RESUMO O rabanete e a alface são duas hortaliças que podem ser consorciadas, porque são culturas companheiras que se complementam. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar retornos agro-bioeconômicos advindos do consórcio rabanete-alface em diversas quantidades equitativas de biomassa de jitirana (Merremia aegyptia) e flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) em diferentes densidades populacionais de alface, em ambiente semiárido. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em quantidades equitativas de biomassa de M. aegyptia e C. procera nas doses de 20, 35, 50 e 65 Mg ha-1 em base seca. O segundo fator compreendeu quatro densidades populacionais de alface de 150, 200, 250 e 300 mil plantas ha-1. As cultivares de alface e rabanete plantadas foram ‘Tainá’ e ‘Crimson Gigante’, respectivamente. Retornos agro-bioeconômicos expressivos deste consórcio de rabanete-alface foram obtidos na razão equivalente de terra (RET) de 2,25, escore da variável canônica Z de 3,00 e na renda liquida (RL) de 52.270,48 R$ ha-1, respectivamente, na quantidade de biomassa de 65 Mg ha-1 dos adubos verdes e densidade populacional de alface de 300 mil plantas ha-1. Além disso, registrou-se também um índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP) de 0,96 e uma razão competitiva (RC) de 2,61 na quantidade de biomassa dos adubos de 65 Mg ha-1 e densidade de alface de 150 mil plantas ha-1. A utilização de biomassa de M. aegyptia e C. procera do bioma Caatinga, mostrou-se uma tecnologia viável para produtores que praticam o cultivo de rabanete e alface em consórcio em ambiente semiárido.

ABSTRACT Radish and lettuce are two crop vegetables that can be intercropped because they are companion cultures that complement each other. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate agro-bioeconomic returns arising from radish-lettuce intercropping in different equitable amounts of hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia) and roostertree (Calotropis procera) biomass at different population densities of lettuce, in the semi-arid environment. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates. The first factor consisted of equitable amounts of M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass at doses of 20, 35, 50, and 65 Mg ha-1 on a dry basis. The second factor comprised four lettuce population densities of 150, 200, 250, and 300 thousand plants ha-1. The lettuce and radish cultivars planted were ‘Tainá’ and ‘Crimson Gigante’, respectively. Expressive agro-bioeconomic returns from this radish-lettuce intercropping were obtained in the land equivalent ratio (LER) of 2.25, a score of the canonical variable Z of 3.00, net income (NI) of 52,270.48 R$ ha-1, respectively, in the biomass amount of 65 Mg ha-1 of the green manures and lettuce population density of 300 thousand plants ha-1. Also, there was a productive efficiency index (PEI) of 0.96 and a competitive ratio (CR) of 2.61 in the biomass amount of green manure of 65 Mg ha-1 and lettuce density of 150 thousand plants ha-1. Using M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass from the Caatinga biome proved to be a viable technology for producers who practice the cultivation of radish and lettuce in intercropping in the semi-arid environment.

The compounds nitrosyl cis-[Ru(bpy)(phen)TU(NO)](PF6)3 (compound 1) and cis-[Ru(bpy)(phen)(4-N-Imd)(NO)](PF6)3 (compound 2) (bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine, phen = 1,10’-phenanthroline, TU = thiourea and 4-N-Imd = 4-nitroimidazole) were synthesized and characterized by UV-visible, infrared spectroscopies and electrochemical techniques. In the study of the reactivity it was possible to verify the nitric oxide labilization by square wave voltammetry and a photochemical upon blue light irradiation. This feature is very important for a potential application in phototherapy. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the nitrosyl complexes was tested against gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus, it has been observed that the complexes are capable of inhibiting the growth of such microorganisms.

RESUMO As informações sobre a formação de mudas e crescimento inicial da romãzeira irrigada com água salina são escassas nas condições do semiárido brasileiro. Com isso, objetivou-se estudar o efeito dos níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação sobre o crescimento e a tolerância de mudas de romãzeiras. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, localizado na Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró/RN. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos [condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa) de 0,6; 3,0; 6,0; 9,0; 12,0 dS m-1] e cinco repetições, com três plantas por parcela. Aos 120 dias após a semeadura foram avaliadas as características: comprimento da parte aérea, radicular e total (cm); diâmetro do caule (mm), massa seca do caule, da folha, do sistema radicular e total (g); razão massa seca da raiz e parte aérea; índice de qualidade de Dickson e tolerância à salinidade. O crescimento e o acúmulo de biomassa seca em mudas de romãzeiras foram comprometidos com o aumento da salinidade na água de irrigação, porém com menor intensidade quando submetida até CEa de 6,0 dS m-1. Quanto ao critério de avaliação de tolerância à salinidade, as mudas de romãzeiras se apresentaram moderadamente tolerante à salinidademm.

ABSTRACT Information on the production of seedlings and initial growth of pomegranate irrigated with saline water is scarce in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation water salinity levels on the growth and tolerance of pomegranate seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, located at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossoró, RN, Brazil. A randomized block design with five treatments [electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw) of 0.6, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 dS m-1] and five replicates, with three plants per plot, was used. At 120 days after sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: shoot, root and total lengths (cm); stem diameter (mm), dry mass of stem, leaves, root system and total (g); ratio between root and shoot dry mass; Dickson quality index and salinity tolerance. Growth and dry biomass accumulation in pomegranate seedlings were compromised with increased salinity in irrigation water, but with a lower intensity when subjected up to EC of 6.0 dS m-1. Regarding the criterion of evaluation of tolerance to salinity, pomegranate seedlings were moderately tolerant to salinity.

One experimental strategy to prepare a nitrosyl metal complex is based on the acid-base conversion of NO2- into NO+. Here, we employed UV-vis absorption and FTIR spectroscopies to investigate the reaction of cis-[Ru(NO2)(bpy)2(imN)]PF6 with H3O+, which produced cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)2(imN)](PF6)3 complex. Chromatographic studies were carried out and showed that immediately after nitrite complex was dissolved only one species was present with retention time(tR) of 6.81 minutes. Addition of H3O+ to nitrite complex led to the formation of one major peak with tR of 3.92 min supporting nitrosyl complex formation. The reaction of nitrosyl complex with cysteine was also monitored by HPLC and it showed clearly the formation and followed decrease of a peak at 3.38 minute with maximum absorption at 380 nm, consistent with an intermediate complex. Later, it was observed the appearance of a peak at 4.15 minute with absorption band at 470 nm. In contrast to the reaction with cysteine, methionine did not show the formation of any intermediate. The use of HPLC was an important tool to support mechanistic assumptions for nitrosyl reactions.

Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes concentrações salinas na água de irrigação e adubação fosfatada em mudas de mamoeiro. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente protegido na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, (UFCG) no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar (CCTA) município de Pombal-PB. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 5 x 4 correspondendo a cinco concentrações de condutividade elétrica CE (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3; e 4,3 dS m-1) e quatro doses de fósforo (0; 0,78; 1,58; 2,36 g dm-3) com três repetições. As mudas foram conduzidas em sacos de polietileno com capacidade de 1 dm-3 e 50 dias após a sementeira avaliou-se a altura de planta, o diâmetro do caule, o número de folhas, a massa da matéria fresca e seca (folha, caule, raiz), a percentagem de biomassa, o teor de água, o índice de tolerância de sal e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. A interação dos fatores promoveu efeito significativo sobre altura de planta, percentagem de biomassa, teor de água e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O crescimento e produção de biomassa são inibidos pelo aumento da salinidade. As fitomassas obtiveram os maiores valores em média com 1,4g dm-3 de fósforo. O fósforo não inibiu o stresse salino sobre mudas de mamoeiro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different saline concentrations in irrigation water and phosphate fertilization in papaya seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) at the Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar (CCTA) in the municipality of Pombal-PB. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme corresponding to five concentrations of electric conductivity EC (0.3, 1.3, 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and four phosphorus doses (0, 0.78, 1.58, 2.36 g dm-3) with three replicates. The seedlings were conducted in polyethylene bags with a capacity of 1 dm-3and 50 days after sowing it was evaluated the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, mass of fresh and dry matter (leaf, stem, root), percentage of biomass, water content, salt tolerance index and Dickson quality index. The interaction of the factors promoted a significant effect on plant height, biomass percentage, water content and Dickson quality index. Biomass growth and production are inhibited by increased salinity. Phytomasses obtained their highest values on average with 1.4 g dm-3 of phosphorus. Phosphorus did not inhibit saline stress on papaya seedlings.

O uso de bioestimulante a base do extrato da alga marinha está cada vez mais se inserindo no cenário agrícola, permitindo seu uso na agricultura orgânica em razão da necessidade de fertilizantes, produtos fitossanitários e hormônios naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência do extrato da alga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Acadian®) na produção de porta-enxertos de Anonna glabra L. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com 50% sombra. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco doses do extrato (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 ml L-1), com seis repetições. Aos 150 dias após a semeadura foram avaliadas as características: número de folhas (unid./planta), comprimento da parte aérea, radicular e total (cm), diâmetro do colo (mm), massa seca da parte aérea, do sistema radicular e total (g), e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. O extrato da alga Ascophyllum nodosum na dose 2 ml L-1 promoveu resultados positivos no desempenho agronômico de porta-enxertos de araticum (Anonna glabra L.).

The use of bio-stimulant-based extract of seaweed is increasingly entering the agricultural scenario, allowing its use in organic agriculture because of the need for fertilizers, pesticides and natural hormones. The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of the use of the commercial product (Acadian®) based seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis in the production of rootstock Anonna glabra L. The work was conducted in a greenhouse with 50% shade. The experimental design was completely randomized with five doses of the extract (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ml L-1) with six replications. At 150 days after sowing characteristics were evaluated: number of leaves (pcs. / plant), length of the aerial, root and total dry matter (cm), diameter (mm), shoot dry weight of the root system and total (g), and the quality index Dickson. The extract of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed at a dose 2 ml L-1 produced positive results in the agronomic performance of araticum rootstocks (Anonna glabra L.).

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) are widely used in academic institutions and laboratories for quality control to analyze inorganic elements in samples. However, these techniques have been observed to underperform in sample nebulization processes. Most of the samples processed through nebulization system are discarded, producing large volumes of waste. This study reports the treatment and reuse of the waste produced from ICP OES technique in a laboratory of analytical research at the Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. The treatment of the waste was performed by the precipitation of elements using (NH4)2CO3. Subsequently, the supernatant solution can be discarded in accordance with CONAMA 430/2011. The precipitate produced from the treatment of residues can be reused as a potential sample in undergraduate qualitative analytical chemistry lab classes, providing students the opportunity to test a real sample.

The development of NO photoreleaser compounds has important potential applications on medicine, particularly on preventing topic infections and controlling cancers. Due to these expectations, the photochemical release of nitric oxide from complexes of [Ru(bpy)2LX]n+, where L = imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, sulphite and thiourea and X = NO+ and NO2− was investigated employing spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The release of NO was confirmed by chronoamperometry using a NO selective electrode, while the other product, mainly [RuIIH2O], was detected by UV-Visible spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques for all complexes except for thiourea. The amount of NO released by these complexes upon irradiation was determined using a new developed method using square wave voltammetry.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre atributos químicos relacionados com a salinidade (CTC, pH, PST e CE) e concentrações de metais pesados (Fe, Al, Si, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, Co, B, Pb, Se, Cd, Mo, Zr) e suas inter-relações em solos afetados por sais relativo a quatro perímetros irrigados no Ceará. Foram coletadas amostras de solo, de diferentes texturas, nas profundidades de 0–10 e 10-20 cm em 10 pontos dentro de cada perímetro, totalizando oitenta (80) amostras. Foram utilizadas a análise de correlação canônica (ACC) e a análise fatorial com extração dos fatores em componentes principais (AF) para verificar as possíveis relações entre os dois conjuntos de variáveis. Os atributos do solo relacionadas com a salinidade contribuíram para explicar as concentrações de metais pesados nos solos dos quatro perímetros irrigados, quando analisados em conjunto; todavia, não foram capazes de explicar quando analisados de forma individual; seguindo a ordem de importância: CTC > pH > PST > CE. Foram verificadas correlações entre os elementos metálicos analisados neste estudo (B, Mo, Si, Zr, Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti, Zn, Cd, Co, Se e Cu) com o Fe, Mn, Al, Ti e V, ou, ainda, afinidades geoquímicas entre os elementos.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to investigate the relationship between chemical attributes related to salinity (CEC, pH, EC and ESP) and concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Al, Si, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, co, B, Pb, Se, Cd, Mo, Zr) and their inter-relationships in salt affected soils relative to four (4) irrigated areas in Ceará State. Soil samples of different textures from 0-10 and 10-20 cm were collected at 10 points within each district, totaling eighty (80) samples. The canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and factorial analysis with factor extraction on principal components (AF) to determine possible relationships between the two sets of variables were used. Soil attributes related to salinity contributed to explain the concentrations of heavy metals in soils of the studied areas when analysed all together, but not when analysed individually, following the order of importance: CEC > pH > ESP > EC. Correlations were found between the analysed metals in this study (B, Mo, Si, Zr, Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti, Zn, Cd, Co, Se and Cu) with Fe, Mn, Al, Ti and V, or furthermore, geochemical affinities between the elements.

O presente estudo descreve a acentuada atividade citotóxica da nor-β-lapachona, seus derivados arilamino substituídos, naftoquinonas iodadas e metilada, além de nor-β-lapachonas 1,2,3-triazólicas, contra quatro linhagens de células de leucemia humana (HL-60, K562, Molt-4 e Jurkat). Nor-β-lapachonas arilamino substituídas foram identificadas com potente atividade, revelando-se como potenciais protótipos contra as linhagens tumorais descritas. Estudos utilizando o ensaio cometa evidenciaram danos ao ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) causado pelos derivados arilamino substituídos devido o aumento dos níveis intracelulares de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO's). Células de HL-60 foram selecionadas para a continuidade dos estudos de mecanismos moleculares subjacentes e apoptose induzida pelos derivados quinoidais foi observada por análise de citometria de fluxo. Cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram utilizadas para uma investigação preliminar sobre o mecanismo de ação em topoisomerases de ADN. Os estudos sugerem que, aparentemente, a citotoxidade dos compostos não envolve a inibição de topoisomerases, mas que o tratamento prejudica a atividade de reparação do ADN, provocando assim a morte celular. A capacidade em induzir apoptose e aberrações cromossômicas em fibroblastos de pulmão de hamster chinês (células V79) também foi investigada. Núcleos apoptóticos foram observados e nossos estudos indicam uma correlação entre dano ao ADN e apoptose.

The current study describes that nor-β-lapachone and its arylamino derivatives, iodinated and methylated naphthoquinones and nor-β-lapachone-based 1,2,3-triazoles exhibited pronounced cytotoxic effects against four human leukemia cell lines (HL-60, K562, Molt-4 and Jurkat). Nor-β-lapachones arylamino substituted with potent activity were identified, revealing themselves as potential prototypes against tumor cell lines. Moreover, cells treated with these compounds showed DNA damage according to the standard comet assay, a finding that was, at least in part, due to increased intracellular levels of ROS. HL-60 cells were chosen to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Drug-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells was observed by flow cytometry analyses. Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used for a preliminary investigation into the mechanism of drug action on DNA topoisomerases. These results suggested that the cytotoxicity of these compounds apparently does not involve topoisomerase inhibition, but that treatment impairs DNA repair activity, thus triggering cell death. Considering their pro-oxidant properties, we investigated the ability of these compounds to induce apoptosis and chromosomal aberrations as micronuclei in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells). Morphological apoptotic nuclei and micronuclei induction following drug treatment were observed, suggesting a correlation between DNA damage and apoptosis.

Boa constrictor is widely used in traditional communities in many different folk remedies and products derived from it are sold in public markets throughout northeastern Brazil and as its body fat has many different therapeutic indications as a folk remedy. The present work evaluates the antibacterial activity of the body fat from the snake Boa constrictor when employed either alone or in combination with antibiotics and discusses the ecological implications of the use of this traditional remedy. Oil (OBC) was extracted from body fat located in the ventral region of B. constrictor using hexane as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of OBC was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines, either alone and in combination with antibiotics. OBC did not demonstrate any relevant antibacterial activity against standard or multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. OBC showed synergistic activity when combined with the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Our results indicate that the body fat of Boa constrictor does not possess bactericidal activity, from the clinical point of view, but when combined with an antibiotic, the fat demonstrated a significant synergistic activity.

Complexos do tipo trans-[Ru(L)(NH3)4(L’)](PF6)n, onde L = 4-cianopiridina (CNpy), NCS-, CN-, e L’ = CNpy, 1,4-ditiano (1,4-dt), 4-mercaptopiridina (pyS) e tionicotinamida (tna), foram sintetizados e caracterizados. SAMs sobre ouro formadas com os complexos que contêm ligantes sulfurados foram estudadas por desorção redutiva e espectroscopia SERS. Dependendo da natureza do ligante L’, a capacidade retiradora do ligante CNpy mostrou ser forte o suficiente para oxidar parcialmente o átomo de rutênio e, em consequência, deslocalizar densidade eletrônica s do ligante localizado em posição trans. Os resultados de desorção redutiva mostraram que a estabilidade das SAMs formadas está diretamente relacionada a este efeito.

Trans-[Ru(L)(NH3)4(L’)](PF6)n type complexes, where L = 4-cyanopyridine (CNpy), NCS-, CN-, and L’ = CNpy, 1,4-dithiane (1,4-dt), 4-mercaptopyridine (pyS) and thionicotinamide (tna), were synthesized and characterized. SAMs on gold of the complexes containing sulfur were studied by reductive desorption and SERS spectroscopy. Depending on the nature of L’, the withdrawing capability of the CNpy ligand is strong enough to partially oxidize the ruthenium atom and, as a consequence, delocalize the s electronic density from the trans located ligand. The reductive desorption results showed that the stability of the SAMs is directly related to this effect.

Um novo derivado da piperazina, 5-oxopiperazinio-3-sulfonato monohidratado, foi produzido a partir de uma rota sintética simples como resultado da adição do íon bisulfito, HSO3-, ao anel e do ataque nucleofílico de moléculas de água a moléculas de pirazina. O material isolado foi caracterizado por RMN, espectrometria de massa, infravermelho e difração de raios-X.

A new derivative of piperazine, 5-oxopiperazinium-3-sulfonate monohydrate, was produced from a simple synthetic route as a result of the nucleophilic addition to HSO3- bisulphite ion and of the nucleophilic attack of water molecules on pyrazine molecules. The isolated material was characterized by means of NMR, mass spectrometry, infrared, and X-ray diffraction.

Estudou-se a distribuição e diversidade de espécies de Anopheles em 123 municípios do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. O método básico foi a captura de fêmeas dentro e nos arredores das habitações humanas, em intervalos compreendidos entre 18h e 6h, no período de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 2001. Foram capturados 84.467 exemplares distribuídos em 24 espécies, com o predomínio de A. triannulatus sensu lato (20.788), A. darlingi (19.083), A. nuneztovari (16.884), A. albitarsis s.l. (14.352), A. aquasalis (8.202) e A. evansae (2.885). As outras 18 espécies juntas representaram apenas 2,7%. As espécies encontradas no maior número de municípios foram: A. albitarsis s.l. (109 municípios), A. triannulatus s.l. (106), A. nuneztovari (93), A. darlingi (87) e A. evansae (64). A riqueza e a ampla distribuição das espécies de anofelinos no Maranhão concordam com a posição geográfica do estado, entre as macrorregiões que caracterizam o Brasil, resultando em uma fauna mista, com elementos representativos dessas regiões.

We studied the distribution and diversity of Anopheles species in 123 counties (municipalities) in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The basic method consisted of capturing female specimens inside and around human dwellings between 6 PM and 6 AM from January 1992 to December 2001. A total of 84,467 specimens belonging to 24 species were captured, with a predominance of A. triannulatus sensu lato (20,788), A. darlingi (19,083), A. nuneztovari (16,884), A. albitarsis s.l. (14,352), A. aquasalis (8.202), and A. evansae (2,885). The other 18 species together accounted for only 2.7% of the total. The species found in the most counties were A. albitarsis s.l. (109 counties), A. triannulatus s.l. (106), A. nuneztovari (93), A. darlingi (87), and A. evansae (64). The richness and wide distribution of anopheline species in Maranhão agree with the State's geographic position among Brazil's macro-regions, resulting in a mixed fauna with representative elements from these regions.

Estudou-se a distribuição e diversidade de espécies de Anopheles em 123 municípios do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. O método básico foi a captura de fêmeas dentro e nos arredores das habitações humanas, em intervalos compreendidos entre 18h e 6h, no período de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 2001. Foram capturados 84.467 exemplares distribuídos em 24 espécies, com o predomínio de A. triannulatus sensu lato (20.788), A. darlingi (19.083), A. nuneztovari (16.884), A. albitarsis s.l. (14.352), A. aquasalis (8.202) e A. evansae (2.885). As outras 18 espécies juntas representaram apenas 2,7%. As espécies encontradas no maior número de municípios foram: A. albitarsis s.l. (109 municípios), A. triannulatus s.l. (106), A. nuneztovari (93), A. darlingi (87) e A. evansae (64). A riqueza e a ampla distribuição das espécies de anofelinos no Maranhão concordam com a posição geográfica do estado, entre as macrorregiões que caracterizam o Brasil, resultando em uma fauna mista, com elementos representativos dessas regiões.

We studied the distribution and diversity of Anopheles species in 123 counties (municipalities) in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The basic method consisted of capturing female specimens inside and around human dwellings between 6 PM and 6 AM from January 1992 to December 2001. A total of 84,467 specimens belonging to 24 species were captured, with a predominance of A. triannulatus sensu lato (20,788), A. darlingi (19,083), A. nuneztovari (16,884), A. albitarsis s.l. (14,352), A. aquasalis (8.202), and A. evansae (2,885). The other 18 species together accounted for only 2.7% of the total. The species found in the most counties were A. albitarsis s.l. (109 counties), A. triannulatus s.l. (106), A. nuneztovari (93), A. darlingi (87), and A. evansae (64). The richness and wide distribution of anopheline species in Maranhão agree with the State's geographic position among Brazil's macro-regions, resulting in a mixed fauna with representative elements from these regions.