Resumo Este estudo objetivou quantificar minerais presentes em genótipos de batata-doce de polpa colorida, selecionados e cultivados pela Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como verificar o percentual de adequação de consumo em grupos de risco nutricional. Genótipos de batata-doce cultivados no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma ‒ polpa branca (Rubissol, ILS 12, ILS 10, ILS 24); polpa creme (Cuia, ILS 03, ILS 44); polpa amarela/laranja (Amélia e Beauregard); polpa roxa (ILS 56, ILS 16 e ILS 71) ‒ foram analisados em triplicata. Os minerais foram quantificados por espectrometria de absorção atômica e os resultados foram expressos em miligrama do mineral correspondente a 100 g-1 de amostra úmida. Cálculos dos percentuais de adequação da ingestão diária recomendada de cada genótipo para grupos de risco (crianças entre 4 e 8 anos e gestantes entre 19 e 30 anos), com base no consumo de uma porção média de 200 g diários, foram realizados. As batatas-doces apresentaram grande variação na quantidade de minerais entre os genótipos e o potássio foi o mais abundante em todos estes, com destaque para os genótipos ILS 44, ILS 56 e ILS 71. Os genótipos de coloração roxa se sobressaíram na quantidade de potássio e os de coloração creme, na quantidade de fósforo. O consumo de uma porção média de 200 g de qualquer uma das batatas-doces forneceria 28% da necessidade de magnésio a crianças de 4 a 8 anos, e em torno de 20% das necessidades diárias de magnésio e 10% de potássio para gestantes.

Abstract The objective of this work was to quantify the minerals present in coloured pulp sweet potato genotypes, selected and cultivated by Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as checking their percentage adequacy for consumption by groups at nutritional risk. The following sweet potato genotypes grown in the Active Germplasm Bank were analysed in triplicate: white pulp (Rubissol, ILS 12, ILS 10 and ILS 24); cream pulp (Cuia, ILS 03 and ILS 44); yellow/orange pulp (Amélia and Beauregard); and purple pulp (ILS 56, ILS 16 and ILS 71). The minerals were quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry and expressed as mg of the corresponding mineral per 100 g-1 of fresh weight. The percentages of adequacy of the recommended daily intake of each genotype for risk groups (children between 4 and 8 years old and pregnant women between 19 and 30 years old) based on the consumption of an average portion of 200 g per day, were calculated. The sweet potatoes showed great variation in the minerals amongst the genotypes, and potassium was the most abundant in all of them, especially in the genotypes ILS 44, ILS 56 and ILS 71. The purple coloured genotypes stood out for their potassium contents and the cream coloured genotypes for their phosphorus contents. The consumption of a portion about 200 g of any sweet potatoes would provide 28% of the magnesium requirement for children, aged 4 to 8 years, and about 20% of the daily requirement of magnesium and 10% of potassium, for pregnant women.

RESUMO: A batata-doce ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) é uma das raízes mais populares e antigas do Brasil, podendo ser consumida cozida, assada ou na forma de doces. A sua cocção pode levar à transformações físico-químicas alterando as propriedades nutricionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físico-químicas, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de doze genótipos de batata-doce, de coloração de polpa variada, na forma in natura e assada. Foram determinados sólidos solúveis totais, acidez, açúcares, carotenoides, antocianinas, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante nos seguintes genótipos de batatas-doces: polpa creme (Rubissol, Cuia, ILS03, ILS10, ILS12, ILS24 e ILS44); polpa laranja (Amélia e Beauregard) e polpa roxa (ILS56, ILS16 e ILS71). Quanto aos resultados foi observada ampla variação entre os genótipos de batata-doce, para todos os parâmetros analisados, em ambas as formas de preparo. A atividade antioxidante foi um parâmetro que demonstrou grande variação entre os genótipos, de 210,29 a 7870,57µg de equivalente trolox/g nos genótipos in natura e de 673,26 a 17306,22µg de equivalente trolox/g nos genótipos assados. Foi observado que em batatas-doces assadas os sólidos solúveis, acidez, açúcares e os compostos bioativos, com exceção dos carotenoides, tenderam a ser concentrados, elevando também a atividade antioxidante total. Em conclusão, o genótipo e a coloração da batata-doce foram parâmetros que exerceram influência sob a sua composição química. Cultivares como Amélia e Beauregard se destacaram pela quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais e carotenoides, respectivamente. Como fonte de antocianinas, as seleções ILS 16 e ILS 56 são recomendadas. O processo térmico influenciou a concentração de compostos antioxidantes e alterou algumas características físico-químicas.

ABSTRACT: Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is one of the most popular and ancient roots of Brazil and it can be consumed at different forms such as boiled, roasted or as sweets. Its cooking can lead to physicochemical transformations altering the nutritional properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of twelve sweet potato genotypes of varying pulp color in natura and roasted. Soluble solids, acidity, sugars, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in the following sweet potatoes genotypes: cream pulp (Rubissol, Cuia, ILS03, ILS10, ILS12, ILS24 and ILS44); orange pulp (Amelia and Beauregard); and purple pulp (ILS56, ILS16 and ILS71). According to the results, it was observed a wide variation among the sweet potato genotypes for all analyzed parameters, in both preparation forms. The antioxidant capacity was a parameter with wide variation among genotypes, 210.29 to 7870.57µg trolox equivalent/g in in natura form and 673.26 to 17306.22µg trolox equivalent/g in roasted form. Soluble solids, acidity, sugars and bioactive compounds, with the exception of carotenoids, tended to be concentrated, also increases the total antioxidant capacity, in roasted sweet potatoes. In conclusion, genotype and the color of sweet potatoes were parameters that had an influence on its chemical composition. Cultivars such as Amelia and Beauregard stood out by the amounts of total soluble solids and carotenoids, respectively. The selections ILS 16 and ILS 56 are recommended as sources of anthocyanins. Thermal process influenced the concentration of antioxidant compounds and changed some physicochemical characteristics.

Abstract Pitted keratolysis is a skin disorder that affects the stratum corneum of the plantar surface and is caused by Gram-positive bacteria. A 30-year-old male presented with small punched-out lesions on the plantar surface. A superficial shaving was carried out for scanning electron microscopy. Hypokeratosis was noted on the plantar skin and in the acrosyringium, where the normal elimination of corneocytes was not seen. At higher magnification (x 3,500) bacteria were easily found on the surface and the described transversal bacterial septation was observed.

AbstractSuperficial white onychomycosis is characterized by opaque, friable, whitish superficial spots on the nail plate. We examined an affected halux nail of a 20-year-old male patient with scanning electron microscopy. The mycological examination isolated Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Abundant hyphae with the formation of arthrospores were found on the nail's surface, forming small fungal colonies. These findings showed the great capacity for dissemination of this form of onychomycosis.

AbstractSelf-healing collodion baby is a well-established subtype of this condition. We examined a male newborn, who was covered by a collodion membrane. The shed membrane was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The outer surface showed a very compact keratin without the normal elimination of corneocytes. The lateral view of the specimen revealed a very thick, horny layer. The inner surface showed the structure of lower corneocytes with polygonal contour. With higher magnifications villous projections were seen in the cell membrane.

Molusco contagioso é uma dermatovirose causada por um poxvírus, sendo mais prevalente em crianças com até 5 anos de idade. Um segundo pico de incidência é encontrado em adultos jovens. Com o objetivo de demonstrar sua ultraestrutura três lesões foram curetadas sem rompê-las, cortadas transversalmente e processadas de rotina para microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A estrutura oval do Molusco contagioso pôde ser facilmente observada, no seu centro há uma umbilicação central e logo abaixo observa-se um túnel queratinizado. Com aumentos progressivos observam-se proliferações semelhantes à epiderme e áreas de células dispostas em mosaico. Com grandes aumentos estruturas arredondadas medindo 0,4 micron são vistas no final do túnel queratinizado e na superfície da lesão.

Molluscum contagiosum is a disease caused by a poxvirus. It is more prevalent in children up to 5 years of age. There is a second peak of incidence in young adults. In order to examine its ultrastructure, three lesions were curetted without disruption, cut transversely with a scalpel, and routinely processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oval structure of molluscum contagiosum could be easily identified. In its core, there was a central umbilication and just below this depression, there was a keratinized tunnel. Under higher magnification, a proliferation similar to the epidermis was seen. Moreover, there were areas of cells disposed like a mosaic. Under higher magnification, rounded structures measuring 0.4 micron could be observed at the end of the keratinized tunnel and on the surface of the lesion.

O presente trabalho avaliou a anatomia, o teor de clorofila e as respostas fotossintéticas em diferentes níveis de radiação solar em folhas de videiras cultivadas sob cobertura plástica. O experimento foi realizado em vinhedo com a cultivar Moscato Giallo, com e sem cobertura plástica. A avaliação da anatomia foliar foi realizada em 10 plantas, nas áreas coberta e descoberta. No estádio fenológico de mudança de cor das bagas, em cada área, foram coletadas seis folhas expostas à radiação solar e seis sombreadas, as quais foram fixadas e micrografadas (espessuras das epidermes adaxiais e abaxiais e dos parênquimas paliçádicos e lacunosos). O teor de clorofila e o potencial fotossintético foram avaliados na mudança de cor das bagas e após a colheita. A diminuição da radiação solar pela cobertura plástica propicia um incremento da espessura do parênquima paliçádico em folhas expostas e sombreadas. As epidermes adaxiais e abaxiais e o parênquima lacunoso não variam suas espessuras em função da diminuição de radiação solar. O teor de clorofila aumenta nas folhas das plantas cultivadas sob cobertura plástica. O potencial fotossintético das videiras não é afetado pela restrição de radiação solar da cobertura plástica devido à modificação na anatomia das folhas.

The present study evaluated the anatomy, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential of grapevine leaves grown under plastic cover. The experiment was carried out in vineyards of Moscato Giallo cultivar covered and uncovered with plastic. A block design with 10 selected plants was used for each area (covered and uncovered). Twelve leaves (six of them fully exposed to solar radiation and six grown under shaded conditions) were collected from each area and were fixed and analyzed microscopically (thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and of the palisade and spongy parenchymas). Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential were determined in the vineyard at veraison and after harvest. Plastic covering increased the thickness of the palisade parenchyma in exposed and shaded leaves due to solar radiation restriction. However, the leaves from the covered vineyard did not have the same response to the restriction of solar radiation, as observed in the uncovered vineyard. The thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and of the spongy parenchyma did not vary due to solar radiation restriction. Chlorophyll content increased in the leaves of covered plants. The photosynthetic potential of the vines is not affected by solar radiation restriction imposed by plastic cover due to anatomical modification in leaves.

A epidermólise bolhosa albo-papulóide de Pasini é uma variante rara da forma generalizada de epidermólise bolhosa distrófica dominante. Uma paciente de 30 anos apresenta desde a infância pápulas e bolhas disseminadas. A microscopia óptica de uma bolha demonstrou clivagem dermo-epidérmica; além disso áreas focais de desprendimento dermo-epidérmico foram encontradas. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão identificou a clivagem abaixo da lâmina densa. É importante que se reconheça essa variante de epidermólise bolhosa, já que o aspecto clínico predominante são pápulas disseminadas e não bolhas como nas outras formas de epidermólise bolhosa.

Pasini's albopapuloid epidermolysis bullosa is a very rare subtype of generalized dystrophic dominant epidermolyis bullosa. A 30 year-old white female patient presented since her childhood disseminated small blisters and papules. Light microscopy of a blister showed dermal-epidermal cleavage; moreover, focal areas of dermal-epidermal splitting were also observed. Transmission electron microscopy also identified focal areas of cleavage, which were seen below the lamina densa. It is important to recognize this condition as a variant of epidermolysis bullosa, since the most important cutaneous findings are generalized papules and not blisters and erosions as in other forms of epidermolysis bullosa.

Paciente masculino de 12 anos relatou dificuldade em cicatrizar, seguido por cicatrizes de aspecto infrequente . A pele dos joelhos e cotovelos é fina, brilhante e protrusa, caracterizando pseudo- tumores. Além disso apresenta hiperelasticidade cutânea e articular. A microscopia óptica demonstrou raros feixes colágenos, as fibras colágenas encontram-se dispersas. O tecido elástico está presente e secundariamente irregular. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão também observou fibras colágenas desorganizadas e com cortes transversais em grande aumento evidenciou diâmetros variados e contorno irregular das mesmas. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura da derme demonstrou raros feixes colágenos e fibras colágenas isoladas e entrecruzadas

A 12-year-old boy with difficulty in wound healing and scars of unusual appearance was examined. Thin, shiny and protruding skin, characterizing pseudotumoral lesions, was observed on his knees and elbows. Loose joints and increased skin elasticity were also observed. Light microscopy showed rare collagen bundles and loosely dispersed collagen fibers. Irregularly distributed elastic tissue was observed, and transmission electron microscopy revealed disorganized collagen fibers. In cross sections under high magnifications, fibers of varying diameters could be seen, as well as an irregular fiber outline. Scanning electron microscopy of the dermis showed disorganized collagen fibers, which were rarely arranged in bundles. Isolated and crossed-over fibers were also found

In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the adaptation of the first apical file after preflaring in mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) canals of mandibular molars considering the tactile sensibility as a reference. The mesial canals (n = 22) of human mandibular molar teeth were used, and the first instrument to bind to the working length was determined after preflaring and crown-down shaping. Digital images of the root apex were acquired and a single examiner determined the contact of the file with the walls using Image J software. The results showed that the file was in contact in 47.83% and 31.71% in the MB and ML canals, respectively. When the apexes are fused, the average was 40.03%. A descriptive analysis showed that the first apical file did not touch all dentin walls in any of the samples.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a colonização de Cryptosporiopsis perennans na epiderme de maçãs e a eficiência da aplicação de água aquecida e radiação UV-C no controle desse patógeno. Em maçãs submetidas à inoculação de C. perennans, a colonização de lenticelas e das áreas adjacentes pelo patógeno foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A sensibilidade dos conídios de C. perennans aos tratamentos foi avaliada em suspensão aquosa, às temperaturas de 28, 45, 50 e 55ºC, por 15 e 30 s, e às doses de radiação UV-C de 0,018, 0,037, 0,075, 0,150, 0,375, 0,750, 1,500 e 3,000 kJ m-2. Em maçãs submetidas à inoculação de C. perennans, foram avaliados os efeitos de 0,375, 0,750 e 1,500 kJ m-2 de radiação UV-C e da aspersão de água aquecida à 50ºC, por 15 e 30 s no controle do patógeno. O fungo produziu abundante micélio e conídios nas lenticelas e nas áreas adjacentes, na epiderme das maçãs. A água aquecida a 50ºC por 15 s e à dose de radiação de UV-C de 0,750 kJ m-2 reduzem em mais de 99% a sobrevivência de conídios. A aspersão de água aquecida a 50ºC por 15 s e à dose de radiação de UV-C de 0,375 kJ m-2, controlam C. perennans em maçãs.

The objective of this work was to assess the colonization of Cryptosporiopsis perennans in the epidermis of apples and the efficiency of heated water and UV-C radiation application to control this pathogen. In apples inoculated with C. perennans, the colonization of lenticels and adjacent areas by the pathogen was observed by electronic scanning microscopy. The sensitivity of C. perennans conidia was evaluated in aqueous suspension, at temperatures of 28, 45, 50 and 55ºC for 15 and 30 s, and at UV-C radiation doses of 0.018, 0.037, 0.075, 0.150, 0.375, 0.750, 1.500 and 3.000 kJ m-2. The effects of UV-C radiation doses at 0.375, 0.750 and 1.500 kJ m-2 and heated water at 50ºC, sprayed during 15 and 30 s were evaluated for controlling C. perennans in apples inoculated with the pathogen. The fungus produced abundant mycelium and conidia in lenticels and adjacent areas on the epidermis of the apples. The heated water at 50ºC during 15 s and a 0.750 kJ m-2 UV-C radiation dose reduced conidia survival in more than 99%. Heated water sprayed at 50ºC during 15 s and a UV-C radiation dose of 0.375 kJ m-2 control C. perennans in apples.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da raça delta avirulenta do fungo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, como protetora contra raças virulentas deste fungo e quanto à capacidade de induzir resistência sistêmica em feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). Quatro cultivares de feijoeiro foram avaliadas quanto às alterações nas atividades de beta 1,3 glucanase e quitinase, em dois estádios de desenvolvimento (V2 e R6), três dias após a aplicação de suspensão de esporos de C. lindemuthianum raça delta avirulenta, em comparação com aplicações de água e ácido salicílico. As plantas foram, então, infectadas com o patótipo virulento 33/95 de C. lindemuthianum em suspensão e, depois de cinco dias, foram reavaliadas quanto à atividade das enzimas. Observaram-se acréscimos significativos nas atividades da beta 1,3 glucanase e quitinase, após inoculação do fungo indutivo, nas duas avaliações, nos dois estádios de desenvolvimento. As atividades da beta 1,3 glucanase e da quitinase variaram entre as cultivares e entre os estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas. A correlação entre o índice de severidade da doença e a atividade das enzimas foi altamente significativa. O uso de C. lindemuthianum raça delta avirulenta diminuiu a severidade da doença e pode ter potencial para controlar a antracnose do feijoeiro.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the potential of the avirulent delta race of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum as a protector against virulent races of this fungus and induce systemic resistance to anthracnose in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Four common bean cultivars were evaluated for changes in the activities of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase at two common bean developmental stages, V2 and R6, three days after the infection with delta race of C. lindemuthianum, in comparison with control applications of water and salicylic acid. The plants were then infected with a spore suspension of 33/95, a virulent C. lindemuthianum patotype and reevaluated five days later for the enzyme activities. Significant increases in the activities of both beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were observed after inoculation of inductive fungus at the two evaluation periods, at both plant development stages. The activities of both beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase varied among cultivars and among plant development stages. A significant correlation was observed between the disease severity and the enzyme activity. The avirulent delta race of C. lindemuthianum reduced the severity of anthracnose on common bean and may have the potential to control the disease.

Pili canaliculi é alteração capilar rara, geralmente herdada de forma autossômica dominante, caracterizada por cabelos arrepiados, pertencendo ao espectro dos cabelos impenteáveis. Poucos estudos encontram ou explicitam sua variabilidade clínica. Uma família com 12 indivíduos afetados foi estudada, e o acometimento do couro cabeludo demonstrou grande variabilidade, desde cabelos arrepiados, difíceis de pentear, hipotricose leve ou intensa, até atriquia adquirida. O exame de microscopia óptica de cortes transversais dos cabelos, a estereomicroscopia e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura confirmaram o diagnóstico, demonstrando canais na superfície dos cabelos.

Pili canaliculi is rare hair disorder, usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, clinically characterized by uncombable hair. Few studies report its clinical variability. A family with 12 affected individuals was examined and involvement of hairs ranged from uncombable hairs, mild or intense hypotrichosis to acquired atrichia. Optical microscopy of hair cross sections, stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis and showed hair shafts with characteristic longitudinal grooves.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the epidermis in induced phytophotodermatitis using transmission electron microscopy in order to detect histologic changes even before lesions are visible by light microscopy. INTRODUCTION: In the first six hours after the experimental induction of phytophotodermatitis, no changes are detectable by light microscopy. Only after 24 hours can keratinocyte necrosis and epidermal vacuolization be detected histologically, and blisters form by 48 hours. METHODS: The dorsum of four adult rats (Rattus norvegicus) was manually epilated. After painting the right half of the rat with the peel juice of Tahiti lemon, they were exposed to sunlight for eight minutes under general anesthesia. The left side was used as the control and exposed to sunlight only. Biopsies were performed immediately after photoinduction and one and two hours later, and the tissue was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: No histological changes were seen on the control side. Immediately after induction, vacuolization in keratinocytes was observed. After one hour, desmosomal changes were also observed in addition to vacuolization. Keratin filaments were not attached to the desmosomal plaque. Free desmosomes and membrane ruptures were also seen. At two hours after induction, similar changes were found, and granular degeneration of keratin was also observed. DISCUSSION: The interaction of sunlight and psoralens generates a photoproduct that damages keratinocyte proteins, leading to keratinocyte necrosis and blister formation. CONCLUSIONS: Transmission electron microscopy can detect vacuolization, lesions of the membrane, and desmosomes in the first two hours after experimental induction of phytophotodermatitis.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the microhardness of two laboratory-processed composites (Artglass; belleGlass) and two direct placement composites (Filtek Z250; Alert), after aging in distilled water. Twenty cylinders (8 mm diameter; 2 mm height) per tested material were prepared and stored in 10 ml of distilled water. Five Knoop hardness measurements were made on the surface of the specimens with a Miniload Hardness Tester under a load of 50 g for 30 s at 10 min, 24 h, 30 and 90 days. Statistical analysis was perfomed using two-way ANOVA, followed by a SNK multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). The analysis showed statistically significant difference among hardness means recorded at the different aging time and the tested materials. It may be concluded that all materials presented hydrolytic degradation due to aging in aqueous environment.