ABSTRACT Leaf litter decomposition and the release of nutrients from macauba palm leaves play a major role in nutrient return to the soil in a conservation environment. This study evaluated macauba palm leaf decomposition, macronutrient contents and biochemical composition under contrasting water conditions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Macauba leaves were collected from plants in two different environments (low and high water table conditions), placed in litter bags and evaluated according to their decomposition, macronutrients, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose for 420 days. In addition, green and dry leaves were collected for macronutrient analyses. Litter decomposition ranged between 49 % and 59 % up to 180 days. The half-life of litter ranged from 141 to 198 days. The leaf litter decomposition of macauba was practically stable during the dry season, whereas at the beginning of the rainy season, decomposition resumed. Nitrogen, P and S were higher in the green leaves, whereas the Ca levels were higher in the dry leaves. In addition, the K levels were twofold higher in the green leaves than in the dry leaves. Lignin release from macauba residues was slower than cellulose and hemicellulose. The decomposition rates of hemicellulose were higher initially due to its high solubility, although it gradually decreased with the decomposition process. Lignin decomposition was also higher at the beginning of the process but stabilized during the drought period. The study indicates that the decomposition process and nutrient cycling of macauba are influenced by its biochemical composition.

ABSTRACT: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) may be harmlessly intercropped with Urochloa species during the off-season in the Brazilian Cerrado. At the end of the sorghum cycle, forages can be used for straw production for soybean (Glycine max L.) as the summer crop. This study aimed to evaluate sorghum cultivated during the off-season, intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. ‘Marandu’ (Hochst. ex A. Rich). R. D. Webster) and Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and Evrard) Crins) in two row spacings (0.5 and 0.7 m) for their effect on plant growth, dry mass production, sorghum yield and soybean grain yield. The experiment was a randomized block design: a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with three levels of intercropping (palisade grass, Congo grass or sole cropping) and two levels of row spacing (0.5 or 0.7 m) with four replicates. Several physiological growth indexes were estimated from 10 to 60 days after emergence (DAE), including dry matter production and sorghum agronomic performance. Sorghum accumulated 0.22 g of dry matter d−1 at 10 to 60 DAE, and was not affected by intercropping. The dry mass gain of forages (0.04 g d−1 on average) was not affected by sorghum either. Higher sorghum grain yield (2,922 kg ha−1) was observed under the 0.5-m row spacing when compared to the 0.7-m spacing. The results indicate that palisade or Congo grass may be used as companion crops for sorghum with no grain yield loss, be it to improve soybean grain yield, soil cover or integrated crop systems, aiming at sustainable intensification.

ABSTRACT Forest soils are N2O sources and commonly act as CH4 sinks. This study evaluated the dynamics of the CH4 and N2O fluxes of soils under Eucalyptus plantations and native Cerrado vegetation, as well as possible interactions between environmental factors and fluxes. The study was carried out in the Distrito Federal, Brazil, during 26 months, in three areas: in two stands of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis, planted in 2011 (E1), and in 2009 (E2) and native Cerrado vegetation (CE). Measurements to determine the fluxes in a closed static chamber were carried out from Oct 2013 to Nov 2015. Soil and climate factors were monitored. During the study period, the mean CH4 fluxes were –22.48, –8.38 and –1.31 μg CH4 m–2 h–1 and the mean N2O fluxes 5.45, 4.85 and 3.85 μg N2O m–2 h–1 from E1, E2 and CE, respectively. Seasonality affected plantations in the studied sites. Cumulative CH4 influxes were calculated (year-1: –1.86 to -0.63 kg ha–1 yr–1; year-2: –1.85 to –1.34 kg ha–1 yr–1). Cumulative N2O fluxes in the three sites were ≤ 0.85 kg ha–1 yr–1. The change in land use from Cerrado to Eucalyptus plantations did not significantly changed regarding greenhouse gases (GHG), compared to the native vegetation. Flux rates of both gases (N2O and CH4) were low. Temporal variations in GHG fluxes and different ages of the stands did not cause significant differences in cumulative annual fluxes.

ABSTRACT: The Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) is a biome of great socio-economic and environmental importance to Brazil. The rapid agricultural expansion in the Cerrado biome areas promoted biogeochemical cycles that affect nitrogen and carbon dynamics, leading to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Brazil, nitrous oxide (N2O) is the main gas in agriculture, and agricultural practices increase emissions into the atmosphere. This review aimed to assess the influence of agriculture on N2O emissions in the Cerrado region, based on existing data in the literature, and extract patterns of direct N2O emissions in different agricultural systems in the Cerrado from existing data. A systematic review of data from 36 scientific publications in the Cerrado region with several crop systems revealed that N2O emissions varied from 0.15 kg ha-1 in native cerrado to 4.84 kg ha-1 in conventional tillage. Agricultural systems, nitrogen fertilizer application, and crop residues influence N2O emissions. One of the strategies to mitigate emissions is the sustainable intensification of farming systems. Cumulative N2O emissions in the Cerrado range from 0.001 to 4.84 kg ha-1 in different land-use scenarios. Soil under the conventional tillage system (CT) had the highest emissions, with an overall average of 1.58 kg ha-1 of N2O, compared to no-till system (NT) (0.82 kg ha-1) and native Cerrado 0.15 kg ha-1. Integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems in the Cerrado had emissions with an overall average of 1.68 kg ha-1, integrated crop-livestock-forest systems (ICLF) had 1.20 ha-1, and eucalyptus plantations had 0.48 kg ha-1.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as frações de carbono no solo, sob plantas de cobertura cultivadas em sucessão ao milho (Zea mays), com ou sem adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, em um experimento de longa duração no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas consistiram das plantas de cobertura, e as subparcelas, da presença ou da ausência de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura para o milho. As seguintes plantas de cobertura foram plantadas, após a colheita do milho híbrido 30F53VYHR: guandu 'BRS Mandarim' (Cajanus cajan), crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), nabo-forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima). Após o corte das plantas de cobertura, amostras de solo foram coletadas às profundidades de 0,0‒0,10 e 0,10‒0,20 m. Após a colheita do milho, seus resíduos culturais foram coletados. As plantas de cobertura alteram as frações químicas e físicas do solo, principalmente o ácido fúlvico e o carbono orgânico particulado. A fertilização de N em cobertura no milho diminui o ácido fúlvico, mas aumenta a razão ácido húmico/ácido fúlvico e o carbono orgânico particulado na camada mais profunda do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate soil carbon fractions under cover crops cultivated after corn (Zea mays), with or without nitrogen topdressing fertilization, in a long-term experiment in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in split-plots with three replicates. The plots were represented by the cover crops, and the subplots, by the presence or absence of N topdressing for corn. The following cover crop species were planted after the harvest of the 30F53VYHR corn hybrid: 'BRS Mandarin' pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus), and black mucuna (Mucuna aterrima). After the cutting of the cover crops, soil samples were collected at 0.0‒0.10 and 0.10‒0.20 m soil depths. After corn harvest, samples of its residues were taken. The cover crops alter the soil chemical and physical fractions, especially fulvic acid and soil particulate organic carbon. Nitrogen topdressing for corn decreases fulvic acid, but increases the humic acid/fulvic acid ratio and particulate organic carbon in the deeper soil layer.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de sistemas de cultivo de sorgo e plantas de cobertura anteriores ao cultivo da soja, na ocorrência de plantas daninhas durante o cultivo da soja no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis sistemas de cultivo antes da soja: sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha) e capim-ruziziensis (Urochloa ruziziensis), isolados ou consorciados, além do pousio. As plantas daninhas foram avaliadas quanto a: densidade, massa de matéria seca, diversidade, valor de importância e similaridade. A maior similaridade de plantas daninhas ocorreu nos cultivos solteiros de sorgo, capim-marandu e capim-ruziziensis do que em seus cultivos consorciados. O capim-ruziziensis antes da soja favoreceu maior redução da diversidade de plantas daninhas no decorrer do tempo, quando comparado ao capim-marandu. A ausência de plantas de cobertura no pousio aumentou a infestação de plantas daninhas durante o ciclo da soja. Os sistemas consorciados de sorgo com plantas de cobertura antes do cultivo da soja influenciam a diversidade e o valor de importância das plantas daninhas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of sorghum and cover plant cropping systems before soybean cultivation on the occurrence of weeds during soybean growing in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The treatments comprised six cropping systems before soybean: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), and Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) as cover plants, alone or intercropped, in addition to fallowing. Weeds were evaluated as to: density, dry matter mass, diversity, importance value, and similarity. The greatest similarity of weeds ocurred in single crops of sorghum, palisade grass, and Congo grass, in comparison with their intercroppings. Congo grass before soybean promoted a greater reduction in weed diversity overtime, when compared with palisade grass. The absence of cover crops before soybean cultivation increased weed infestation during the soybean cycle. The cropping systems with sorghum intercropped with cover crops before the soybean cultivation affect the diversity and the importance value of weed species.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de cultivos de milho (Zea mays) em monocultura e consorciado com forrageiras nas propriedades microbiológicas de solo e na disponibilidade de nitrogênio, em plantio direto, no Cerrado. O experimento foi realizado nas safras de 2007/2008 até 2010/2011, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e os seguintes tratamentos: milho em monocultura; milho em consórcio com Panicum maximum; milho em consórcio com Urochloa humidicola; P. maximum em monocultura; e U. humidicola em monocultura. Amostras de solos foram retiradas nas profundidades de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, no início e no final da última safra. Os cultivos consorciados de milho aumentaram o nitrogênio disponível no solo, mas não alteraram os conteúdos totais de nitrogênio e carbono orgânico, quando comparado ao cultivo do milho em monocultura. O consórcio de milho com P. maximum aumentou o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana e o quociente microbiano de nitrogênio no solo, em comparação ao milho em monocultura, bem como o carbono da biomassa microbiana, na camada superficial do solo, quando comparado ao consórcio com U. humidicola.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of corn (Zea mays) in monoculture and intercropped with forage on soil microbiological properties and nitrogen availability under no-tillage in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). The experiment was carried out from the 2007/2008 to the 2010/2011 crop season, in a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico (Typic Haplustox). A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used, with the following treatments: corn in monoculture; corn intercropped with Panicum maximum; corn intercropped with Urochloa humidicola; P. maximum in monoculture; and U. humidicola in monoculture. Soil samples were taken at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30-m soil depths, in the begining and in the end of the last crop season. The intercropping systems of corn increased soil nitrogen availability, but did not alter total nitrogen and organic carbon contents in the soil, when compared to corn in monoculture. Corn intercropped with P. maximum increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial nitrogen quotient, in comparison to corn in monoculture, as well soil as microbial biomass carbon in the surface soil layer, when compared to corn intercropped with U. humidicola.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica de atributos microbiológicos do solo em sistemas integrados de produção, em pastagem contínua e em cerrado nativo. O estudo foi conduzido em área de transição de lavoura para pecuária. Quatro áreas com diferentes usos da terra foram avaliadas: sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF), cultivado com renques de Eucalyptus urograndis, com espaçamento de 2x2 m entre plantas e 22 m entre renques; sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP); além de duas áreas adjacentes de cerrado nativo e pastagem contínua, usadas como referência. Para a avaliação dos atributos microbiológicos, amostras de solos foram retiradas das camadas de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, em fevereiro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2014 (estação chuvosa), e em julho de 2012 e setembro de 2013 (estação seca). No geral, o solo sob cerrado apresentou os maiores níveis de carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), enquanto sob ILPF apresentou os menores. A ILP aumentou o CBM e o coeficiente microbiano nas camadas mais profundas, após dois anos de estabelecimento. A respiração basal, o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana e o CBM são os atributos microbiológicos mais adequados para diferenciar os sistemas avaliados.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of soil microbiological attributes under integrated production systems, continuous pasture, and native cerrado. The study was conducted in a transition area from crop to livestock. Four areas with different land uses were evaluated: an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (ICLFS), cultivated with Eucalyptus urograndis alley cropping, spaced 2x2 m between plants and 22 m between alleys; an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS); besides two adjacent areas of native cerrado and continuous pasture, used as a reference. For the assessment of microbiological attributes, soil samples were taken in the 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30-m layers, in February 2012 and February 2014 (rainy season), and in July 2012 and September 2013 (dry season). In general, soil under native cerrado had the highest microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels, while under the ICLFS it had the lowest ones. The ICLS increased MBC and microbial coefficient in the deeper soil layers, after two years of establishment. Basal respiration, microbial biomass nitrogen, and MBC are the soil microbiological attributes better able to differentiate the evaluated systems.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de duas leguminosas (Crotalaria juncea e Mucuna pruriens), usadas como plantas de cobertura, e de vegetação espontânea, como tratamento-controle, sobre as emissões de NOx, N2O e CO2 de um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com milho, em sistemas convencional e de plantio direto, na região do Cerrado, no Brasil Central. As variações dos fluxos de CO2 no solo foram explicadas principalmente pela umidade do solo e, nas leguminosas, sob sistema convencional, pela concentração de N-NH4+. Parcelas com leguminosas em sistema plantio direto mostraram maiores emissões anuais de CO2, NOx e N2O do que a vegetação espontânea. Os resultados mostram que o uso de leguminosas como plantas de cobertura favorece as emissões de N-NOx + N-N2O e C-CO2. Entretanto, ao se considerar o potencial de mitigação de emissões de CO2 e de óxidos de nitrogênio oriundas do solo, é importante avaliar as variações nos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio no solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two legumes (Crotalaria juncea and Mucuna pruriens), as cover crops, and of natural fallow, as a control treatment, on the emissions of NOx, N2O, and CO2 from an Oxisol cultivated with corn, under conventional and no-tillage systems, in the Cerrado region, in Central Brazil. Variations of CO2 fluxes in the soil were explained mainly by soil humidity and, in the legumes, under conventional system, by soil NH4+-N concentration. Plots with legumes under no-tillage system had higher annual emissions of CO2, NOx, and N2O than natural fallow. Results show that the use of legumes as cover crops favors the emissions of NOx-N + N2O-N and CO2-C. However, when considering the potential for mitigation of CO2 and nitrogen oxide emissions from the soil, it is important to evaluate changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks.

ABSTRACT The use of cover crops has recently increased and represents an essential practice for the sustainability of no-tillage systems in the Cerrado region. However, there is little information on the effects of nitrogen fertilization and cover crop use on nitrogen soil fractions. This study assessed changes in the N forms in soil cropped to cover crops prior to corn growing. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design arranged in split-plots with three replications. Cover crops were tested in the plots, and the N topdressing fertilization was assessed in the subplots. The following cover species were planted in succession to corn for eight years: Urochloa ruziziensis, Canavalia brasiliensis M. ex Benth, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. After corn harvesting, the soil was sampled at depths of 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. The cover crops showed different effects at different soil depths. The soil cultivated with U. ruziziensis showed higher contents of total-N and particulate-N than the soil cultivated with C. cajan. Particulate-N was the most sensitive to changes in the soil management among the fractions of N assessed. The soil under N topdressing showed a lower content of available-N in the 0.10-0.20 m layer, which may be caused by the season in which the sampling was conducted or the greater uptake of the available-N by corn.

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de matéria seca e o controle de plantas daninhas por espécies de leguminosas consorciadas com cana-de-açúcar, em cultivo orgânico. As espécies leguminosas Arachis pintoi, Cajanus cajan, Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria anagyroides, Crotalaria juncea e Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande' foram semeadas em novembro de 2012, nas entrelinhas da cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso foi utilizado com quatro repetições e dois controles - um tratamento capinado e outro sem capinar. A massa de matéria seca das leguminosas foi avaliada aos 142 dias após a semeadura (DAS), e a massa de matéria seca de plantas daninhas, aos 29, 85 e 142 DAS. A massa de matéria seca de plantas daninhas foi inferior à da testemunha em todas as épocas amostradas. A produção de massa de matéria seca das leguminosas no consórcio foi baixa. As espécies Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan e Calopogonium mucunoides produziram massa de matéria seca superior à das espécies Arachis pintoi e Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande'. A produtividade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar não foi afetada pelo consórcio. O consórcio entre cana-de-açúcar orgânica e leguminosas com semeadura tardia, para adubação verde, é eficiente no controle de plantas daninhas.

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate dry matter production and weed control by intercropped legumes with sugarcane, in organic cropping. The legume species Arachis pintoi, Cajanus cajan, Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria anagyroides, Crotalaria juncea, and Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande' were sown on November 2012 in the inter-rows of sugarcane. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with four replicates and two controls - a weeded treatment and an unweeded one. Legume dry matter was evaluated 142 days after sowing (DAS), and the weed dry matter, at 29, 85, and 142 DAS. Weed dry matter was lower than that of the control in all sampling periods. The production of legume dry matter was low in intercropping. The species Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, and Calopogonium mucunoides produced higher dry matter than the species Arachis pintoi and Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande'. Stalk yield of sugarcane was not affected by intercropping. The intercropping of organic sugarcane and legumes in late sowing, for green manure, is efficient for weed control.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do manejo de plantas de cobertura na floração e na maturação fisiológica sobre a produtividade do milho cultivado em sucessão. O experimento, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho, em sistema plantio direto, com nove espécies. Foram avaliados: produtividade de matéria seca; tempo de ciclagem dos resíduos vegetais; teores de N das plantas de cobertura; e produtividade de grãos e teores de N nas folhas do milho. As espécies Pennisetum glaucum, Mucuna aterrima, Cajanus cajan e Canavalia brasiliensis apresentaram as maiores produtividades de matéria seca na floração. Na maturação fisiológica, Sorghum bicolor, P. glaucum, C. brasiliensis, Crotalaria juncea e C. cajan apresentaram produtividades mais elevadas de fitomassa. Não houve efeito da época de corte e da interação planta de cobertura e época de corte sobre a produtividade do milho. As maiores produtividades de milho foram obtidos após cultivo de Urochloa ruziziensis, C. juncea, C. brasiliensis, C. cajan, P. glaucum e Raphanus sativus, e estão relacionadas ao maior acúmulo de matéria seca e ao menor tempo de ciclagem dos resíduos vegetais das plantas de cobertura.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crop management at flowering and physiological maturity on maize yield cultivated in succession. The experiment, in a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement, was carried out on a Cerrado Oxisol under no-tillage system, with nine species. The following were evaluated: dry matter yield; turnover time of plant residues; N contents in cover crop plants; and maize grain yield and N contents in leaves. The species Pennisetum glaucum, Mucuna aterrima, Cajanus cajan, and Canavalia brasiliensis showed the highest dry matter yields during flowering. In physiological maturity, Sorghum bicolor, P. glaucum, C. brasiliensis, Crotalaria juncea, and C. cajan showed higher phytomass contents. There was no effect of mowing time and of the interaction between cover crop species and mowing time on maize yields. The highest maize yields were obtained after planting of Urochloa ruziziensis, C. juncea, C. brasiliensis, C. cajan, P. glaucum, and Raphanus sativus, and are associated with the higher dry matter yield and lower turnover time of the plant residues of the cover crop species.

Plantas de coberturas são fundamentais para sustentabilidade do sistema de plantio direto em regiões tropicais. No entanto, ainda há pouca informação sobre os efeitos dessas plantas e da adubação nitrogenada sobre as frações da matéria orgânica do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de plantas de cobertura com composição química diferenciada e da aplicação de N em cobertura nas frações lábeis e humificadas da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo sob plantio direto no Cerrado. O estudo foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas divididas e três repetições. Foram utilizadas quatro plantas de cobertura nas parcelas e presença ou ausência de fertilização nitrogenada em cobertura na subparcela. As seguintes plantas de cobertura foram utilizadas em sucessão ao milho, por oito anos: Urochloa ruziziensis ; Canavalia brasiliensis M. ex Benth; Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp; e Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Em geral, o uso da U. ruziziensis resultou nos maiores teores de C no solo com destaque para o C nas frações ácido húmico e C orgânico particulado, que são indicadores da qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo. O C das substâncias húmicas e o C orgânico associados aos minerais apresentaram as maiores proporções do C orgânico total e demonstraram a forte interação da matéria orgânica com os óxidos de Fe e Al e a caulinita, que predominam nesses solos intemperizados do Cerrado.

Cover plants are essential for the sustainability of no-tillage systems in tropical regions. However, information on the effects of these plants and N fertilization on soil organic matter fractions is still scarce. This study evaluated the effect of cover crops with different chemical composition and of N topdressing on the labile and humified organic matter fractions of an Oxisol of the Cerrado (savanna-like vegetation). The study in a randomized complete block design was arranged in split-plots with three replications. Four cover species were tested in the plots and the presence or absence of N topdressing in the subplot. The following cover species were planted in succession to corn for eight years: Urochloa ruziziensis; Canavalia brasiliensis M. ex Benth; Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp; and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. In general, the cultivation of U. ruziziensis increased soil C levels, particularly of C in the humic acid and particulate organic C fractions, which are quality indicators of soil organic matter. The C in humic substances and mineral organic C accounted for the highest proportions of total organic C, demonstrating the strong interaction between organic matter, Fe and Al oxides and kaolinite, which are predominant in these weathered soils of the Cerrado.

Frações de P desempenham papel fundamental na manutenção da produtividade dos Latossolos ácidos do Cerrado e são influenciadas pelas práticas de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar as diferentes formas de P em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo do Cerrado, sob sistemas de manejo com plantas de cobertura em rotação com milho. Três plantas de cobertura (Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan (L.) e Raphanus sativus L.) foram estudadas. Essas plantas de coberturas foram comparadas com vegetação espontânea. As formas inorgânicas NaHCO3-iP e NaOH-iP representaram mais da metade do P total nas amostras coletadas na profundidade de 5-10 cm, durante a estação chuvosa, quando o milho foi cultivado. A concentração de P inorgânico de maior disponibilidade (NaHCO3-iP e NaOH-iP) foi maior no solo sob plantio direto na profundidade de 5-10 cm, durante a estação chuvosa. As concentrações de P orgânico foram maiores durante a estação seca, quando as plantas de cobertura foram cultivadas. Nessa estação, o P orgânico constituiu 70 % do P lábil no solo plantado com C. cajan, sob plantio direto. As plantas de cobertura foram capazes de manter maiores frações de P disponível para o milho, resultando em redução de perdas de P para compartimentos indisponíveis, principalmente em sistemas de plantio direto.

Phosphorus fractions play a key role in sustaining the productivity of acid-savanna Oxisols and are influenced by tillage practices. The aim of this study was to quantify different P forms in an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) from the central savanna region of Brazil under management systems with cover crops in maize rotation. Three cover crops (Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan (L.), and Raphanus sativus L.) were investigated in maize rotation systems. These cover crops were compared to spontaneous vegetation. The inorganic forms NaHCO3-iP and NaOH-iP represented more than half of the total P in the samples collected at the depth of 5-10 cm during the rainy season when the maize was grown. The concentration of inorganic P of greater availability (NaHCO3-iP and NaOH-iP) was higher in the soil under no-tillage at the depth of 5-10 cm during the rainy season. Concentrations of organic P were higher during the dry season, when the cover crops were grown. At the dry season, organic P constituted 70 % of the labile P in the soil planted to C. cajan under no-tillage. The cover crops were able to maintain larger fractions of P available to the maize, resulting in reduced P losses to the unavailable pools, mainly in no-tillage systems.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes plantas de cobertura sobre a fertilidade do solo, particularmente sobre os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio de um Latossolo Vermelho sob preparo convencional e Sistema Plantio Direto. Considerou-se a hipótese de que o Sistema Plantio Direto associado à utilização de plantas de cobertura promove uma manutenção ou incremento nos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e melhora a fertilidade do solo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio entre os sistemas de preparo do solo, porém, o Sistema Plantio Direto apresentou maiores concentrações de bases trocáveis, maiores valores de CTC e saturação por bases na camada superficial do solo, principalmente na presença de Canavalia brasiliensis em sucessão ao milho. Os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio na camada de 0-40 cm diferiram significativamente na comparação entre plantas de cobertura e as espécies Mucuna pruriens e Canavalia brasiliensis foram as que apresentaram maiores valores de estoques de carbono e nitrogênio entre as espécies avaliadas. O uso do Sistema Plantio Direto resultou em acúmulo de matéria orgânica na camada 0-5 cm e promoveu melhoria na fertilidade do solo. A utilização das plantas de cobertura Canavalia brasiliensis ou Mucuna pruriens no Sistema Plantio Direto em sucessão ao milho é uma alternativa para o sequestro de carbono e melhoria da qualidade do solo no Cerrado.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cover crops on the soil's chemical fertility, in particular its carbon and nitrogen content, in a Typic Acrustox under conventional and no-tillage corn systems. We hypothesized that the no-tillage system associates with cover crops maintains or increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and enhance soil fertility. The no-tillage system did not present higher carbon and nitrogen stocks than conventional tillage, but resulted in higher concentrations of exchangeable bases, higher CEC, and higher base saturation in the surface soil layer, mainly under use of Canavalia brasiliensis. Carbon and nitrogen stocks (up to 40 cm depth) differ significantly between the different cover crop species. The use of Mucuna pruriens and Canavalia brasiliensis allows maintain or increase soil C and N stocks. The no-tillage system results in higher accumulation of soil organic matter (0-5 cm), and appears very likely to enhance soil fertility. The use of Canavalia brasiliensis and Mucuna pruriens in succession to corn promotes carbon sequestration and can be used to enhance soil quality in Cerrado agroecosystems.