ABSTRACT The intercropping of corn with forage grasses increases soil cover and may improve soil structural quality. The objective of the study was to evaluate the soil structural properties and the development of second-crop corn intercropping with forage grasses under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in an area of Sítio Santo Antônio, located in the municipality of Borrazópolis, Paraná state, Brazil, on a Red Latosol with a very clayey texture. The experiment consisted of five treatments: corn + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (T1), corn + Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã (T2), corn + Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés (T3), corn + Urochloa ruziziensis (T4), and non-intercropping corn (T5). In the corn crop, the following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, first ear in insertion height, stem diameter, corn yield, dry mass of corn straw mulch, dry mass of grasses shoots and dry mass of grasses root. Dry mass of the aerial part and roots of the grasses were evaluated. In the 0–0.10 and 0.10–0.20-m soil depth, soil physical properties were also determined: tensile strength and friability, stability of aggregates, bulk density and total porosity, and degree of compactness. The treatments of corn in intercropping with grasses showed positive results regarding the stability of aggregates, reduction of bulk density and increase of total porosity in the 0–0.10-m soil depth. The intercropping of corn + U. ruziziensis showed the lowest values of degree of compactness and higher production of dry mass of the aerial part.

RESUMO Na agricultura de precisão a determinação de zonas de manejo dos atributos de solo e planta, é um processo complexo que demanda o conhecimento de muitas variáveis, o que dificulta o processo de gestão e tomada de decisão. Este estudo avaliou a variabilidade espacial da produtividade da cultura da soja e de atributos químicos do solo por meio de análise multivariada e geoestatística para a determinação de zonas de manejo específico em um Latossolo. A produtividade de soja e os atributos químicos do solo nas camadas 0-0.2 e 0.2-0.4 m de profundidade foram amostrados em 70 pontos de amostragem. Análises geoestatísticas e multivariadas foram então realizadas. As propriedades químicas do solo apresentaram maior variabilidade na profundidade de 0,2 a 0,4 m. Os parâmetros do semivariograma dos dados da análise de componentes principais (PCA) (PCA 1, PCA 2 e PCA 3) para ambas as profundidades foram mais homogêneos do que os dados originais. Os mapas de propriedades químicas do solo apresentaram alta similaridade com o mapa de produtividade da soja. A ACP explicou 65,34% (0 a 0,2 m) e 70,50% (0,2 a 0,4 m) da variabilidade dos dados, agrupando a produtividade da soja, matéria orgânica, pH, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e sódio. A espacialização do PCA permitiu a definição das zonas de manejo indicadas pelo PCA 1, PCA 2 e PCA 3 para ambas as profundidades. O resultado indica que a área deve ser manejada utilizando diferentes estratégias de manejo da fertilidade do solo para aumentar a produtividade da soja.

ABSTRACT In precision agriculture, determining management zones for soil and plant attributes is a complex process that requires knowledge of several variables, which complicates management and decisionmaking processes. This study evaluated the spatial variability of soybean yield and soil chemical properties using geostatistical and multivariate analyses to define management zones in an Oxisol. The soybean yield and soil chemical properties between 0 to 0.2 and 0.2 to 0.4 m soil depths were sampled at 70 points. Geostatistical and multivariate analyses were then performed on these data. The soil chemical properties showed higher variability at 0.2 to 0.4 m soil depth. The semivariogram parameters of the principal component analysis (PCA) data (PCA 1, PCA 2, and PCA 3) for both depths were more homogeneous than the original data. The maps of soil chemical properties showed high similarity to the soybean yield map. The PCA explained 65.34% (0 to 0.2 m) and 70.50% (0.2 to 0.4 m) of data variability, grouping the soybean yield, organic matter, pH, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium. PCA spatialization allowed for the definition of management zones indicated by PCA 1, PCA 2, and PCA 3 for both depths. The result indicates that the area must be managed using different strategies of soil fertility management to increase soybean yield.

RESUMO Os solos possuem elevada variabilidade ao longo da paisagem, que pode ser avaliada e caracterizada por meio de conceitos de invariância de escala, fractais e multifractais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a multifractalidade da RP de perfis verticais em diferentes formas do relevo (cδncavo e convexo). A parcela experimental possui 44,75 ha, e a resistência à penetração (RP) foi medida em 70 pontos de amostragem na camada de 0-0,6 m, distribuídos nas pedoformas cδncava (Tipo A: 38 pontos de amostragem) e convexa (Tipo B: 32 pontos de amostragem). A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando o valor de RP a cada 0,01 m para os pontos de amostragem (RPmedia), e seus respectivos valores máximos (RPmaxima) e mínimos (RPminimo). A análise multifractal foi realizada para se avaliar as mudanças na estrutura, heterogeneidade e uniformidade dos perfis verticais por meio da propriedade de escala, caracterizando a função de partição, a dimensão generalizada e o espectro de singularidade. Os parâmetros multifractais da dimensão generalizada e do espectro de singularidade demonstraram maior homogeneidade e uniformidade dos perfis verticais de RP na pedoforma Tipo B (convexa), quando comparado a pedoforma A (cδncava). Os valores de RPmínimo na pedoforma A apresentaram a maior heterogeneidade de escala, indicando que em termos de manejo do solo, o monitoramento dos valores mínimos é mais relevante que os valores máximos. A análise fractal permitiu descrever a heterogeneidade dos dados em escalas não avaliadas pelos métodos análise convencionais, com elevado potencial para a prática da agricultura de precisão e delimitação de zonas de manejo específico.

ABSTRACT Soils are highly variable across landscapes, which can be assessed and characterized according to scale, as well as fractal and multifractal concepts of scale. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the multifractality of the penetration resistance (PR) of vertical profiles from different slope forms (concave and convex). The experimental plot incorporated 44.75 ha, and the PR was measured at 70 sampling points in the 0-0.6 m layer, distributed in concave (Type A: 38 sampling points) and convex pedoforms (Type B: 32 sampling points). Data analysis was performed using the PR value (every 0.01 m depth) for each of the sampling points (PRmean), and their respective maximum (Prmaximun) and minimum (PRminimum) values. Multifractal analysis was performed to assess the changes in the structure, heterogeneity, and uniformity of the vertical profiles according to the scale, characterizing the partition function, generalized dimension, and singularity spectrum. The multifractal parameters of the generalized dimension and singularity spectrum demonstrated greater homogeneity and uniformity in the vertical PR profiles of pedoform B (convex) compared to those of pedoform A (concave). The minimum PR values in pedoform A (PRminimum) showed the greatest scale heterogeneity, indicating that in terms of soil management, it is more relevant to monitor the minimum values than the maximum values. The fractal analysis allowed us to describe the heterogeneity of the data on scales not evaluated by conventional analysis methods, with high potential for use in precision agriculture and the delimitation of specific management zones.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the multifractality of diversity indexes of edaphic fauna in areas with natural vegetation and in agricultural systems. Biological sampling was carried out in seven treatments (millet, maize, soybean, eucalyptus, preserved cerrado, disturbed cerrado and pasture), containing 130 pitfall traps, distributed in transects with 3 m of spacing between sampling points, totaling 390 m. The multifractal analysis was determined based on the moment method, where estimates such as the capacity dimensions, entropy and the correlation of the diversity indexes were calculated. The soybean area had greater Shannon diversity (2.69), however it had smaller abundance of individuals. The partition functions were adjusted with coefficient of determination > 0.90. The difference between D-10-D10, ranged from 0.080 to 1,707 for Pielou equitability in soybean cultivation, for richness in the area under the cultivation of eucalyptus. The singularity spectra expressed graphs with different degrees of heterogeneity for the soil fauna indexes, and the richness expressed the best structure. The area cultivated with soybean had a monofractal tendency, due to the homogeneous distribution of individuals of the edaphic fauna along the transect. The fractal analysis provided the description of patterns of variability that are not detected by classical methods.

ABSTRACT Soil beetles’ communities are responsible for many ecosystem services, and are very sensitive to environmental changes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the abundance and diversity of the soil coleoptera fauna under uses and management and also to identify relationships of the beetle community with soil’s physical and chemical properties. The experiment had six experimental plots set up an Oxisol (Latossolo): corn (CO), soybean (SO), 7-year-old eucalyptus (EI), 4-year-old eucalyptus (EII), preserved Cerrado (PC), and disturbed Cerrado (DC). Soil beetles were sampled at 128 points for each experimental plot, where the soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The Coleoptera fauna organisms were identified at the family, subfamily, and gender level, and then, the number of individuals per day, richness, Shannon diversity indexes, and Pielou evenness were determined. The data were analyzed using multivariate techniques (hierarchical grouping and factor analysis). On total, 750 specimens of beetles were collected, distributed into 9 families, 14 subfamilies, and 27 genera. The most abundant family was Scarabaeidae (11 genera) with the highest occurrence in the PC (143 specimens) and DC (81 specimens). Cultivation with SO presented the greatest number of trap day individuals (ind trap-1 day-1 = 0.548); however, the highest diversity was found in the PC. (20 taxonomic groups) and CO (16 taxonomic groups). Shannon diversity was higher for the CO (H’ = 3.107), followed by the PC (H’ = 2.699), and the lowest value was found for the SO (H’ = 1.530). The similarity dendrogram grouped the plots into two extracts, demonstrating how the intensity of land use influences the abundance and diversity of beetle fauna. The factor analysis grouped the Coleoptera and the physical and chemical soil properties in two factors: elements related to the state of aggregation and porous system’s elements. The Coleoptera community was influenced by the intensity of land use and the portion with anthropized natural vegetation showed the highest richness, demonstrating that the Coleoptera fauna responds to environmental changes. Edaphic beetles in the different use and management systems were primarily related to soil physical properties, which explain the state of aggregation (pH, altitude, Ca2+, BD, clay, macroporosity, silt, K+, and microporosity) and the porous soil system (sand and total porosity).

RESUMO O solo é o habitat de vários organismos que desempenham funções essenciais para o ecossistema, cujo conjunto de funções e interações são modificadas pelas diferentes maneiras de ocupação do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a diversidade da fauna edáfica em diferentes sistemas de ocupação do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em diferentes sistemas de ocupação do solo: milheto, milho, soja, eucalipto, cerrado preservado, cerrado antropizado e pastagem, onde foram instaladas 130 armadilhas do tipo pitfall por tratamento. Os organismos da fauna do solo foram identificados a nível de grandes grupos (ordens e família), e, depois, os índices de diversidade biológica: índice de Shannon, índice de Pielou, riqueza e abundância média e total. A maior abundância foi encontrada para milheto (9.974 indivíduos), e os menores valores de abundância foram verificados para soja (222 indivíduos) e milho (824 indivíduos), respectivamente. A distribuição uniforme dos grupos na área de soja, devido ao manejo homogêneo da área, proporcionou o maior índice biológico (H’=2,69). A análise de componentes principais (PCA) explicou no eixo principal 50,9% dos dados e no eixo secundário 34,6% dos dados. Os diferentes sistemas de ocupação do solo, apresentaram abundância e diversidade distinta, demonstrando como a ocupação do solo interfere sobre a dinâmica da fauna invertebrada do solo.

ABSTRACT Soil is the habitat for a number of living organisms that perform essential functions within the ecosystem; their functions and interactions are modified according to different ways of land occupation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of edaphic fauna in different soil occupation systems. The study was carried out in different soil occupation systems: millet, maize, soybean, eucalyptus, preserved cerrado, disturbed cerrado, and pasture, with 130 pitfall traps installed per treatment. Soil fauna organisms were identified at the level of large groups (orders and family), and then examined under the following biological diversity indices: Shannon index, Pielou index, average and total richness, and abundance. The highest abundance was found under millet growing conditions (9,974 individuals), and the lowest abundance values were found in soybean soil (222 individuals) and maize (824 individuals). Uniform distribution of groups in the area with soybean crops, due to the homogeneous management of the area, provided the highest biological index (H'=2.69). Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 50.9% of the data along the main axis and 34.6% of the data along the secondary axis. The different systems of soil occupation showed different abundance and diversity, demonstrating how soil occupation interferes with the dynamics of the invertebrate soil fauna.

Abstract The state of Maranhão, located in northeastern Brazil, comprises three biomes: Amazonian, Caatinga, and the Cerrado. To date, 99 ant species have been recorded in the literature from the state. In the present work, we provide for the first time a profile of the ant fauna in the state based on data from the historical literature and Brazilian institutional collections. The updated records on ant diversity for the state of Maranhão revealed a total of 279 species, belonging to 71 genera and 10 subfamilies. In total, 180 species are recorded for the first time in the state, of which four species recorded for the first time in Brazil. In summary, apart from documenting the ant fauna of the region, these results provide a basis for further studies and may contribute to future conservation efforts for the biomes present in this complex landscape.

RESUMO A variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo, interferem sobre o desenvolvimento dos cultivos. Assim, o conhecimento dessa variabilidade permite o manejo integrado de solo e planta. Objetivou-se determinar a variabilidade espacial da condutividade elétrica aparente (CEa), condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação (CEes), conteúdo de água (θ) e textura (argila, silte e areia) do solo em uma área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, no Estado de Pernambuco. A área de estudo possui cerca de 6,5 ha e o solo da área é um Espodossolo Humilúvico órtico. As amostras de solo foram avaliadas em 90 pontos de amostragem distribuídos aleatoriamente. Foram amostrados os seguintes atributos: condutividade elétrica aparente (CEa) medida por indução eletromagnética (dipolo vertical: CEa-V e dipolo horizontal: CEa-H) nas camadas de 0,0-0,4 m e 0,0-1,5 m de profundidade respectivamente. Os demais atributos foram medidos nas camadas de 0,0-0,2 m e 0,2-0,4 m de profundidade (CEes, θ, argila, silte e areia). A variabilidade espacial da condutividade elétrica aparente do solo medida por indução eletromagnética (CEa-V e CEa-H) foi influenciada pelo relevo, não apresentando relação direta com a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes). Os atributos em estudo apresentaram distribuição de frequência com média superestimada, com valores de média se distanciando dos valores de moda e mediana. O relevo influenciou os mapas de variabilidade espacial da CEa-V, CEa-H, CEes e θ, apesar da matriz de correlação não demonstrar relação de causa e efeito bem definida. Os atributos texturais (argila, site e areia) apresentaram elevada variabilidade espacial, apresentando efeito pepita puro (EPP).

ABSTRACT Spatial variability of soil attributes affects crop development. Thus, information on its variability assists in soil and plant integrated management systems. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial variability of the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECse), water content in the soil (θ) and soil texture (clay, silt and sand) of a sugarcane crop area in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The study area had about 6.5 ha and its soil was classified as orthic Humiluvic Spodosol. Ninety soil samples were randomly collected and evaluated. The attributes assessed were soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by electromagnetic induction with vertical dipole (ECa-V) in the soil layer 0.0.4 and horizontal dipole (ECa-H) in the soil layer 0.0-1.5 m; and ECse, θ and texture in the soil layers 0.0-0.2 m and 0.2-0.4 m. Spatial variability of the ECa was affected by the area relief, and had no direct correlation with the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECse). The results showed overestimated mean frequency distribution, with means distant from the mode and median. The area relief affected the spatial variability maps of ECa-V, ECa-H, ECse and θ, however, the correlation matrix did not show a well-defined cause-and-effect relationship. Spatial variability of texture attributes (clay, site and sand) was high, presenting pure nugget effect.

ABSTRACT Geostatistics allows the evaluation of the distribution pattern of data with high spatial variability in agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of biological diversity indices of soil fauna under different land (agriculture and forest). Samples were collected in seven areas (millet, soybean, corn, eucalyptus, pasture crops, and preserved and disturbed Cerrado), in Maranhão state, Brazil. The soil fauna was caught trapped in pitfall traps, installed 3 m away from each other. In each area, 130 traps were maintained for seven days. After this period, they were removed and their content transferred to bottles and taken to the laboratory, where the insects were screened and identified at the level of orders and families. Eight indices were calculated, namely: individuals trap-1 day-1, Jackknife richness estimator, the Simpson, McIntosh, Shannon, and total diversity, and Simpson dominance, and Pielou equitability indices. The spatial variability was derived from the semivariograms fitted to Gaussian, spherical, and exponential geostatistical models. Statistical analysis showed medium values of the coefficient of variation for millet, except for the indices individuals trap-1 day-1 and McIntosh diversity, which were considered high. The values of the correlation matrix were negative for some indices, suggesting an inverse relationship. For millet, corn, eucalyptus, disturbed Cerrado, and pasture areas, the Shannon diversity index exhibited a pure nugget effect. For the areas of millet, corn, disturbed Cerrado and pasture, the total diversity index was adjusted to the Gaussian model. The degree of spatial dependence was considered high for the individuals trap-1 day-1 and Pielou equitability indices for millet. Only for soybean and pasture similarity in the scaled semivariograms was observed for the spatial variability of the indices, indicating similarity of performance. Soil management and land use affect the patterns of soil fauna abundance, richness, and diversity. The presence of groups such as Araneae, Diplura, and Poduromorpha are related to ecological equilibrium, quality, and sustainability of the agricultural systems studied.

ABSTRACT Soil sampling is an important stage of digital soil mapping. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial design of soil sampling using soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and its optimized spatial sampling. For the characterization, it was used the Spatial Simulated Annealing (SSA) technique, incorporated on the software SANOS 0.1, and the method of response surface sampling design on the software ESAP 2.35. The ECa was measured at 1,887 points in an area of 6 ha located in the northwestern region of Spain. The EM38-DD equipment (Geonics Limited 2005) was used at 2 depths: vertical dipole (1.5 m effective measurement depth) and horizontal dipole (0.75 m effective measurement depth). Semivariogram showed trend for ECa in vertical dipole (ECa-V) and ECa in horizontal dipole (ECa-H). Software SANOS 0.1 and ESAP 2.35 were used to obtain the 40-point sampling scheme, using the 2 schemes (SANOS and ESAP). ECa-V estimation values at the 1,887 points were calculated with residual ordinary kriging. The sampling scheme obtained from ESAP was better than with SANOS.

A agricultura atual requer a inserção de novas tecnologias que permitam a identificação dos padrões de solo e planta, possibilitando a determinação da sua variabilidade espacial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a relação espacial entre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, da condutividade elétrica do solo medida por indução eletromagnética e da textura do solo. A área experimental está localizada em Goiana (Pernambuco, Brasil) (Latitude 07°34’25”S, Longitude 34°55’39”W). O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de 6,5 ha. A produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e a condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa) foram medidas em 90 pontos de amostragem distribuídos aleatoriamente na área de estudo. Os mapas de condutividade elétrica do solo (CEa-V e CEa-H) apresentaram comportamento semelhante ao da produtividade de cana-de-açúcar. A correlação linear apresentou valores de 0,74 (produtividade x CEa-H) e 0,85 (produtividade x CEa-V). A condutividade elétrica medida por indução eletromagnética apresentou-se como uma ferramenta importante para a previsão da produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Os atributos texturais (argila, silte e areia) apresentaram elevada variabilidade espacial.

The current agriculture requires the use of new technologies that allow the identification of soil and plant patterns, and the determination of their spatial variability. This work determined the spatial relationship between the sugar cane yield and soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by electromagnetic induction (EMI) and soil texture. The experimental area is located in Goiana (Pernambuco State, Brazil) (07°34’25”S, 34°55’39”W). The experimental area was 6.5 ha. Sugar cane yield and soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) were measured at 90 sampling points randomly distributed in the study area. Maps of soil electrical conductivity (ECa-V and ECa-H) were similar to that of sugar cane yield. The linear correlation showed values of 0.74 (yield x ECa-H) and 0.85 (yield x ECa-V). The electrical conductivity measured by electromagnetic induction has been shown to be an important tool for predicting the yield of sugar cane. The textural properties (clay, silt and sand) showed high spatial variability.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade espacial de atributos de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake) e atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico em Selvíria (MS). A área de estudo possui cerca de 1,98 ha e as amostras de planta e solo foram coletadas em uma grade de amostragem contendo 122 pontos sendo: 84 pontos com espaçamento regular de 15 m e 38 pontos com espaçamento regular de 5 m. Os atributos de planta e solo analisados foram: perímetro na altura do peito, altura da planta, volume de madeira, resistência do solo à penetração e o teor de água no solo. Os atributos das plantas de eucalipto apresentaram moderada variabilidade espacial, ao passo que os atributos do solo apresentaram variabilidade moderada (RP3) e forte (RP1). O modelo exponencial foi o que mais se adequou para os ajustes dos atributos de planta e solo estudados. A correlação linear simples mostrou haver baixa correlação entre os atributos de Eucalyptus urophylla e os atributos físicos do solo.

The objective of this work was to investigate the spatial variability of attributes of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake) and physical attributes of a Rhodic Eutrudox at Selvíria (MS). The study area has about 1.98 ha and samples of plant and soil were collected in a sampling grid containing 122 points: 84 points with regular spacing of 15 m and 38 points with regular spacing of 5 m. The following attributes of plant and soil were analyzed: perimeter at chest height, height of the plant, volume of wood, soil penetration resistance and soil moisture content. The attributes of the eucalyptus plants showed medium spatial variability, while the attributes of the soil showed medium and low variability. The exponential model was the most appropriate settings for the attributes of plant and soil studies. Simple linear correlation showed low correlation between the attributes of Eucalyptus urophylla and the soil physical attributes.

A variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo possui relação direta com a formação e manutenção dos seus agregados. No entanto, os sistemas de manejo do solo também interagem com esses atributos modificando sua variabilidade natural, e consequentemente, a variabilidade do estado de agregação do solo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos e químicos de dois Latossolos do Estado de São Paulo, sob o sistema de semeadura direta e sua relação com a estabilidade de agregados. As amostras de solo foram coletadas na camada de 0,0 - 0,1 m, utilizando grade de amostragem de 100 m entre pontos. Uma das áreas está localizada no município de Angatuba (SP) e outra no município de Campos Novos Paulista (SP). Os atributos físicos analisados foram: argila, areia grossa, areia fina, areia total e a estabilidade de agregados avaliada por meio do diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP). Os atributos químicos estudados foram: matéria orgânica, cálcio e magnésio. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e de ferramentas geoestatísticas. Uma vez detectada a variabilidade espacial por meio do semivariograma, foram construídos mapas de isolinhas utilizando-se a técnica de interpolação por krigagem. A variabilidade espacial para os atributos físicos e químicos e sua relação com a estabilidade de agregados foi influenciada pelo histórico de manejo das áreas de estudo. Observaram-se valores mais baixos de efeito pepita (C0), quando comparados aos demais atributos estudados, Latossolo em Campos Novos Paulista. O espaçamento utilizado no Latossolo em Campos Novos Paulista não foi suficiente para detectar a dependência espacial do DMP.

The spatial variability of soil physical and chemical attributes presents direct relation with the formation and maintenance of soil aggregates. However, the different soil management systems also interact with these attributes modifying their natural variability. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the spatial variability of the physical and chemical attributes of two Oxisols of the State of São Paulo, under no-tillage system and its relation with the aggregate stability. The soil samples were collected in the 0.0 - 0.1 m depth, at the nodes of sampling grid of 100 m between points. One of the areas is located near Angatuba, SP, Brazil and the other one in Campos Novos Paulista, SP, Brazil. The physical attributes analyzed were: clay content, coarse, fine and total sand contents and the weighed mean aggregate diameter (DMP) as an indicator of aggregate stability. The soil chemical attributes studied were: organic matter, calcium and magnesium contents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and geostatistics tools. Once the spatial dependence has been detected by means of the semivariogram contour maps were constructed using the kriging interpolation technique. The spatial variability for the chemical and physical attributes and their relation to the aggregate stability was influenced by past management history of the areas studied. The Oxisol in Campos Novos Paulista had lower nugget effect (C0) values. The spacing used in Oxisol in Campos Novos Paulista was not sufficient to detect the spatial dependence of DMP.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rugosidade superficial do solo com diferentes porcentagens de resíduos vegetais após a aplicação de chuva simulada e comparar o desempenho de índices estatísticos e geoestatísticos. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um solo franco com baixa estabilidade estrutural sob preparo convencional, onde foram instaladas microparcelas de 1 m². As microparcelas foram submetidas a três sucessivas chuvas simuladas com 65 mm h-1 de intensidade, resultando em chuvas acumulativas de 25 mm, 50 mm e 75 mm. Cinco tratamentos sem repetição foram avaliados com diferentes quantidades de palha de milho (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 Mg ha"1). O microrrelevo da superfície do solo foi medido antes da primeira chuva e depois da aplicação das três chuvas simuladas (cinco tratamentos e quatro superfícies), sendo adquiridos 20 conjuntos de dados. A rugosidade do solo foi medida com rugosímetro de agulhas a cada 0,03 m. Tendo como base as medições de rugosidade do solo foram gerados modelos de elevação digitais da superfície e, posteriormente analisados usando semivariogramas. Todos os dados tiveram dependência espacial e se ajustaram ao modelo esférico. Foi constatada uma relação significativa entre o índice de rugosidade aleatória (RR) e o patamar (C0+C1). Todos os tratamentos houve clara tendência de redução dos valores de patamar com o aumento da precipitação pluvial. A diminuição da rugosidade foi menor nos tratamentos com maior cobertura do solo (3 e 4 Mg ha-1). Desta maneira, verifica-se que os resíduos vegetais atuam limitando o declínio da rugosidade superficial. No tratamento-controle, sem palha, ocorreram os menores valores de efeito pepita (C0), ou seja, a menor descontinuidade espacial entre os tratamentos em estudo. O alcance (a) da dependência espacial revelou tendência de diminuir com o aumento da chuva acumulada, sendo mais evidente nos tratamentos com menor cobertura com palha (0, 1 e 2 Mg ha-1). A utilização do patamar e do alcance da variabilidade espacial para descrever a diminuição do microrrelevo superficial do solo é discutida.

The objective of this work was to investigate the decay of initial surface roughness induced by simulated rainfall under different soil residue cover and to compare classical statistical indices with geostatistical parameters. A conventionally tilled loamy soil with low structure stability, thus prone to crusting was placed at 1 m² microplots. Each microplot received three successive rainfall events which bring about cumulative 25 mm, 50 mm and 75 mm at 65 mm h-1 intensity. Five treatments without replication were tested with different corn straw quantities (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 Mg ha"1). Soil surface microrelief was measured at the initial stage and after each simulated rainfall event. Five treatments and four surface stages were monitored, resulting in 20 data sets. Point elevation data were taken at 0.03 m intervals using a pinmeter. Digital elevation models were generated and analysed using semivariograms. All data sets showed spatial dependence and spherical models were fitted to experimental semivariograms. A very significant relationship was found between the random roughness index, RR, and the sill of the semivariogram (C0+C1). All the treatments showed a clear trend to sill value reduction with increasing precipitation. However, roughness decay was lower in treatments with higher straw cover (3 and 4 Mg ha-1). Therefore, residue cover limited soil surface roughness decline. The control treatment, without straw, showed the lowest nugget effect (C0), which means the lowest spatial discontinuity of all treatments in this study. The range of spatial dependence (a) also showed a trend to decrease with increased cumulative rain, which was most apparent in treatments without or with relatively low straw cover (0, 1 and 2 Mg ha-1). The suitability of using sill variance and range for describing patterns of soil surface microrelief decline is discussed.

Mapas de nutrientes do solo com base em uma amostragem intensiva são úteis para desenvolver práticas específicas de manejo. Os métodos geoestatísticos cada vez mais têm sido utilizados para determinar a correlação espacial e o alcance da dependência espacial de amostragens em diferentes escalas. Uma vez detectada a variabilidade espacial, o semivariograma experimental é modelado e usado para mapear as variáveis investigadas por meio da krigagem, um método de interpolação sem tendência e com variância mínima. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e mapear a distribuição espacial dos micronutrientes Cu, Zn, Mn e Fe em uma área agrícola, na Galícia, Espanha, sob condições climáticas do Atlântico Europeu. A krigagem ordinária foi aplicada inicialmente para se determinar os valores para os locais não amostrados. Posteriormente, a krigagem indicatriz foi utilizada para transformar o conteúdo de micronutrientes em valores binários, tendo os valores médios de cada nutriente como referência. Nos quatro micronutrientes estudados havia dependência espacial, expressa por meio dos parâmetros do semivariograma. A razão de dependência espacial foi avaliada por meio dos valores de efeito pepita e do alcance da dependência espacial, cuja dependência diminui na seguinte ordem Cu>Zn>Fe>Mn. A dependência espacial da combinação entre dois ou mais micronutrientes foi avaliada por meio do semivariograma indicador. De maneira geral, por meio da análise do semivariograma individual e do indicador notou-se baixa proporção entre os valores de efeito pepita e de patamar. Os mapas construídos por meio dos valores estimados com a krigagem indica triz demonstram semelhanças na distribuição espacial desses valores, o que sugere a delimitação de zonas de manejo.

Nutrient maps based on intensive soil sampling are useful to develop site-specific management practices. Geostatistical methods have been widely used to determine the spatial correlation and the range of spatial dependence at different sampling scales. If spatial dependence is detected, the modelled semivariograms can then be used to map the interested variable by kriging, an interpolation method that produces unbiased estimates with minimal estimation variance. The objectives of this paper were to examine and to map the spatial distribution of the micronutrients Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn on an agricultural area in Galicia, Spain, under European Atlantic climatic conditions. The ordinary kriging was first used to determine the values for the non-sampled locations, then the indicator approach was used to transform the micronutrient content values into binary values having the mean values of each nutrient as the threshold content. All four elements analyzed showed spatial dependence using the indicator semivariograms. The strength of spatial dependence was assessed using the values of nugget effect and range from the semivariogram, the fitted range values decreased in the order Mn >Fe >Zn >Cu. The spatial dependence of the combination of two or more of the studied micronutrients was also examined using indicator semivariograms. In opposition to spatial analysis of individual microelements, indicator semivariograms obtained for the binary coding of the variables showed a great nugget effect value or a low proportion of sill. The maps for each nutrient obtained using indicator kriging showed some similarity in the spatial distribution, suggesting the delimitation of uniform management areas.