Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete miscarriage. Data sources The PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials databases (clinicaltrials.gov) were searched for the relevant articles, and search strategies were developed using a combination of thematic Medical Subject Headings terms and text words. The last search was conducted on July 4, 2022. No language restrictions were applied. Selection of studies Randomized clinical trials with patients of gestational age up to 6/7 weeks with a diagnosis of incomplete abortion and who were managed with at least 1 of the 3 types of treatment studied were included. A total of 8,087 studies were screened. Data collection Data were synthesized using the statistical package Review Manager V.5.1 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom). For dichotomous outcomes, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived for each study. Heterogeneity between the trial results was evaluated using the standard test, I2 statistic. Data synthesis When comparing misoprostol with medical vacuum aspiration (MVA), the rate of complete abortion was higher in the MVA group (OR = 0.16; 95%CI = 0.07–0.36). Hemorrhage or heavy bleeding was more common in the misoprostol group (OR = 3.00; 95%CI = 1.96–4.59), but pain after treatment was more common in patients treated with MVA (OR = 0.65; 95%CI = 0.52–0.80). No statistically significant differences were observed in the general acceptability of the treatments. Conclusion Misoprostol has been determined as a safe option with good acceptance by patients.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia, segurança e aceitabilidade do misoprostol no tratamento do aborto incompleto. Fontes de dados Os bancos de dados PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library e bancos de dados de Ensaios Clínicos (clinicaltrials.gov) foram pesquisados para os artigos relevantes, e estratégias de busca foram desenvolvidas usando uma combinação de termos temáticos de Medical Subject Headings e palavras de texto. A última pesquisa foi realizada em 4 de julho de 2022. Nenhuma restrição de idioma foi aplicada. Seleção dos estudos Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados com pacientes com idade gestacional até 6/7 semanas com diagnóstico de aborto incompleto e que foram manejadas com pelo menos um dos três tipos de tratamento estudados. Um total de 8.087 estudos foram selecionados. Coleta de dados Os dados foram sintetizados usando o pacote estatístico Review Manager V.5.1 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom). Para resultados dicotômicos, o odds ratio (OR, na sigla em inglês) e o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% foram derivados para cada estudo. A heterogeneidade entre os resultados do ensaio foi avaliada usando o teste padrão, estatística I2. Síntese dos dados Ao comparar misoprostol com aspiração a vácuo médico (MVA, na sigla em inglês), a taxa de aborto completo foi maior no grupo MVA (OR = 0,16; IC95% = 0,07–0,36). Hemorragia ou sangramento intenso foi mais comum no grupo do misoprostol (OR = 3,00; 95%CI = 1,96–4,59), mas a dor após o tratamento foi mais comum em pacientes tratados com MVA (OR = 0,65; 95%CI = 0,52–0,80). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na aceitabilidade geral dos tratamentos. Conclusão O misoprostol tem se mostrado uma opção segura e com boa aceitação pelos pacientes.

Resumen: La retinopatía del prematuro (ROP) es una de las principales causas de ceguera prevenible a nivel mundial. En Guatemala un gran número de prematuros nacen en hospitales fuera de la ciudad capital y se presentan a una evaluación con estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Comparar el costo del tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno versus el costo total del manejo integral de pacientes en condición de discapacidad visual secundaria a ROP. Pacientes y Método: Se calculó el costo de la enfermedad en pacientes que consultaron con baja visión o ceguera secundario a ROP. Los costos directos fueron calculados en base a aquellos en relación directa con el manejo de la enfermedad: atención médica, rehabilitación, educación, soporte técnico, transporte, asistencia personal, adaptaciones y equipamiento del hogar, comparandolos con los costos del tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno. Resultados: El costo total de manejar a un niño en condición de discapacidad visual severa por ROP es de USD 214.666,37 y el de tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno de USD 1.223,12. Esto representa un costo adicional de USD 213.443,24 en los pacientes que no fueron tamizados y tratados a tiempo. Conclusión: El costo del tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno significa sólo el 0,57% del costo total que implica el manejo durante la esperanza de vida de un niño en condición de discapacidad visual severa.

Abstract: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. In Guatemala, a large number of premature infants are born in hospitals outside the capital city and present for evaluation at advanced stages of the disease. Objective: To compare the cost of screening and timely treatment versus the total cost of comprehensive management of patients with visual impairment secondary to ROP. Patients and Method: The cost of the disease was calculated in patients who consulted due to low vision or blindness secondary to ROP. Direct costs were calculated based on those directly related to the management of the disease: medical care, rehabilitation, education, technical support, transportation, personal assistance, adaptations, and home equipment, compared with the costs of screening and timely treatment. Results: The total cost of managing a child with severe visual impairment due to ROP is USD 214,666.37 and the cost of screening and timely treatment is USD 1,223.12, meaning an additional cost of USD 213,443.24 in patients who were not screened and treated on time. Conclusion: The cost of screening and timely treatment represents only 0.57% of the total cost of lifelong management of a child with severe visual impairment.

Resumen: La retinopatía del prematuro (ROP) es una de las principales causas de ceguera prevenible a nivel mundial. En Guatemala un gran número de prematuros nacen en hospitales fuera de la ciudad capital y se presentan a una evaluación con estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Comparar el costo del tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno versus el costo total del manejo integral de pacientes en condición de discapacidad visual secundaria a ROP. Pacientes y Método: Se calculó el costo de la enfermedad en pacientes que consultaron con baja visión o ceguera secundario a ROP. Los costos directos fueron calculados en base a aquellos en relación directa con el manejo de la enfermedad: atención médica, rehabilitación, educación, soporte técnico, transporte, asistencia personal, adaptaciones y equipamiento del hogar, comparandolos con los costos del tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno. Resultados: El costo total de manejar a un niño en condición de discapacidad visual severa por ROP es de USD 214.666,37 y el de tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno de USD 1.223,12. Esto representa un costo adicional de USD 213.443,24 en los pacientes que no fueron tamizados y tratados a tiempo. Conclusión: El costo del tamizaje y tratamiento oportuno significa sólo el 0,57% del costo total que implica el manejo durante la esperanza de vida de un niño en condición de discapacidad visual severa.

Abstract: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. In Guatemala, a large number of premature infants are born in hospitals outside the capital city and present for evaluation at advanced stages of the disease. Objective: To compare the cost of screening and timely treatment versus the total cost of comprehensive management of patients with visual impairment secondary to ROP. Patients and Method: The cost of the disease was calculated in patients who consulted due to low vision or blindness secondary to ROP. Direct costs were calculated based on those directly related to the management of the disease: medical care, rehabilitation, education, technical support, transportation, personal assistance, adaptations, and home equipment, compared with the costs of screening and timely treatment. Results: The total cost of managing a child with severe visual impairment due to ROP is USD 214,666.37 and the cost of screening and timely treatment is USD 1,223.12, meaning an additional cost of USD 213,443.24 in patients who were not screened and treated on time. Conclusion: The cost of screening and timely treatment represents only 0.57% of the total cost of lifelong management of a child with severe visual impairment.

Abstract: The article investigates the civic-patriotic discourses and practices alluding to the anniversary of the civil-military coup - March 31, 1964 - in the period 1970-1971. The research methodology mobilized the Jornal do Brasil and the Folha de S. Paulo, as well as textbooks focused on the cult of civism in the discipline called Educação Moral e Cívica (EMC), implemented in the school curriculum in 1969. The issue of a National Civic Calendar, organized by the MEC (1970), fostered its reinforcement in textbooks to activate memory devices favorable to the coup action and to create civic-normative optics defined by the oppressive State. Through specific cultural and pedagogical circumstances of investment and encouragement of patriotism applied to youth, school instruction fostered the awakening of civic consciousness along the lines of the authoritarian principles of the oppressive state.

Resumen: El artículo investiga los discursos y prácticas cívico-patrióticas alusivas al aniversario del golpe cívico-militar - 31/Marzo/1964 - en el período 1970-1971. La metodología de la investigación movilizó el Jornal do Brasil y la Folha de S. Paulo, además de los libros de texto centrados en el culto al civismo en la disciplina denominada Educação Moral e Cívica (EMC), implantada en el currículo escolar en 1969. La emisión de un Calendario Cívico Nacional, organizado por el MEC (1970), fomentó su refuerzo en los libros de texto para activar dispositivos de memoria favorables a la acción golpista y crear una óptica cívico-normativa definida por el Estado opresor. A través de circunstancias culturales y pedagógicas específicas de inversión y fomento del patriotismo aplicadas a la juventud, la instrucción escolar fomentó el despertar de la conciencia cívica en la línea de los principios autoritarios del Estado opresor.

Resumo: O artigo investiga os discursos e as práticas cívico-patrióticas alusivas ao aniversário do golpe civil-militar - 31/março/1964 - no período de 1970-1971. A metodologia de pesquisa mobilizou o Jornal do Brasil e a Folha de S. Paulo, além de manuais didáticos voltados ao culto ao civismo na disciplina denominada Educação Moral e Cívica (EMC), implementada no currículo escolar em 1969. A edição de um Calendário Cívico Nacional, organizado pelo MEC (1970), fomentou seu reforço nos livros didáticos para ativar dispositivos de memória favoráveis à ação golpista e criar óticas cívico-normativas definidas pelo Estado opressor. Mediante circunstâncias culturais e pedagógicas específicas de investimento e estímulo ao patriotismo aplicado à juventude, a instrução escolar fomentava o despertar da consciência cívica nos moldes dos princípios autoritários do Estado ditatorial.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on women admitted with hypertensive disorders of pregnancies to a university maternity hospital from August 2020 to August 2022. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Variables associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared using multivariable binomial regression. RESULTS: Of 501 women with pregnancies, 2, 35, 14, and 49% had eclampsia, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and gestational hypertension, respectively. Women with preeclampsia/eclampsia had significantly higher risks of cesarean section (79.4 vs. 65%; adjusted RR, 2,139; 95%CI, 1,386–3,302; p=0.001) and preterm delivery at <34 weeks’ gestation (20.5 vs. 6%; adjusted RR, 2.5; 95%CI, 1.19–5.25; p=0.01) than those of women with chronic/gestational hypertension. Risks of prolonged maternal hospitalization (43.9 vs. 27.1%), neonatal intensive care unit admission (30.7 vs. 19.8%), and perinatal mortality (23.5 vs. 11.2%) were higher among women with preeclampsia/eclampsia. CONCLUSIONS: Women with preeclampsia/eclampsia had a higher risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes than those with chronic or gestational hypertension. This major maternity care center requires strategies for preventing and managing preeclampsia/eclampsia to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Resumen: El resultado visual funcional posterior a una cirugía de catarata es influenciado por varios factores como la edad del diagnóstico, el tratamiento quirúrgico y la rehabilitación visual. Objetivo: Describir las características demográficas y clínicas de pacientes con catarata congénita y conocer el resultado visual postoperatorio en un centro de atención oftalmológico en Guatemala. Pacientes y Método: Es tudio transversal y retrospectivo. Se revisaron expedientes clínicos de todos los pacientes operados de catarata congénita en los años 2014 y 2015. Se registró la agudeza visual posoperatoria, edad del diagnóstico y cirugía, sexo, lateralidad, etiología y morfología de la catarata, factores de mal pronós tico visual preoperatorios y seguimiento posoperatorio. Resultados: Cincuenta y nueve pacientes fueron operados de catarata pediátrica en este período, con edades entre 1 mes a 13 años (mediana 48 meses) siendo 23 de etiología congénita (38.98%) incluidos para este estudio. De estos, 14 eran de sexo masculino, 16 bilaterales, la edad mediana del diagnóstico y de cirugía fue de 7 y 12 meses respectivamente. Sólo 13 pacientes cumplieron seguimiento postoperatorio a los 3 años. Se logró cuantificar la agudeza visual a los 3 años postoperatorios en 11 pacientes y 8 obtuvieron una clasifica ción de impedimento visual o peor. El 82.6% fueron consultas tardías (mayores a 3 meses de edad). Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de catarata congénita y su tratamiento quirúrgico fueron tardíos en esta serie. El abandono del seguimiento posoperatorio es alto. El resultado visual a los 3 años postopera torios en su mayoría es de impedimento visual o peor.

Abstract: The functional visual outcome after cataract surgery is influenced by several factors such as the age at diagnosis and surgical treatment, as well as visual rehabilitation. Objective: to characterize congenital cataract patients and assess the postoperative visual outcome in an ophthalmological care center in Guatemala. Patients and Method: A cross-sectional retrospective study. Clinical records of all congenital cataract patients who underwent congenital cataract surgery from 2014 and 2015 were reviewed. The following was recorded: postoperative visual acuity, age at diagnosis and surgery, sex, unilateral or bilateral involvement, etiology and morphology of the cataract, preoperative poor visual prognosis factors, and postoperative follow-up. Results: Fifty-nine patients underwent pediatric cataract surgery in this period, ages ranging from 1 month to 13 years (median 48 months), and 23 were congenital (38.98%). Fourteen were male, 16 bilateral, and the mean age at diagnosis and surgery was 7 and 12 months, respectively. Only 13 patients completed 3 years of follow-up visits. Visual acuity was recorded at 3 years after surgery, observing in 11 patients and 8 patients visual impairment or worse, respectively. Delayed consultations occurred in 82.6% of the patients (older than 3 months of age). Conclusion: In this series, the diagnosis of congenital cataract and its surgical treatment were delayed, observing a high rate of patients unable to complete follow-up visits. The visual outcome at 3 years after congenital cataract surgery was mostly visual impairment or worse.

Abstract: Objective: to identify the frequency and type of ocular problems in pediatric patients with sensorineural deafness, in a national reference center for hearing problems in Guatemala. Material and methods: cross-sectional and prospective study carried out in 24 patients younger than 14 years with sensorineural hearing loss. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination. Results: age ranged from two to 13 years, and most were male (n = 17, 70.8%). Of the total, 15 patients (62.5%) presented ocular problems; of which, 11 patients presented refractive defects, six strabismus, and six minor findings in the anterior segment and in ocular adnexa. Conclusion: children with sensorineural deafness have ocular problems that require identification and treatment, so it is recommended to perform an ophthalmological evaluation as soon as possible.

Resumen: Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia y tipo de problemas oculares en pacientes pediátricos con sordera neurosensorial en un centro de referencia nacional para problemas auditivos de Guatemala. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, transversal y prospectivo, con 24 pacientes menores de 14 años con sordera neurosensorial. Todos fueron sometidos a un examen oftalmológico completo. Resultados: la edad varió entre dos y 13 años, y la mayoría fue del sexo masculino (n = 17, 70.8%). Del total, 15 pacientes (62.5%) presentaron problemas oculares, de los cuales, 11 evidenciaron defectos refractivos, seis estrabismo, además de seis pacientes con hallazgos menores en el segmento anterior y Anexos oculares. Conclusión: los niños con sordera neurosensorial presentan problemas oculares que requieren identificación y tratamiento, por lo que se recomienda realizar evaluación oftalmológica lo más pronto posible.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad inhibitoria de Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 frente a Campylobacter coli en ensayos de formación de biopelículas in vitro y exclusión competitiva. La formación de biopelículas por C. coli NCTC11366, C. coli DSPV458, C. coli DSPV541 y C. coli DSPV570 fue evaluada mediante medición de DO. La capacidad inhibitoria de L. plantarum LP5 frente a C. coli fue evaluada sobre discos de vidrio, nailon y aluminio. Sobre una biopelícula de L. plantarum se adicionó C. coli para cuantificar el efecto inhibidor de L. plantarum LP5 sobre el patógeno. Las cuatro cepas de C. coli fueron clasificadas como moderadas formadoras de biopelículas. El ensayo de exclusión competitiva mostró que la formación de biopelículas de las cepas de C. coli en todos los materiales fue significativamente mayor que la formación de biopelículas de cada patógeno en presencia de biopelículas de L. plantarum LP5. Si bien es necesario realizar más pruebas para confirmar la capacidad de supervivencia de C. coli en ambientes hostiles hasta llegar al huésped, este estudio permitiría avanzar en el esclarecimiento de su comportamiento mediante la formación de biopelículas.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory capacity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 against Campylobacter coli in in vitro biofilm formation and competitive exclusion assays. Biofilm formation by C. coli NCTC11366, C. coli DSPV458, C. coli DSPV541 and C. coli DSPV570 was evaluated by OD measurement. The inhibitory capacity of L. plantarum LP5 against C. coli was evaluated on glass, nylon and aluminium discs, added with L. plantarum and incubated at 37°C for 72 h. C. coli was added to each washed well. The plates were incubated at 42°C for 72 h in microaerophilic conditions and the biofilms were detached for quantification. The four strains of C. coli were classified as moderate biofilm former. The competitive exclusion test showed that the biofilm formation of the C. coli strains in all materials was significantly higher than the biofilm formation of each pathogen in the presence of L. plantarum LP5 biofilms. Although it is necessary to carry out more tests to confirm the ability of C. coli to survive in hostile environments until reaching the host, this study would allow progress in the elucidation of its behaviour through the formation of biofilms.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a percepção do risco de exposição da Doença de Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), conhecimento sobre medidas de proteção pessoal entre os profissionais de oftalmologia latino-americanos e priorização de pacientes com Covid-19. Métodos: Pesquisa anônima voluntária autoadministrada (formulários do Google Drive) distribuída por mensagem de texto para profissionais de oftalmologia em 1º a 5 de maio de 2020. Resultados: Trezentos e setenta e um profissionais completaram a pesquisa (taxa de resposta de 45%), composta por 118 residentes (27,6%), 111 oftalmologistas (40,5%) e 142 subespecialistas (32,8%). 106 profissionais (32,6%) sentiram-se em alto risco de adquirir o COVID-19 no trabalho. 273 (69,1%) acreditavam que as diretrizes atuais não são suficientes para identificar os pacientes com COVID-19. 265 (59,5%) não tinham treinamento para usar os equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) e, mesmo com seu uso correto, 341 (91,5%) ainda se sentiram em risco de adquirir COVID-19. 80% consideraram que a equipe de trabalho não tem conhecimento de protocolos nacionais para o atendimento aos pacientes com COVID-19. Apenas 9 dos profissionais (2%) consideraram mudar a profissão para minimizar o risco de contágio por COVID-19. Conclusão: Esta pesquisa mostra a escassez de pessoal e treinamento específico que os praticantes de oftalmologia na América Latina enfrentam em sua prática diária. Essas preocupações e ansiedade parecem ser as mesmas em todo o mundo com a pandemia de COVID- 19. É importante reforçar a confiança dos profissionais de oftalmologia nas diretrizes atuais de atendimento ao paciente com COVID-19 e também disponibilizar programas de treinamento sobre o uso de EPI e também itens de EPI disponíveis em todos os momentos para garantir a qualidade do atendimento e a disseminação mínima da doença.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the perception of Latin American ophthalmology practitioners regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure risk, knowledge about personal protection measures, and prioritization of patients. Methods: Self-administered voluntary anonymous survey (Google Drive forms) was distributed via text message to ophthalmology practitioners from May 01 to May 05, 2020. Results: Three hundred seventy-one practitioners (45% response rate) comprising 118 (27.6%) residents, 111 (40.5%) ophthalmologists, and 142 (32.8%) sub-specialists completed the survey. Among them, 106 (32.6%) thought that they were at a high risk of acquiring COVID-19 during the course of work. Furthermore, 273 (69.1%) believed that the current guidelines were insufficient to identify COVID-19 patients. The survey also revealed that 265 (59.5%) were not trained to use personal protective equipment (PPE), and even with its correct use, 341 (91.5%) still felt that they were at risk of acquiring COVID-19. Moreover, 80% of the respondents were of the view that staff members were not knowledgeable about national protocols for attending COVID-19 patients. However, only 9 (2%) considered changing their profession to ameliorate COVID-19 contagion risk. Conclusion: This survey has revealed the issues faced by ophthalmology practitioners in Latin America during their routine practice. These concerns and anxiety about COVID- 19 pandemic seem to be the same worldwide. It is important to reinforce the confidence of ophthalmology practitioners on current guidelines for attending COVID-19 patients. It is also necessary to conduct training programs on PPE usage and ensure that PPE items are available at all times to enhance the quality of care and minimize the spread of the disease.

Resumo Introdução: Os procedimentos de transposição muscular são utilizados quando não há rotação ocular em nenhuma direção determinada devido a alterações dos músculos extraoculares, como paralisia, agenesia ou anomalias congênitas. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar os pacientes tratados com este procedimento e determinar a porcentagem de correção do ângulo de desvio obtida após a cirurgia na Unidade Pediátrica de Oftalmologia, Estrabismo e Neuro-Oftalmologia. “Dra. Ana María Illescas Putzeys”, Hospital de ojos y oídos “Dr. Rodolfo Robles V. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, observacional, com revisão dos registros de pacientes operados para transposição muscular nos anos de 1999 a 2016. Resultados: Foram realizados vinte e três procedimentos de transposição do músculo reto. Treze pacientes eram homens (56,5%). A idade média foi de 42 anos. Em nossa série, foi obtida uma correção média de 42 PD (82%), independente do tipo de paralisia ou do procedimento cirúrgico realizado. Conclusão: Em casos selecionados de estrabismo paralítico, a principal abordagem pode ser apenas a transposição muscular com aumento (sutura de fixação intermuscular posterior), com bons resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com a transposição muscular com a utilização de adjuvantes como o tratamento com toxina botulínica.

Abstract Introduction: Muscular transposition procedures are used when there is no ocular rotation in a particular direction due to alterations of the extraocular muscles such as paralysis, agenesis or congenital anomalies. The objective of this study is to characterize the patients treated with this procedure and determine the percentage of correction of the deviation angle obtained after surgery in the Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-ophthalmology Unit. “Dra. Ana María Illescas Putzeys”, Hospital de ojos y oídos “Dr. Rodolfo Robles V. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was conducted with review of records of patients operated on muscle transposition during the years 1999 to 2016. Results: Twenty-three rectus muscle transposition procedures were performed. Thirteen were male (56.5%). The mean age was 42 years. In our series, an average correction of 42 PD (82%) was obtained regardless of the type of paralysis or the surgical procedure performed. Conclusion: In selected cases of paralytic strabismus, the main approach may be only muscle transposition with augmentation (posterior intermuscular fixation suture), with good results, similar to those obtained with muscle transposition using adjuvants such as botulinum toxin treatment.

The objective of this study was to investigate a clonal relationship among thermo-tolerant Campylobacter spp. isolates from different stages of the poultry meat supply chain in Argentina. A total of 128 thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. (89 C. jejuni and 39 C. coli) isolates from six poultry meat chains were examined. These isolates were from: a) hens from breeder flocks, b) chickens on the farm (at ages 1 wk and 5 wk), c) chicken carcasses in the slaughterhouse, and d) chicken carcasses in the retail market. Chickens sampled along each food chain were from the same batch. Campylobacter spp. isolates were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to compare different profiles according to the source. Clustering of C. jejuni isolates resulted in 17 profiles, with four predominant genotypes and many small profiles with just a few isolates or unique patterns, showing a very high degree of heterogeneity among the C. jejuni isolates. Some clusters included isolates from different stages within the same chain, which would indicate a spread of strains along the same poultry meat chain. Moreover, twenty-two strains of C. coli clustered in seven groups and the remaining 17 isolates exhibited unique profiles. Evidence for transmission of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. through the food chain and cross contamination in the slaughterhouses were obtained. This collective evidence should be considered as the scientific basis to implement risk management measures to protect the public health.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la relación clonal entre aislamientos de Campylobacter spp. termotolerantes obtenidos de diferentes etapas de la cadena cárnica aviar en Argentina. En total se examinaron 128 aislamientos de Campylobacter spp. (89 de Campylobacter jejuni y 39 de Campylobacter coli) obtenidos de 6 cadenas cárnicas muestreadas en los siguientes puntos del circuito productivo: a) gallinas reproductoras; b) pollos en las granjas (de una y 5 semanas de edad); c) carcasas de pollo en frigorífico, y d) carcasas de pollo en puntos de venta final. Las muestras de pollos fueron obtenidas a lo largo de las cadenas cárnicas siguiendo el mismo lote. Los aislamientos de Campylobacter spp. fueron analizados mediante electroforesis de campos pulsados y se compararon los diferentes perfiles. Los aislamientos de C. jejuni se agruparon en 17 perfiles, 4 de ellos predominantes y el resto en perfiles que agruparon pocos aislamientos o patrones únicos, lo que ilustra una gran heterogeneidad. Algunos agrupamientos incluyeron aislamientos obtenidos de diferentes etapas de una misma cadena cárnica, lo cual indicaría una dispersión de cepas a lo largo de las cadenas cárnicas. Por otra parte, 22 aislamientos de C. coli se agruparon en 7 grupos y otros 17 aislamientos presentaron perfiles únicos. Se obtuvieron evidencias de transmisión de Campylobacter spp. termotolerante en la cadena cárnica aviary contaminación cruzada en frigoríficos. La evidencia reunida debería servir como base científica para implementar estrategias de manejo del riesgo, destinadas a proteger la salud de los consumidores de carne aviar.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda internados em um hospital universitário e examinar sua associação com o uso de drogas psicotrópicas. Métodos: Noventa e um pacientes que sofreram evento coronariano agudo foram incluídos nesse estudo transversal de prevalência. O protocolo de interconsulta psiquiátrica do Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), com os dados clínicos e sociodemográficos, e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS) foram utilizados para avaliar as características da população estudada e a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade nessa amostra. Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas ansiosos foi de 48,4% (44 pacientes), e a de sintomas depressivos, de 26,4% (24 pacientes). Desses, 19 (20,9% do total da amostra) pontuaram para os dois sintomas concomitantemente. Considerando a amostra como um todo, apenas 17 pacientes (18,7%) estavam recebendo tratamento para ansiedade ou depressão com benzodiazepínicos e/ou antidepressivos. Conclusão: Ansiedade e depressão são transtornos mais prevalentes em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda do que na população geral, mas geralmente são subdiagnosticados e subtratados. Os pacientes com presença simultânea de ansiedade e depressão apresentam escores mais altos na escala HADS para ansiedade e depressão e necessitam, portanto, de um controle mais intensivo.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome to a university hospital and to examine associations with use of psychotropic drugs. Methods: Ninety-one patients who had had an acute coronary event were enrolled on this cross-sectional prevalence study. Characteristics of the study population and the prevalence rates of depression and anxiety in the sample were assessed using the Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) psychiatric consultation protocol, which includes clinical and sociodemographic data, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety was 48.4% (44 patients) and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 26.4% (24 patients). Of these, 19 patients (20.9% of the whole sample) had scores indicative of both types of symptoms concomitantly. Considering the whole sample, just 17 patients (18.7%) were receiving treatment for anxiety or depression with benzodiazepines and/or antidepressants. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression are disorders that are more prevalent among patients with acute coronary syndrome than in the general population, but they are generally under-diagnosed and under-treated. Patients with anxiety and depression simultaneously had higher scores on the HADS for anxiety and depression and therefore require more intensive care.