatro casos (incluido el referido). C) Revisión de la literatura: tres revisiones sistemáticas: 564 casos (1953-1993); 386 casos en 58 publicaciones (1991-2006), 823 pacientes en 216 publicaciones (1995-2015) y 20 casos en 14 publicaciones (2016-2020). Conclusión. Si en situaciones normales una fístula aorto-entérica es una condición que amenaza seriamente la vida del paciente (hemorragia y/o infección), no debe extrañar que en situaciones excepcionales esa situación de gravedad se incremente. No obstante, de estas malas experiencias estamos obligados a sacar enseñanzas que beneficien a otros en el futuro.

Enteropathies in rabbits are difficult to diagnose; their etiology involves pathogens that act synergistically, causing damage to the intestine. The aim of the present study was isolate enteric pathogens from rabbits in Mexico. Using parasitological, bacteriological and molecular analyses, we screened 58 samples of the intestinal content of rabbits having a clinical history of enteric disease from the southeastern part of the State of Mexico. Out of the 58 samples analyzed, a total of 86 identifications were made, Eimeria spp. were found in 77.5%, followed by Aeromonas spp. in 15.5% and Escherichia coli in 8.6%, which were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the presence of the following agents was also confirmed: Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Mannheimia spp. and Rotavirus. The concurrent presence of Eimeria spp. with Aeromonas was frequent (15.5%); there was statistical significance for the presence of an association between the clinical profiles and Eimeria spp. (p = 0.000), Mannheimia spp. (p = 0.001), Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (p = 0.006).

ABSTRACT: Background and Aims: Restoration strategies promote the recovery of disturbed ecosystems in order to renew their natural structure and function. Our research evaluated the abundance, dominance, frequency, and diversity of species in three areas of Tamaulipan thornscrub. Methods: Two areas were subject to opencast limestone mining over the course of seven years from 2000 to 2006. Restoration techniques were applied in one of the excavated areas, whereas this was not done in other. The third one, an undisturbed area, was used as the reference community. In 2013, we recorded ecological attributes of established plant communities in 36 preselected 100 m2 (10 m x 10 m) sampling sites, 12 per site. Key results: The area without restoration did not register regeneration within the vegetation. Species richness (S), Margalef index (DMg) and Shannon index (H') showed significant differences (mean values S 4.75 and 8.25, DMg 0.87 and 1.80, H' 0.7 and 1.54, respectively) between the restored and reference area while the variables of density, crown area, and Pretzsch index (A) were similar. Conclusions: Based on the similarity in the density and crown area with a reference area, we conclude that active restoration techniques, involving deposition of rock and soil materials and exclusion of industrial activities, generate favorable conditions for the reestablishment of vegetation communities in Tamaulipan thornscrub in seven years.

RESUMEN: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las estrategias de restauración tienen como objetivo favorecer la recuperación de los ecosistemas alterados, para lograr el restablecimiento de su estructura y funcionamiento naturales. La presente investigación evaluó la abundancia, dominancia, frecuencia y diversidad de especies en tres áreas de matorral espinoso tamaulipeco. Métodos: Dos áreas fueron sometidas durante siete años (2000-2006) a procesos de aprovechamiento a cielo abierto. A una se le aplicaron técnicas de restauración y a la otra no, y se compararon con un área en la que no se tiene perturbación registrada llamada área referencia. En el año 2013 se establecieron 36 sitios de muestreo, 12 por cada una de las áreas cuyas dimensiones fueron de 100 m2 (10 x 10 m), en las que se registraron los atributos ecológicos de las comunidades vegetales establecidas. Resultados clave: En el área sin restaurar no se registró regeneración de la comunidad vegetal. La riqueza específica (S), índice de Margalef (DMg) e índice de Shannon (H') mostraron diferencias significativas entre el área restaurada y la de referencia (Valores medios S 4.75 y 8.25, DMg 0.87 y 1.80, H' 0.7 y 1.54, respectivamente), mientras que las variables de densidad, área de copa e índice de Pretzsch (A) no mostraron diferencias. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la técnica de restauración activa, la cual consiste en el depósito de material rocoso y edáfico en el área, y su exclusión de actividades productivas, generan condiciones favorables para que la comunidad vegetal del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco se establezca teniendo similitud en la densidad y área de copa a un área de referencia en siete años.

La reutilización de los residuos derivados de los procesos industriales se ha convertido en uno de los objetivos prioritarios de carácter ambiental en la investigación científica y técnica. En el sector de la construcción, se pueden aprovechar materiales residuales de otros procesos en sustitución de materias primas. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio desarrollado con el objetivo de valorizar la vinaza residual del proceso de fabricación de etanol a partir de biomasa, como material modificante del betún utilizado en las mezclas bituminosas. Se han fabricado cuatro mezclas bituminosas tipo AC-16S (1: Betún 50/70, 2: Betún 50/70 + 10%vinaza, 3: Betún-caucho, 4: Betún-caucho + 10%vinaza) y se han realizado ensayos de caracterización como son sensibilidad al agua, resistencia a las deformaciones plásticas, rigidez y fatiga.Los resultados muestran que las mezclas modificadas con vinaza mejoran el comportamiento mecánico de la mezcla AC-16 S y contribuye a la revalorización del residuo.

The reutilization of waste generated by industrial processes has become a majorenvironmental objective in scientific and technical research. In the construction sector, there is a broad range of techniques for the exploitation of different types of waste, which can then be used as a replacement for raw materials. This paper presents the results of a study of vinasse, a by-product of biomass ethanol, andanalyzes its viability as a bitumen modifier in asphalt mixes. For this purpose, four AC-16S asphalt mixes were evaluated for moisture sensitivity, plastic deformation, stiffness, and fatigue. The mix formulas were the following: (Mix 1) 50/70 bitumen; (Mix 2) 50/70 bitumen modified with 10% vinasse; (Mix 3) rubber bitumen; (Mix 4) rubber bitumen modified with 10% vinasse. The results of this study showed that bitumen modified with vinasse improved the mechanical performance of the AC-16S mix and also contributed to the valorization of vinasse waste.

Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a produção comercial de pimentão doce (Capsicum annuum cv. Orlando) em função do manejo da solução nutritiva, da salinidade e do sistema de condução. As plantas de pimentão doce foram cultivadas em substrato de fibra de coco em casa de vegetação no sudeste da Espanha. Um experimento no delineamento de blocos casualizados em parcelas sub-subdivididas, com quatro repetições, foi utilizado para testar os efeitos da concentração da solução nutritiva (Hoagland completa ou meia-força iônica), sistemas de condução (dois ou três ramos por planta) e a salinidade da água (salina ou não salina) sobre o rendimento total e comercial, a qualidade dos frutos e a concentração de nutrientes minerais nos frutos. A salinidade diminuiu o rendimento dos frutos devido à menor massa da matéria fresca dos frutos, mas não diminuiu o número de frutos por planta. Tanto na presença como na ausência da salinidade, o maior rendimento de frutos foi obtido pelas plantas irrigadas com solução nutritiva de Hoagland meia força e conduzidas com três hastes por planta. A incidência de podridão apical aumentou com o aumento da condutibilidade elétrica na solução nutritiva e diminuiu na solução de Hoagland meia força. A salinidade diminuiu a qualidade dos frutos em todos os tratamentos devido à diminuição nos teores de PO4(2-), SO4(2-), Fe2+;3+, Cu1+;2+ e Mn2+, além do índice de formato do fruto. Da mesma maneira, as plantas salinizadas e irrigadas com a solução de Hoagland meia força e conduzidas com três hastes apresentaram menor concentração de glicose e de frutose na polpa do fruto. Com base nestes resultados, o rendimento comercial poderia ser aumentado com água não salina ou com salinidade moderada mediante a implementação de práticas culturais adequadas.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the marketable fruit yield of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum cv. Orlando) in function of the management of nutrient solution with training system. Plants were grown on coconut coir dust under greenhouse conditions in the southeast of Spain. A randomized block design in split-split plot with four blocks was used to test the effect of the nutrient solution strength (full or half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution), training system (two and three stems per plant) and water salinity (saline and non-saline) on total and marketable yield, fruit quality, and fruit mineral concentration. Salt treatment decreased fruit yield by decreasing the fruit fresh weight but not the number of fruits per plant. Under saline and non-saline conditions, the higher yield of fruits was obtained in plants watered with half-strength Hoagland solution, and grown with three stems per plant. Blossom end rot incidence increased under saline conditions or using full-strength Hoagland solution, but decreased with the combination of half-strength Hoagland solution and three-stem training system. Salt treatment also decreased fruit quality in all the treatments due to a decrease in PO2-, SO4(2-), Fe2+;3+, Cu1+;2+ and Mn2+ concentrations, and fruit shape index. Likewise, plants exposed to salinity and watered with half-strength Hoagland solution and trained with three stems showed a reduction in juice glucose and fructose concentration. Based on these results, an increase of the marketable fruit yield could be obtained under non or moderate saline conditions with the implementation of suitable culture practices.

La antibiosis es uno de los mecanismos de resistencia de las plantas al ataque de insectos, en el cual están involucradas proteínas de defensa como los inhibidores de α- amilasas. Estas se encuentran principalmente en especies vegetales como gramíneas y leguminosas. En Phaseolus vulgaris L. var radical se ha registrado un inhibidor de α- amilasas de la broca del café Hypothenemus hampei, con más de 80% de inhibición, el cuál también inhibe las α- amilasas de mamíferos. Siendo necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos inhibidores de a- amilasas en otras especies vegetales que tengan un efecto similar al de fríjol y con especificidad a las α- amilasas de insectos. Se obtuvieron extractos proteicos de las semillas de ocho especies vegetales de las familias Gramineae y Leguminosae. Con estos extractos y un inhibidor de α- amilasas comercial de trigo, se realizaron pruebas de actividad inhibitoria contra las α- amilasas de la broca, evaluadas con espectrofotometría utilizando el método de Bernfeld y mediante zimogramas de inhibición enzimática. Las especies que mostraron más de 50% de inhibición de las α- amilasas de broca, fueron: maíz (Zea mays L.), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf y el inhibidor comercial de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), corroborando su actividad mediante los zimogramas de inhibición. Con los extractos de brachiaria y de maíz no se encontró inhibición de las α- amilasas de mamíferos, mientras que con el inhibidor comercial de trigo si se presentó más de 50% de inhibición. Adicionalmente se evaluó el efecto de los extractos de maíz y brachiaria sobre diferentes estados de la broca en dietas artificiales, encontrándose mortalidades de 40% y 95% de larvas respectivamente. Estas dos especies son promisorias para la identificación de los genes que codifican estas proteínas y para desarrollar una base genética de resistencia contra la broca del café.

The antibiosis is one of the plant resistance mechanisms to insect attack in which plant defense proteins, like α- amylases inhibitors are involved. These inhibitor activities are found mainly in the seeds of leguminous and gramineous plant species. In the seed proteins of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Radical an α- amylase inhibitor has been reported that inhibits substantially (80%) the α- amylase activity of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei, and the α- amylases of mammals as well. It is necessary to search new α- amylase inhibitors from other plant seeds sources that have similar inhibitory effects on α- amylases but its activity being specifically toward midgut insect amylases. Eight protein extracts and one purified commercial preparation were obtained from different plant seeds and tested as inhibitors of coffee berry borer’s α- amylases using spectrophotometric and in-gel zymograms assays. Extracts from Zea mays L. and Brachiaria decumbens Stapf and the purified inhibitor of Triticum aestivum L. showed spectrophotometrically more than 50% of inhibitory activity on coffee berry borer α- amylases being also demonstrated by in-gel inhibition zymograms. While semipure extracts from B. decumbens and Z. mays did not show α- amylase inhibitory activities on α- amylases of mammals, the purified inhibitor preparation from wheat showed more than 50% of inhibition. Additionally the effect of both B. decumbens and Z. mays were evaluated upon the coffee berry borer instars breed in artificial diets, finding larval die percentage of 40 and 95 respectively. Therefore, these two species are a promissory source of genes coding for such inhibitory proteins that could confer resistance to the coffee berry borer.