The aim of this paper was to get qualitative and quantitative leaf micrographic characters and to test chemical compounds to characterize the species in order to facilitate the identification of taxa from whole or fragmented samples of them. Fresh material was collected in the study area, and herbarium specimens (LP, LPAG) were analyzed. For the anatomical and histochemical preparations we proceeded with usual techniques for optical microscopy. Histochemical analysis to recognize starch, mucilage, lipophilic substances, and tannins were performed. The main differential micrographic features were: type, distribution and position of stomata and stomatal index; trichomes type and density; middle vein shapes in transection; vascular bundle type; mesophyll type; secretory structures; type of crystals and characteristics of the petiole in transection. Comparative tables and a dicotomic key using micrographic characters were generated as a tool for botanical quality control

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar doce especies de plantas trepadoras atendiendo los rasgos anatómicos y compuestos químicos de las hojas, que faciliten la identificación de los taxones en muestras enteras o fragmentadas de las mismas. Se analizó material fresco recolectado en el área de estudio y ejemplares de los herbarios (LP, LPAG). Para las preparaciones anatómicas se procedió con técnicas usuales para microscopía óptica. Se realizaron reacciones histoquímicas para identificar almidón, mucílagos, lípidos y taninos. Los principales rasgos micrográficos diferenciales fueron: tipo, distribución y posición de estomas e índice estomático; tipo y densidad de tricomas; forma de las caras de la vena media en corte transversal; tipo de haz vascular; tipo de mesofilo; estructuras secretoras; tipo de cristales y características del pecíolo en corte transversal. Sobre la base de los datos logrados se generaron tablas comparativas y una clave dicotómica para la determinación de las especies que constituyen una herramienta de valor en el control de calidad botánica

Objective Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of Charcot neuroarthropathy and is clinically classified as follows: Charcot foot, acute Charcot foot (ACF) when there is inflammation, and inactive Charcot foot when inflammatory signs are absent. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for ACF in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods A matched case-control study was conducted to assess the factors associated with acute Charcot foot from February 2000 until September 2012. Four controls for each case were selected 47 cases of ACF and 188 controls without ACF were included. Cases and controls were matched by year of initialization of treatment. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate matched odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Results In multivariate analysis, patients having less than 55 years of age (adjusted OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.69 – 9.94), literate education age (adjusted OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.40 – 9.92), living alone (adjusted OR = 5.84, 95% CI = 1.49 – 22.86), previous ulceration (adjusted OR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.62 – 14.51) were at increased risk of ACF. However, peripheral arterial disease (adjusted OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.05 – 0.52) of 6.25 (1.92 – 20.0) was a protective factor.Discussion The results suggest that PCA in type 2 diabetes primarily affects patients under 55 who live alone, are literate, and have a prior history of ulcers, and that peripheral arterial disease is a protective factor. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(3):226-30

Jatropha curcas L., conhecida popularmente como pinhão-manso, é uma espécie encontrada em quase todas as regiões intertropicais do planeta. Possui sementes oleaginosas de importância medicinal e econômica, sendo apontada atualmente como promissora fonte de matéria-prima para a produção de biocombustíveis. Os objetivos deste trabalho consistiram em identificar as diferentes fases do processo de germinação, descrever e ilustrar a morfologia de sementes e plântulas de Jatropha curcas L. e os aspectos anatômicos das sementes, relacionando as mudanças que ocorrem nos tecidos durante as fases de embebição. Para a análise morfológica das sementes e plântulas, observaram-se os detalhes externos e internos. Para o estudo das fases de germinação, foi realizado um ensaio para avaliar o comportamento das sementes durante a embebição; para a análise anatômica, foram preparadas lâminas permanentes com cortes das sementes após 0, 4, 24 e 72 h de embebição. As sementes de Jatropha curcas L. são endospermáticas, elípticas e anátropas com tegumento glabro, possuindo poros e fissuras em sua superfície. Os cotilédones são foliáceos, com formato cordiforme e nervuras trinérvias. A germinação é do tipo fanerocotiledonar, epígea. Anatomicamente, as sementes são albuminosas, sendo o tegumento constituído de células parenquimáticas, vacuoladas e poligonais com feixes vasculares e células esclereficadas. O endosperma é composto por células poliédricas ricas em substâncias de reserva, principalmente lipídios. Durante as fases de germinação, observaram-se alterações no acúmulo de grânulos de amido presentes no endosperma, bem como mudanças na organização dos seus feixes vasculares.

Jatropha curcas L. is a popularly known species found in almost all intertropical regions of the planet. The oil present in its seeds have medicinal properties and economic importance. The species is currently indicated as a promising source of raw material for biofuel production. Thus, the objectives of this study were to characterize morphologically seeds and seedlings of Jatropha curcas L., and to perform studies on tissue anatomy linking the seeds development to the seeds imbibition's stages. Internal and external details were found on the morphological analysis of the seeds and seedlings. Regarding the study of the germination stages, we conducted a test to evaluate the seeds' behavior during imbibition. For the anatomical analysis, permanent slides were prepared with section's tissues seeds after 0, 4, 24 and 72 hours of imbibition. The Jatropha curcas L. seeds are endospermatics, elliptical and anatropous with glabrous seed coat, presenting pores and fictions on its surface. The cotyledons are foliaceous, showing cordiform shape and trinervis ribbings. The germination is phanerocotylar epigeous. Anatomically the seeds are albuminous. The seed coat consists of parenchymatic and polygons cells with vacuoles with vascular beams and sclerified cells. The endosperm is composed of polyhedral cells rich in reserve substances, mainly lipids. During the germination phases, alterations were observed in the reserve substances concentration of the endosperm, as well as changes in the organization of the vascular beams gifts.

The objective of this work was to evaluate foliar micrographic parameters to deepen our understanding of the plant-environment relationships, contributing to new technologies to preserve the forests of this area. Leaf material of specimens collected in chacoan biogeographic province with subtropical and dry climatic conditions, and from species growing in template and humid conditions were studied to compare leaf structure variations. Epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes by unit of area (mm-2), types of mesophyll, sclerenchymatic tissue and distribution were analyzed. These characters are affected by intraspecific and environmental factors. The main xeromorphic traits were: presence of epicuticular waxes, striate cuticle, sunken stomata with peristomatal ridges, epidermis bi or pluristratified and/or hypodermis, whole palisade or bilateral mesophyll with palisade tissue direct toward both epidermis, and presence of sclerenchyma. Some species like: Celtis ehrenbergiana, C. iguanaea, Jodina rhombifolia, Lycium cestroides, and Parkinsonia aculeata, exhibit from xeromorphic (e.g. amphistomatic and equifacial leaves) to mesomorphic characters (e.g. hypostomatic and bifacial leaves) with some hydromorphic features such as absence of sclerenchyma.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar parámetros micrográficos foliares que permitan comprender mejor la relación planta-ambiente y contribuyan al desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías para el aprovechamiento sustentable y conservación de los bosques de esta región. Se empleó material de hoja de ejemplares recolectados en la región subtropical seca de la provincia chaqueña y material fresco de especies creciendo en zona templado-húmeda para comparar las variaciones de la estructura foliar. Se determinaron densidades por mm-2 de células epidérmicas, estomas y tricomas, tipos de mesofilo y tipo y distribución de los tejidos vascular y de sostén. Se encontró que estos caracteres anatómicos de la hoja son influenciados por una combinación de factores intraespecíficos y del ambiente. Los caracteres xeromórficos puestos de manifiesto fueron: presencia de ceras epicuticulares, estrías cuticulares, estomas hundidos con reborde peristomático, de epidermis bistrata o pluristrata y/o de hipodermis, mesofilo en empalizada o isolateral y abundante esclerénquima. Algunas especies tales como: Celtis ehrenbergiana, C. iguanaea, Jodina rhombifolia, Lycium cestroides y Parkinsonia aculeata, muestran desde caracteres xeromórficos (e.g. hojas anfistomáticas, equifaciales) hasta caracteres mesomórficos (e.g. hojas hipostomáticas, bifaciales) incluyendo algunos hidromórficos como la ausencia de esclerénquima.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a dieta do ratão-do-banhado (Myocastor coypus), em duas regiões (áreas alagadas em Santa Isabel do Sul - Área 1 e Fazenda Santa Marta - Área 2), na região sul do Brasil, utilizando microhistological análises de fezes. Foram identificadas 24 espécies de plantas nas amostras de fezes coletadas. Entre as espécies identificadas, nove são comuns a dieta dos animais de ambas as áreas, não sendo detectada a presença de Oriza sativa em nenhuma das amostras. Entre as espécies identificadas, 84% e54% da dieta do ratão-do-banhado, nas Áreas 1 e 2 respectivamente, são plantas aquáticas. A família Poaceae foi a mais abundante, sendo encontrada em 82% das amostras de ambasas áreas. Paspalum disthichum (Área 1) e Panicum tricholaenoides (Área 2), foram as espécies mais frequentes na dieta do ratão-do-banhado. A comparação da dieta de ambas as áreas mostrou que a alimentação varia dependendo do tipo de habitat, condições ambientais e de disponibilidade alimentar. A ausência de arroz na nossa análise pode ser um indicativo de que a preservação de áreas nativas ao redor de cursos d'água, evita que o ratão-do-banhado utilize as culturas de arroz.

The aim of this study was to determine the diet of coypu (Myocastor coypus) in two areas (Santa Isabel do Sul wetlands - Area 1, and Santa Marta Farm - Area 2) in the Southern region of Brazil, using microhistological analyses of feces. Twenty-four plant species were identified from collected feces samples. Among the identified species, nine are common in the animals' diet in both areas; the presence of Oriza sativa was not detected in any of the samples. Among the identified species, 84% and 54% of the coypu's diet from Areas 1 and 2, respectively, are aquatic plants. Poaceae family was most common, being found in 82% of the samples from both areas. Paspalum disthichum (Area 1) and Panicum tricholaenoides (Area 2) were the most frequent species on the coypu's diet. The diet comparison for both areas indicates that feeding habits vary depending on the type of habitat, environmental conditions and food availability. The absence of rice in our analysis may be an indication for the preservation of native areas around watercourses, so as to prevent coypu from invading irrigated crops.

Fifty five species of shrubs and small trees belonging to 24 families which inhabit the Biogeographic Province of the Yungas (Argentina) have been cited with medicinal properties. The aim of this study is to provide leaf micrographic parameters to recognize these taxa as a tool to allow quality control. Fresh material and hydrated herbarium specimens fixed in FAA were surveyed. The main differential traits are: trichome and stomata types; presence of striate cuticle, papillose epidermis and/or presence of hypodermis; vascular bundle types; crystal and secretory structures types. As a result, we offer a dichotomic key to distinguish these 55 species and illustrations to clarify it. An ecological interpretation of leaf structures is also given. Predominantly, meso-hygromorphic traits are found in shrubs, while meso-xeromorphic traits are found in small trees due to the presence of some sclerophyllous and xeromorphic features.

Entre los arbustos y pequeños árboles que forman parte de la Selva de la Provincia Biogeográfica de las Yungas (Argentina), 55 especies pertenecientes a 24 familias son citadas como medicinales. El objetivo de este trabajo es proveer parámetros micrográficos foliares que permitan determinar estos taxones y faciliten efectuar el control de calidad. Para el estudio se empleó material fresco y ejemplares de herbario recuperados y fijados en FAA. Algunos de los principales caracteres de identificación son: los tipos de tricomas y de estomas; la presencia de estrías cuticulares; epidermis papilosa y/o hipodermis; los tipos de haces vasculares, de cristales y de estructuras secretoras. Se incluye una clave dicotómica e ilustraciones para la determinación de las especies y una interpretación ecológica de los caracteres hallados, tales como el predominio de caracteres mesohigromórficos en los arbustos y meso-xeromórficos por la aparición de algunos rasgos esclerófilos y xeromórficos en los pequeños árboles.

O transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas autólogo permite o escalonamento de dose de drogas quimioterápicas e é uma estratégia atraente para tratamento de tumores sólidos, principalmente em doenças recaídas. Não há, no entanto, estudos randomizados fase III que demonstrem benefício deste procedimento em tumor sólido. Em tumor germinativo de testículo, há estudos fase II com excelentes resultados, proporcionando cura para doentes refratários a platina ou que estão em terceira linha de quimioterapia. Com base nisto, o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas autólogo é considerado tratamento padrão para tumor germinativo recaído. Para câncer de mama, o papel desta modalidade de tratamento permanece controverso apesar dos vinte anos de experiência. Ainda é utilizado em ensaios clínicos e talvez exista algum subgrupo que se beneficie. O procedimento não oferece benefício para câncer de ovário, pulmão ou tumor cerebral. O transplante alogeneico de células-tronco hematopoéticas para tumores sólidos se baseia no efeito enxerto-contra-tumor, que é observado para algumas doenças: câncer mamário, colorretal, ovariano, pancreático e, finalmente, renal, em que há a maior experiência. Porém, o tratamento ainda é considerado experimental.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which allows chemotherapy dose-escalonation, is an attractive strategy for solid tumors treatment, specially relapsed diseases. However, there are no phase III trials showing benefits. There are phase II trials showing excellent results for germ cell tumors, including cure for platinrefractory and heavily pretreated patients. Because of this, autologous stem cell transplantation is considered standard of care for relapsed germ cell tumor. The role of this treatment remains controversial for breast cancer despite twenty years of experience. It’s still done in clinical trials and it may benefit a subgroup of patients. The procedure offers no benefit for ovary, lung or cerebral cancer. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for solid tumors relies on graft versus tumor effect, which is observed for some diseases: breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic and, at last, kidney cancer, for which there is most experience. This treatment, however, is still experimental.

The present paper contains the study of the second part of medicinal shrubs and trees from Paranaense province. Forty five species of shrubs and trees belonging to 29 families inhabiting Misiones forest of the Paranaense biogeographic province (Argentina) have been cited with medicinal properties. The work provides illustrations of diagnostic characters and conclusions of the main botanical differential traits, such as the presence of crystaliferous epidermis (e.g. Trixis divaricata subsp. divaricata); stomata and trichomes types (e. g. ciclocytic stomata in Pilocarpus pennatifolius and scale peltate trichomes in Tabebuia heptaphylla); midvein transection outlines (e.g. midvein convex and keel-shaped on the adaxial side in Schinus weinmanniifolia); presence and types of crystals (e.g. crystal sand in Cordia ecalyculata, raphides in Psychotria carthagenensis). This paper also gives an ecological interpretation of the species studied which shows predominantly a combination of mesomorphic (e.g. hypostomatic leaves, dorsiventral mesophyll) and xeromorphic leaf traits (e.g. thick cuticle, abundant sclerenchyma, multilayered epidermis, mesophyll formed exclusively by palisade parenchyma, multilayered hypodermis, presence of sclereids). Only two species (Ilex paraguariensis and Manihot grahamii) have mesomorphic (e.g. hypostomatic leaves, dorsiventral mesophyll) and hygromorphic leaf characters (e.g. epidermis glabrous). Finally, the work provides a key to distinguish 107 medicinal shrubs and trees from the Paranaense biogeographic province (Part 1: Gallery forests and Part 2: Misiones forest) that permit identified species using anatomy leaf characteristics.

El presente trabajo corresponde a la segunda entrega del estudio de arbustos y árboles medicinales de la provincia biogeografica Paranaense. En esta parte, se analizaron 45 especies contenidas en 29 familias que habitan la Selva Misionera y han sido citadas con propiedades medicinales. El trabajo se acompaña con ilustraciones y se brinda una conclusión de los caracteres diagnósticos, tales como la presencia de epidermis cristalífera (e.g. Trixis divaricata subsp. divaricata); los tipos de estomas (e.g. ciclocíticos en Pilocarpus pennatifolius); y de tricomas (e.g. escamosos peltados en Tabebuia heptaphylla); el contorno de la vena media (e.g. convexa y aquillada en la cara adaxial en Schinus weinmanniifolia); la presencia y tipo de cristales (e.g. arena cristalina en Cordia ecalyculata, rafidios en Psychotria carthagenensis). También se provee una interpretación ecológica de las especies estudiadas cuyas hojas presentaron predominantemente una combinación de caracteres mesomórficos (e.g. hojas hipostomáticas, mesofilo dorsiventral) y xeromórficos (e.g. cutícula gruesa, esclerénquima abundante, epidermis pluriseriada, mesofilo indiferenciado en empalizada, hipodermis pluriseriada, esclereidas idioblásticas). Solamente dos especies, Ilex paraguariensis y Manihot grahamii, presentaron combinados caracteres mesomórficos (entre otros, hojas hipostomáticas y mesofilo dorsiventral) e higromórficos (epidermis glabra). Finalmente, se provee una clave para la diferenciación de 107 especies de arbustos y árboles medicinales, de la provincia biogeográfica Paranaense (Parte 1: Selvas en Galería y Parte 2: Selva Misionera) que permite identificar las especies utilizando caracteres anatómicos de la hoja.

Sixty two species of shrubs and trees belonging to 28 families inhabiting gallery forests of the Paranaense biogeographic province (Argentina) have been cited with medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to provide a tool to recognize these taxa from fragmented leaf samples. Fresh material and hydrated herbarium specimens fixed in FAA were surveyed. The main differential traits are: hypodermis presence (e.g. Myrceugenia glaucescens ); stomata and trichome types (e.g. ciclocytic stomata in Baccharis spp.; cystolith-like structure in trichomes in Aloysia gratissima var. gratissima ); midvein transection outlines (e.g. midvein convex and keel-shaped on the adaxial side in Allophylus edulis ), mesophyll of the leaf blade (e.g. indifferentiated in Poiretia tetraphylla ); presence of idioblastic sclereids (e.g. in the petiole of Rollinia emarginata ), presence and types of crystals (e.g. crystal sand in Sambucus australis ); presence of secretory structures (e.g. large secretory cavities in Malvaceae and Myrtaceae). We can conclude that the leaf features have diagnostic value to identify species. As a result, we offer a key to distinguish these 62 species and illustrations to clarify it. Ecological interpretation of leaf structures is also given.

Entre los árboles y arbustos que forman las selvas en galería de la provincia biogeográfica Paranaense (Argentina), 62 especies pertenecientes a 28 familias son citadas como medicinales. El objetivo de este trabajo es proveer elementos para el reconocimiento de estos taxones a partir de hojas fragmentadas. Para el estudio se utilizó material fresco y ejemplares de herbario recuperados y fijados en FAA. Algunos de los principales caracteres de identificación son: la presencia de una hipodermis (e.g. en Myrceugenia glaucescens ); los tipos de estomas (e.g. los estomas ciclocíticos en Baccharis spp.) y de tricomas (e.g. los tricomas cistolíticos en Aloysia gratissima var. gratissima ); el contorno de la vena media (e.g. la vena media convexa y aquillada en la cara adaxial en Allophylus edulis ); el mesofilo foliar (e.g. indiferenciado en Poiretia tetraphylla ); la presencia de esclereidas idioblásticas (e.g. en el pecíolo de Rollinia emarginata ); la presencia y los tipos de cristales (e.g. arena cristalina en Sambucus australis ) y las estructuras secretoras (e.g. la presencia de grandes cavidades secretoras en las familias Malvaceae y Myrtaceae). Se brinda una clave e ilustraciones para la determinación de las especies así como una interpretación ecológica de las diferentes estructuras halladas en las hojas.

One hundred and eighty species belonging to 41 families inhabiting the Salado River Basin of the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) were previously reported to be toxic for cattle. The purpose of this study was to provide a tool to distinguish the taxa when the plant material is desintegrated. In this way, an approach to the identification of these taxa through leaf epidermal features (anticlinal epidermal cell wall patterns, cuticular ornamentation, stomata, and hair types) is performed. A key to the 180 species as well as illustrations of diagnostic characters are given.

Las plantas tóxicas para el ganado están representadas en la Depresión del Salado (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) por 180 especies pertenecientes a 41 familias. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar estos taxa a partir de material desintegrado, utilizando caracteres epidérmicos foliares (paredes anticlinales de las células epidérmicas, ornamentación de la cutícula, tipos de estomas y pelos). Se brinda una clave para la determinación de las especies e ilustraciones de los caracteres diagnósticos.