ABSTRACT Butyric acid has been studied and utilized intensively in broiler chicken production in order to substitute growth-promoting antibiotics. However, the comprehensive literature on this topic makes it difficult to understand overall results, since there is a noticeable number of studies with conflicting conclusions. Although several research studies have shown that butyric acid may increment broiler chicken’s performance, several other studies show the opposite. This work aimed to organize information to understand, through a meta-analysis, whether butyric acid can be used as a performance-enhancing additive for broiler chickens, and whether it can replace growth-promoting antibiotics. It was clear from the results that the effect of butyric acid depends on the microbiological challenge that broilers receive. When broilers are raised without health challenge, butyric acid and even antibiotics do not influence growth performance. However, when broilers are challenged, butyric acid provided an increase in weight gain and a significant improvement in feed conversion, matching the results of antibiotics. We conclude that butyric acid improves broiler performance and can be used to replace growth-promoting antibiotics.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH, generic) supplementation on fattening hair sheep, using hematological and biochemical variables as health status indicators. A total of 32 hair lambs (Dorper x Pelibuey) were grouped by initial weight and randomly assigned into four treatments: T1= basal diet (control group), T2= basal diet supplemented with ZH at 0.10 mg·kg-1 of LW d-1 (Grofactor®, Virbac México, Guadalajara, Mexico), T3= basal diet supplemented with ZH at 0.20 mg·kg-1 of LW d-1, and T4= basal diet supplemented with ZH at 0.30 mg·kg-1 of LW d-1. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 15, and 30 of the study. The hematological profile was determined in fresh blood samples; metabolites, electrolytes, and hormones were determined in serum samples. The study followed a randomized complete block experimental design, using an orthogonal polynomial analysis to determine the trend of the responses at the different concentrations of ZH. Cholesterol and urea levels were higher (P<0.05) in T3 than in T2. Furthermore, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in T3; the red blood cell distribution width was higher (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in T4. The Na levels and the number of platelets showed a linear trend (P <0.05) to decrease and increase, respectively, as ZH levels increased. A quadratic trend was observed (P<0.05) in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell distribution width with increasing dose of ZH (generic). The remaining variables did not show significant trends at ZH levels (generic). The values of the biochemical and hematological profiles were within the reference range, which suggests that the addition of ZH did not alter the health status of fattening lambs.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la adición de clorhidrato de zilpaterol (CZ, genérico) en la dieta de ovinos de pelo de engorda, sobre variables hematológicas y bioquímicas como indicadores del estado de salud. Treinta y dos (32) corderos de pelo cruzados (Dorper x Pelibuey) se bloquearon por peso inicial y cuatro tratamientos y se asignaron aleatoriamente dentro de cada bloque: T1= dieta basal (grupo testigo), T2= dieta basal más 0.10 mg·kg-1 de PV d-1 de CZ (Grofactor®, Virbac México, Guadalajara, México), T3= dieta basal más 0.20 mg·kg-1 de PV d-1 de CZ y T4= dieta basal más 0.30 mg·kg-1 de PV d-1 de CZ. Se tomaron muestras de sangre los días 1, 15 y 30 del estudio. El perfil hematológico se estimó en muestras de sangre fresca, mientras que metabolitos, electrolitos y hormonas en muestras de suero. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar y se efectuó análisis de polinomios ortogonales para determinar la tendencia de las respuestas a los niveles de CZ. Los niveles de colesterol y urea fueron mayores (P<0.05) en T3 que en T2; asimismo, el nivel de concentración corpuscular medio de hemoglobina fue mayor (P<0.05) en T1 que en T3, mientras que el ancho de distribución de eritrocitos fue mayor (P<0.05) en T2 y T3 que en T4. Los niveles de Na y el número de plaquetas mostraron tendencia lineal (P<0.05) a disminuir y aumentar, respectivamente, conforme los niveles de CZ aumentaron. Se observó tendencia cuadrática (P<0.05) en la concentración corpuscular media de hemoglobina y ancho de distribución de eritrocitos al aumentar la dosis de CZ (genérico). Las variables restantes no mostraron tendencias significativas a los niveles de CZ (genérico). Los valores de los perfiles bioquímico y hematológico se encontraron dentro del rango de referencia, lo que sugiere que la adición de CZ no alteró el estado de salud de corderos en engorda.

Summary In order to make progress in improving tolerance to water stress in maize (Zea mays L.) it is necessary to accumulate information on quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with this character in elite inbred lines adapted to drought conditions that can be used for scenarios of climate change. In this study, a group of doubled haploid inbred lines derived from the LPSC7F64 × CML495 cross and a group of test crosses by the CML494 inbred line were evaluated under dry and irrigated environments. Results indicated that under both moisture conditions the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) was the parameter most associated with yield (r g < 0.85), as well as the index that combines early vigor, final vigor and senescence (COMBO; r g > 0.68). QTL were identified for early vigor under drought conditions (Bin 1.03), explaining 10.9 % of the phenotypic variation (% PV) (additivity + 26), as well as COMBO under drought (Bin 1.02/1.03) with 7.49 % PV (additivity + 28). Likewise, several QTL were also identified for drought and irrigation (Bin 4.05), where COMBO_LR (13 % PV) and area under the senescence curve (AUCSEN_DS) (13.8 % PV) were remarkable. Furthermore, other COMBO_LR QTL were located at Bin 5.05 (11.6 % PV) and COMBO_LR at Bin 7.03 (9.9 % PV). Additionally, QTL were found for yield (additivity 0.12 t ha-1). These QTL can be useful for improving maize yield under both drought and irrigation conditions.

Resumen Para avanzar en el mejoramiento para tolerancia al estrés hídrico en maíz (Zea mays L.) es necesario acumular información de loci de caracteres cuantitativos (QTLs) asociados con este carácter en líneas elite adaptadas a condiciones de sequía que puedan emplearse para los escenarios de cambio climático. En este estudio se evaluaron en los ambientes de sequía y riego un grupo de líneas dobles haploides derivadas de la cruza LPSC7F64 × CML495 y un grupo de cruzas de prueba hacia la línea CML494. Los resultados indicaron que, en las dos condiciones de humedad, el índice de vegetación diferencial normalizado (NDVI) fue el parámetro más asociado con el rendimiento (r g < 0.85) al igual que el índice que combina el vigor temprano, vigor final y la senescencia (COMBO; r g > 0.68). Se identificaron QTLs para vigor temprano bajo condiciones de sequía (Bin 1.03) que explican el 10.9 % de la variación fenotípica (% VF) (aditividad + 26), al igual que COMBO bajo sequía (Bin 1.02/1.03) con el 7.49 % VF (aditividad + 28). Así mismo, se ubicaron varios QTLs para sequía y riego (Bin 4.05), donde sobresalieron COMBO_LR (13 % VF) y área bajo la curva de la senescencia (AUCSEN) (13.81 % VF); además, se identificaron otros QTLs de COMBO_LR en la Bin 5.05 (11.6 % VF) y COMBO_LR en la Bin 7.03 (9.9 % VF). Adicionalmente, se localizaron QTLs para rendimiento (aditividad 0.12 t ha-1). Estos QTLs pueden ser útiles para mejorar el rendimiento del maíz bajo condiciones de sequía y riego.

Resumen Contexto: Para satisfacer la demanda de energía mundial, la energía solar fotovoltaica ha emergido como una energía renovable, sostenible y amigable con el medio ambiente, usada como alternativa para mitigar el cambio climático causado por uso de energías provenientes de los combustibles fósiles; pensando en ello, es muy importante estudiar el comportamiento de los módulos fotovoltaicos en condiciones reales de funcionamiento. Método: Se implementan dos sistemas fotovoltaicos autónomos similares, uno con módulo policristalino y otro monocristalino, cada uno con sistema de adquisición de datos de temperatura, humedad, voltaje y corriente, los cuales son adquiridos de forma sincronizada por un periodo de tres meses bajo condiciones climáticas locales de Fusagasugá. Resultados: Los datos de temperatura, humedad, irradiancia, voltaje y corriente se utilizan para obtener curvas que muestran el rendimiento energético de los módulos policristalinos y monocristalinos . Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio pueden ayudar a predecir el comportamiento de salida de un sistema fotovoltaico, principalmente cuando las condiciones climáticas como humedad, temperatura y radiación cambian. Se evidencia un mejor desempeño del módulo monocristalino que el policristalino.

Abstract Context: To meet the world’s energy demand, photovoltaic solar energy has emerged as a sustainable, environmentally friendly renewable energy, used as an alternative to mitigate climate change caused by the use of energy from fossil fuels. therefore, it is very important to study the behavior of these photovoltaic modules under real operating conditions. Method: Two stand-alone photovoltaic systems were implemented, one of monocrystalline technology and another polycrystalline, each of data acquisition system of temperature, humidity, voltage and current, which are acquired in a synchronized manner over a period of 3 months, under local weather conditions of Fusagasugá. Results: The temperature, humidity, irradiance, voltage and current data are used to obtain curves showing the energy performance of the polycrystalline and monocrystalline modules. Conclusions: The results of this study can help predict the output characteristics of photovoltaic system, mainly when the weather conditions change such as temperature, humidity and irradiance. A better performance of the monocrystalline module in the polycrystalline is evidenced.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da odontoplastia sobre a digestibilidade aparente de dieta para equinos, o tempo de consumo e o tamanho de partícula das fezes. Foram utilizados nove equinos, com idade de 14,5±3,3 anos e peso de 531±38,7kg. A dieta consistiu do oferecimento de 1,5% do peso vivo (PV) em feno de Tifton 85 e 0,75% do PV em concentrado para ambos os ensaios. O experimento compôs-se de dois ensaios de digestibilidade aparente pelo método de coleta total, antes e após a odontoplastia, em que também foi avaliado o tempo de consumo do feno e do concentrado e analisado o tamanho de partícula das fezes. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) da odontoplastia sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Verificou-se efeito do tempo de consumo para o concentrado (P<0,05), porém não se observou para o volumoso (P<0,05). Houve maior retenção (P<0,05) das partículas das fezes nas peneiras de maior granulometria. A odontoplastia aumenta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta e o tamanho de partículas nas fezes, sem alterar a qualidade destas. Animais após o procedimento apresentam menor tempo de consumo de concentrado.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility of diet for horses, consumption time, and particle size of feces. Nine horses were used, aged 14.5±3.3 years and weightng 531±38.7kg. The diet consisted of 1.5% of live weight (LW) in Tifton 85 hay and 0.75% of LW in concentrate for both assays. The experiment consisted of two tests of apparent digestibility using the method of total collection, before and after the odontoplasty, where the consumption time of hay and concentrate was also evaluated and the particle size of the feces was analyzed. An effect (P<0.05) of odontoplasty on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed. Effect of the consumption time for the concentrate (P<0.05) was observed, but not for the forage (P<0.05). There was more retention (P<0.05) of the fecal particles in the sieves of bigger granulometry. The odontoplasty increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and feces particle size, without changing feces quality. Animals after the procedure have shorter concentrate consumption time.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is an essential component of the Mexican diet, with an average of 120 kg per capita consumption. The Tuxpeño breed has stood out for its high yield and its wide adaptation so that once adapted to temperate climate it is necessary to evaluate the quality of its grains with the parameters of the processing industries. In this research the effect of the genotype*environment interaction on yield and physical characteristics of the grain of 14th and 19th cycles of Tuxpeño maize adapted by mass visual selection (SMV) in the Valles Altos of Mexico was studied. In the 2013 and 2014 years, the original population ‘C0’ and the cycles ‘C14’ and ‘C19’ of SMV were evaluated, both in its original environment, moist tropics in the State of Veracruz, and in its selection environment, temperate subhumid in the State of Mexico. The evaluated characteristics were: grain yield (REN), flotation index (IF), hectolitric weight (PH), pedicel, pericarp and grain germ. The data were analyzed with the AMMI model (main additive effects and multiplicative interactions). The results indicate that selection for adaptation, crop conditions and the effect of the environment during its development favorably modified the REN and some of the grain quality characteristics of the genotypes. Montecillo 2013-PV and 2014 PV the best yield was recorded (3.5 t ha-1), outstanding ‘C19’ due to its stability, hard endosperm grains (<IF) and higher pH.

Resumen El maíz (Zea mays L.) es componente esencial de la dieta de los mexicanos, con un consumo per capita promedio de 120 kg. La raza Tuxpeño ha destacado por su alto rendimiento y su amplia adaptación por lo que una vez adaptada a clima templado es necesario evaluar la calidad de su grano con los parámetros de las industrias procesadoras. En esta investigación se estudió el efecto de la interacción genotipo*ambiente en el rendimiento y las características físicas del grano de los ciclos 14 y 19 del maíz Tuxpeño adaptados mediante selección masal visual (SMV), a los Valles Altos de México. En 2013 y 2014, se evaluó la población original ‘C0’ y los ciclos ‘C14’ y ‘C19’ de SMV, tanto en su ambiente original, trópico húmedo en el estado de Veracruz, como en su ambiente de selección, templado subhúmedo en el Estado de México. Las características evaluadas fueron: rendimiento de grano (REN), índice de flotación (IF), peso hectolítrico (PH), pedicelo, pericarpio y germen de grano. Los datos fueron analizados con el modelo AMMI (efec tos principales aditivos e interacciones multiplicativas). Los resultados indican que la selección para adaptación, las condiciones del cultivo y el efecto del ambiente durante su desarrollo modificaron favorablemente el REN y algunas de las características de calidad del grano de los genotipos. En Montecillo 2013-PV y 2014-PV se registró el mejor rendimiento (3.5 t ha-1), sobresaliendo ‘C19’, por su estabilidad, granos de endospermo duro (< IF) y mayor PH.

Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar o peso vivo (PV), as medidas morfométricas e testiculares e suas correlações entre si em 31 búfalos Mediterrâneo em três idades. Foram utilizados sete animais de 8 meses (T1), treze de 10 meses (T2) e onze de 12 meses (T3), de uma propriedade da Baixada Litorânea do Rio de Janeiro. As medidas morfométricas e testiculares avaliadas foram: altura da garupa (AG), altura da cernelha (AC), comprimento da garupa (CG), espessura de coxão (ECX), circunferência escrotal (CE), comprimento testicular (CT) e largura testicular (LT). Foram calculados o volume testicular (VT) e o índice de massa corpórea (IMC), e foi determinada a forma testicular pela razão entre a LT e o CT. Foram encontradas as médias para das variáveis PV (240,57 ± 18,36; 259,38±28,66 e 331,82±63,23), AC (113,28 ± 2,44; 116,23 ± 4,74 e 121,45 ± 6,95cm), AG (116,07 ± 3,09; 117,54 ± 4,97 e 125,45 ± 6,92 cm), CG (34,86 ± 2,03; 36,35 ± 2,80 e 38,09 ± 3,24 cm), ECX (39,07 ± 2,22; 40 ± 2,37 e 42,91 ± 3,97cm), IMC (187,37 ± 11,45; 191,69 ± 14,61 e 222,39 ± 23,57) para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Foram encontradas médias para as variáveis CE (17,43±1,81; 19,08±1,98 e 22,11±3,25 cm), CT (8,28 ± 0,99; 9,27 ± 1,33 e 10,68 ± 1,47 cm), LT (3,25 ± 0,25; 3,90 ± 0,58 e 4,66 ± 0,80cm) e VT (109,43 ± 24,93, 198,36 ± 87,08 e 343,83 ± 183,04 cm3) para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. A forma predominante para todos os tratamentos foi o Longo. Não houve diferença entre as médias dos tratamentos 1 e 2 para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Para as variáveis PV, AG e IMC, CE, LT e VT o tratamento 3 apresentou as maiores médias. Para as variáveis AC, CG, ECX e CT não houve diferença entre os tratamentos 2 e 3. Houve correlação entre todas as medidas testiculares e as medidas de AC, AG e CG e entre CE e VT, CT, LT.

Abstract We evaluated the live weight (LW), morphological and testicular measures and their correlations in 31 Mediterranean buffaloes at three ages. We used seven animals at 8 months of age (T1), 13 animals at the age of 10 months (T2), and 11 animals at the age of 12 months (T3) coming from a farm of the Coastal Lowlands of Rio de Janeiro. The following morphometric measurements and testes were evaluated: rump height (RH), withers height (WH), rump length (RL), round thickness (RT), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular length (TL), testicular width (TW). Testicular volume (TV) and body mass index (BMI) were also calculated. The testicular form was determined by the ratio between the TW and TL. We found the following means for the variables LW (240.57 ± 18.36; 259.38 ± 28.66; and 331.82 ± 63.23), WH (113.28 ± 2.44; 116.23 ± 4.74; and 121.45 ± 6.95cm), RH (116.07 ± 3.09; 117.54 ± 4.97; and 125.45 ± 6.92 cm), RL (34.86 ± 2.03; 36.35 ± 2.80; and 38.09 ± 3.24 cm), RT (39.07 ± 2.22; 40 ± 2.37; and 42.91 ± 3.97cm), BMI (187.37 ± 11.45; 191.69 ± 14.61; and 222.39 ± 23.57) regarding the treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively. We found the following means for the variables SC (17.43±1.81; 19.08±1.98; and 22.11±3.25 cm), TL (8.28 ± 0.99; 9.27 ± 1.33; and 10.68 ± 1.47 cm), TW (3.25 ± 0.25; 3.90 ± 0.58; and 4.66 ± 0.80cm), and TV (109.43 ± 24.93; 198.36 ± 87.08; and 343.83 ± 183.04 cm3) regarding the treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The predominant form in all treatments was long. There was no difference between the T1 and T2 for the studied variables. T3 had higher averages for LW, BMI, RH, SC, TV, and TW. For the variables WH, RL, TL, and RT there was no difference between T2 and T3. There was a correlation between measurements and testicular measures WH, RH, and RL and between SC and TV, TL, and TW.

RESUMO: O peso adulto das vacas (PV) está relacionado com os custos de produção. Em geral, vacas com PV moderados são mais eficientes em ambientes desafiadores, como aqueles disponíveis nos sistemas de produção no Brasil. No presente estudo, o índice de seleção compreende as seguintes características: conformação, precocidade e musculatura nas fases da desmama (CD, PD e MD) e sobreano (CS, PS e MS), circunferência escrotal no sobreano (CE), dias para ganhar 160kg do nascimento até a desmama (D160) e 240kg pós-desmama (D240), que estão relacionadas com os ganhos de peso do nascimento à desmama (GD) e, da desmama ao sobreano (GS). As características PV e PN não foram consideradas no índice de seleção. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os valores das tendências genéticas (TG) das importantes características de seleção (PV) e econômicas (PN). Para estimar os componentes de (co)variâncias e os dados genéticos, foram realizadas análises bi-caracter de PV com as demais características. Os resultados de TG obtidos para PV foram nulos (0,0065% ou 0,02718kg por ano) no período de 1990 á 2007. Os valores de TG foram estimados para PN (-0,0650% ou -0,02017kg), GD (0,0758% ou 0,0865kg), GS (0,1051% ou 0,11377kg) e PF (0,0393% ou 0,11276kg) por ano. Os valores dos escores visuais (em unidades de escore) foram determinados para TG à desmama [CD (0,2310%; 0,00707), PD (0,3624%; 0,3623%) e MD (0,01149; 0,01087)] e sobreano [CS (0,3256%; 0,00990), PS (0,4795%; 0,01496) e MS (0,5041%; 0,01457)] ao ano. A seleção baseada no índice foi efetiva para promover o progresso genético nas características de GD, CD, PD, MD, GS, CS, PS e mantendo PN e PV constantes.

ABSTRACT: Mature weight (MW) of cows is related to the costs of their production. Usually, cows with moderate MW are more efficient in challenging environments, such as those available in the production systems in Brazil. In the present study, the selection index comprises the following traits: conformation, finishing precocity, musculature at weaning (WC, WP, WM) yearling (YC, YP and YM), scrotal circumference at yearling (SC), days to gain 160kg from birth to weaning (D160) and 240kg after weaning (D240). This are related to birth weight gain at weaning (WG) and from weaning to yearling (YG). The mature (MW) and birth weight (BW) traits were not considered in the selection index. The aim of this study was to estimate the values for the genetic trends (GT) of some important selection (MW) and economic traits (BW). A bi-character analysis of MW and other characteristics was performed to estimate the (co)variance components and genetic parameters. The GT results obtained for MW were null (0.0065% or 0.02718kg per year) in the period 1990-2007. The GT values were determined for BW (-0.0650% or -0.02017kg), WG (0.0758% or 0.0865kg), YG (0.1051% or 0.11377kg), and MW (0.0393% or 0.11276kg) per year. The visual score values (in score units) were also determined for GTat weaning [WC (0.2310%; 0.00707), WP (0.3624%; 0.3623%),aWM (0.01149; 0.01087)] yearling [YC (0.3256%; 0.00990), YP (0.4795%; 0.01496),YM (0.5041%; 0.01457)] per year. Index-based selection was effective to promote genetic progress in WG, WC, WP, WM, YG, YC, YP, and YM characteristics keeping BW and MW constant.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na dieta de matrizes suínas híbridas durante as fases de lactação e pós-desmame. Foram utilizadas 25 fêmeas, distribuídas em três tratamentos, com porcentagens crescentes de sorgo granífero - 0%, 25% e 50% - em substituição ao milho. Os animais foram avaliados durante as fases de lactação e pós-desmame, tendo sido mensurados o peso vivo (PV) e a espessura de toucinho (ET) ao parto, ao oitavo, 16º e 25º dias de lactação - desmame. Nesses momentos, foram realizadas colheitas de amostras de leite para análise bioquímica. As leitegadas foram pesadas no mesmo intervalo de tempo. No estro pós-desmame (RE), determinou-se o intervalo estro-cobertura (dias), PV e ET. Quanto às fêmeas, não ocorreram efeitos sobre o PV e a ET. Quanto ao número e ao peso dos leitões, as fêmeas do grupo controle apresentaram maior número de leitões nascidos vivos. O GPD dos leitões foi maior nas leitegadas dos tratamentos com 50% de sorgo. Não houve diferença para as análises do leite. No RE, não ocorreram efeitos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o sorgo granífero pode substituir o milho em até 50% na dieta de fêmeas suínas durante lactação, sem comprometer os parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of corn with sorghum on the diets of hybrid female pigs during lactation and post-weaning. Twenty-five females were distributed in three treatments with increasing levels of grain sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - as partial substitute of the corn. The females were evaluated during the lactation and post-weaning phases, measuring live weight (LW) and age at puberty and LW and backfat thickness (BT). The females were weighed on the 8th, 16th and 25th days of lactation (weaning), simultaneously with the measurement of BT and milk samples for biochemical analysis. Also, the litters were weighed at the same interval. The estrus detection after weaning was determined by the range-topping estrus (days), LW and BT. As for females, there was no effect on LW and BT. As to the piglets number and weight, the females in the control group had a high number of piglets born alive. The daily gain of piglets was higher in litters with treatment with 50% sorghum. There was no difference in the milk analysis. In the post-weaning there were no effects. Thus, it was concluded that grain sorghum can replace corn by 50% on the diet of female pigs during lactation without compromising the productivity and reproductive parameters.

Se utilizaron 24 corderos Katahdin x Pelibuey, distribuidos al azar en cuatro grupos desafiados con los siguientes tratamientos: a) 25 larvas infectantes (L3) de nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) por kg de peso vivo (PV); b) 50 L3 PV, c) 100 L3 PV y el grupo testigo (0 larvas). El experimento se dividió en tres etapas: 1) infección experimental y estabulación de corderos, 2) reinfección en pastoreo y 3) estabulación. En cada etapa se determinó el número de huevos de nematodos por gramo de heces (HPG), el peso vivo (PV) y el volumen celular aglomerado (VCA). El análisis se realizó con medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Los corderos infectados con 100 L3 tuvieron mayor HPG (1.642 ± 1.183) que los infectados con 50 L3 (1.140 ± 1.313 HPG) y los de 25 L3 (458 ± 371 HPG). Con 50 L3 los corderos tuvieron el menor VCA (23,7 ± 4,8%). Con 100 L3 se observó menor VCA que el grupo testigo y el de 25 L3 (26,2 ± 3,9; 28,0 ± 4,1 y 27,3 ± 4,2 %, respectivamente). Las ganancias de peso se redujeron respecto al testigo en un 22% en los de 25 larvas, 60% en los de 50 larvas y 61% en los de 100 larvas. El grupo infectado con 100 larvas obtuvo, durante la segunda etapa, el menor HPG (2.033 ± 2.553 HPG), un incremento del VCA (27,8%) y mayor ganancia de peso (3,7 kg) que los otros grupos, por lo que se concluye que con la dosis de 100 L3 se obtienen menores conteos fecales de huevos de NGI, mayor VCA y mejor ganancia de peso bajo condiciones de reinfección en pastoreo.

24 Katahdin x Pelibuey male lambs were used. The lambs were random in four groups with the following treatments: a) 25 infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) per kg of body weight (BW), b) 50 L3 BW, c) 100 L3 BW and the control group (0 L3). The experiment was divided into three stages: 1) Experimental infection in stabling, 2) grazing infection and 3) housed lambs. At each stage were determined the number of nematode eggs per gram of feces (EPG), body weight and packed cell volume (PCV). The data analysis was performed using a repeated measures model in time. The lambs infected with 100 L3 had higher EPG (1642 ± 1183) in comparison with the treatment of 50 L3 (1140 ± 1313 EPG) and 25 L3 (458 ± 371 EPG). With 50 L3 the lambs had the lowest PCV (23.7 ± 4.8%). With the application of 100 L3 also had lower PCV than control group and 25 L3 (26.2 ± 3.9, 28.0 ± 4.1 and 27.3 ± 4.2%, respectively). It was observed a decrease in weight gain of all infected groups compared to the control group, by 22% in lambs with 25 larvae, 60% in the 50 larvae and 61% in animals of 100 larvae. During the second stage, the group infected with 100 larvae there was a reduction of EPG (2033 ± 2553 EPG), an increase in PCV (27.8%) and increased kg (3.7 kg) with respect to other infected for this reason was concluding that lambs receiving 100 L3 had lowest nematode faecal egg count, highest PCV and gain daily weight during the grazing reinfection.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na dieta de matrizes suínas híbridas durante a puberdade e a gestação. Foram utilizadas 25 leitoas, distribuídas em três tratamentos com porcentagens crescentes de sorgo granífero - 0%, 25% e 50% - em substituição ao milho. As fêmeas foram avaliadas durante as fases de pré-puberdade, puberdade e gestação, tendo sido mensurados o peso vivo (PV) e a idade à puberdade nas jovens e o PV e a espessura de toucinho (ET) nas fêmeas gestantes - à cobrição e aos 30, 60, 90 e 110 dias de prenhez. Na fase de pré-puberdade, o ganho de peso diário diminuiu com o aumento da utilização do sorgo, e durante a puberdade não houve efeito dos tratamentos. Houve efeito linear da substituição sobre o PV aos 90 dias de gestação. Nos demais períodos, não foram encontrados efeitos significativos. Conclui-se que o sorgo granífero pode substituir o milho em até 50% na dieta de fêmeas suínas durante a puberdade e a gestação, sem comprometer as variáveis produtivas e reprodutivas.

The effect of partial substitution of corn by sorghum on the diets of hybrid female pigs during puberty and pregnancy was evaluated. Twenty-five females were distributed in three treatments with increasing percentage of grain sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - as a partial substitute for corn. The females were evaluated during the growth, puberty and pregnancy phases, measuring live weight (LW) and age at puberty in young females and LW and backfat thickness (BT) during gestation - at mating, 30, 60, 90 and 110 days of pregnancy. During the growth period, daily gain decreased with increased use of sorghum and there was no effect of treatments on puberty. For pregnancy, there was a linear effect on LW at day 90. Thus, it was concluded that grain sorghum can replace corn up to 50% on the diet of female pigs during puberty, pregnancy and lactation without compromising the productivity and reproductive variables.

El fenantreno es un hidrocarburo policíclico aromático (HPA) asociado a la actividad petrolera, altamente lipofílico, con amplia distribución y con la propiedad de persistir en el ambiente por tiempos prolongados. A pesar de su impacto, el efecto de los HPA ha sido poco estudiado en peces tropicales; por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en eritrocitos de sangre periférica de Astyanax gr. bimaculatus expuestas a fenantreno. Los peces (n=9) fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente con 0.1, 1 y 10 µg/g de PV de fenantreno (PHE, Sigma Aldrich, pureza 98%) disuelto en aceite vegetal, un control positivo inyectados con ciclofosfamida y un control negativo con aceite vegetal. Se colectaron muestras de sangre periférica a las 0 y 96 horas de la inyección. A las 96 horas, las dosis más altas de fenantreno mostraron efectos genotóxicos sobre los eritrocitos de Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, evidenciados por la formación de micronúcleos y alteraciones morfológicas nucleares. Estos resultados sugieren que Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, especie íctica dulceacuícola nativa, tiene gran potencial para ser utilizada como bioindicador de genotoxicidad causada por hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos.

Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) associated with the oil industry, highly lipophilic, ubiquitous and with the property to persist in the environment for longer periods. Despite its impact, few studies has been carry out in tropical fish evaluating the PAH effect, therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood erythrocytes in Astyanax gr. bimaculatus exposed to phenantrene. Fish (n=9) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/g BW of phenantrene solution. Cicliphosphamide and vegetable oil were used as a positive and negative control, respectively. Peripheral blood samples were collected at 0 and 96 hours. At 96 h exposure, the two higher phenantrene concentrations showed genotoxic effect on Astyanax gr. bimaculatus erythrocytes caused by the micronucleus induction and other nuclear morphological alterations. These results suggest that Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, a native freshwater fish, has a great potential as a bioindicator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons genotoxicity.

Fenantreno é um hidrocarboneto aromático policíclico (HAP) associado com a indústria do petróleo, altamente lipofílico, com ampla distribuição e propriedade de persistirem no ambiente por longos períodos. No entanto seu impacto, o efeito dos HPA há sido pouco estudado em peixes tropicais, por tanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença dos micronúcleos e outras anormalidades nucleares em eritrócitos de sangue periférico do Astyanax gr. Bimaculatus expostas a fenantreno. Os peixes (n = 9) foram injetados intraperitonealmente com 0.1, 1 e 10 µg/g de fenantreno (PHE, Sigma Aldrich, 98% de pureza), dissolvido em óleo vegetal, um controle positivo injetado com ciclofosfamida e um controlo negativo, injetado com o óleo vegetal. Amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas as 0 e 96 horas de exposição. Às 96 horas, as doses mais altas de fenantreno mostraram efeitos genotóxicos sobre os eritrócitos de Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, evidenciados por a formação de micronúcleos e outras alterações morfológicas nucleares. Baseados nos resultados obtidos pode-se inferir que Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, peixe nativo de água doce, tem grande potencial para ser utilizado como um bioindicador de genotoxicidade, causada por hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos.

Sereportan los efectos de la adición de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) al protocolo deinducción de la reproducción de hembras de yamú, sobre su eficienciareproductiva (latencia a la ovulación, peso del desove, número de huevos porgramo, porcentaje de fertilidad, sobrevivencia embrionaria y factor decondición), volumen seminal de los machos acompañantes y sobrevivencia postinducción de los reproductores. El estudio consistió en dos experimentosrealizados durante una misma temporada reproductiva: en el primer experimento,12 hembras (n=3) fueron inducidas utilizando el protocolo tradicional deextracto de hipófisis de carpa (EHC), que consiste en aplicar 5.5 mg/kg de PVde EHC en dos inyecciones (0.5 mg/Kg y 5 mg/.Kg), con intervalo de 12 h; 15 minantes de finalizar el periodo estimado de latencia a la ovulación, se evaluaronen las hembras los efectos cuatro dosis de PGF2α: 0, 1.5, 3.0 y 6.0 μg dePGF2α/kg de PV. La sobrevivencia pos-inducción fue mayor en los tratamientosque incluyeron 3 y 6 μg de PGF2α/kg de PV (100%) y se observaron diferenciasestadísticas entre tratamientos (P0.05). El uso de PGF2α no tuvo efectos sobreel peso del desove, pero produjo aumento del volumen seminal y de lasobrevivencia de los reproductores inducidos.

The effects of the addition ofprostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) at theprotocol of induction of yamú females, about the reproductive efficiency (theperiod of latency to the ovulation, the total fecundity, the number of eggs forgram, the rate of fertility, the embryonic survival, the condition factor), theseminal volume of males without hormonal induction and the survival ofreproducers post induction are reported. The study was carried out in twostages in reproductive season. In the first experiment, 12 females were inducedwith Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE) (5.5 mg/Kg of BW), administered in 2injections (0.5 mg/Kg and 5 mg/Kg), with intervals of 12 h; fifteen minutesbefore concluding the period of latency four treatments they were evaluated (0,1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 μg/Kg ofBW of PGF2α of thefemales). The post induction survival with this searchinduction protocol was itbigger in the treatments with 3 and 6 μg de PGF2α/Kg deBW (100%) and were they statistical differences among treatments (P0.05). Theuse of PGF2α didn´thave an effect on the high fecundity of the females, but they showed in theseminal volume and on the survival of reproducers pos induction.

Estetrabalho reporta os efeitos da adição de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) noprotocolo de indução da reprodução de fêmeas de yamu, sobre sua eficiênciareprodutiva (latência para a ovulação, peso da desova, número de ovócitos porgrama, porcentagen de fertilidade, sobrevivência embrionária e fator decondição), volume seminal dos machos acompanhantes e sobrevivência após aindução dos reprodutores. O estudo consistiu em dois experimentos realizadosdurante uma única estação reprodutiva. No primeiro experimento, 12 fêmeas foraminduzidas utilizando o protocolo tradicional baseado na administração deExtracto de Pituitária de Carpa (EHC) (5.5 mg/kg de peso vivo -PV-),administrada em duas injeções (0.5 mg/kg e 5.0 mg/kg.) com um intervalo de 12h. Quinze minutos antes do final do período estimado de latência para aovulação, foram avaliadas nas fêmeas quatro tratamentos de PGF2α: 0, 1.5, 3.0 e6.0 mg de PGF2α/kg de PV. A sobrevivência pós-indução foi maior nos tratamentosque incluíram 3.0 e 6.0 mg de PGF2α/kg de PV (100%); além disso, houvediferença estatística entre os tratamentos (P0.05). O uso de PGF2α não teveefeitos sobre o peso da desova, mas o volume do sêmen aumentou e melhorou asobrevivência dos reprodutores após a indução.

El cancro cítrico, producido por Xanthomonas citri pv citri, afecta a todas las regiones citrícolas del mundo con clima tropical o subtropical. Este trabajo estudió la relación entre precipitaciones, temperatura, susceptibilidad de hojas de limón y la aparición de síntomas de cancro. Se analizó la evolución de los síntomas de cancro en cinco meses de desarrollo de brotes vegetativos de un monte de limón tipo Lisbon con antecedentes de la enfermedad. Los datos utilizados se generaron en un monitoreo de tres fechas de brotación en parcelas con seis (Tratamiento I) y diez (Tratamiento II) aplicaciones de óxido cuproso respectivamente. Se tomaron registros de precipitaciones diarias y de temperatura cada 20 minutos. Se calcularon los parámetros de la curva logística de progreso de la enfermedad. Se determinó la edad de los brotes a la manifestación de síntomas y el valor máximo de incidencia de enfermedad. Se asumió que la lluvia inicia eventos de infección a partir de los cuales se aplicó un modelo de acumulación de grados horas para prever la fecha de aparición de síntomas. En las condiciones de infección local sólo las lluvias de más de 10 mm produjeron síntomas en la fecha predicha según el modelo utilizado. Se demostró la importancia secundaria que adquiere la susceptibilidad de los tejidos cuando se dan las condiciones para la diseminación y la expresión de síntomas. El método utilizado demostró ser una herramienta útil para predecir el riesgo de aparición de síntomas y para planificar monitoreos de la enfermedad

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv citri, affects all Citrus production regions worldwide with tropical or subtropical climate. This work studies the relationship between rain, temperature, susceptibility of lemon leaves, and the appearance of symptoms of canker The evolution of citrus canker symptoms during five months of vegetative growth in a lemon Lisbon type orchard with disease background were analyzed. The data used were generated in the assessment of three growth flushes in plots with six (Treatment I) and ten (Treatment II) copper oxide sprays respectively. Daily rainfall and temperature were registered every 20 minutes. The parameters of the logistic curve of disease progress were calculated. Shoot age at disease outbreak and maximum disease value were determined. Rain was assumed to initiate an infection event from which a model of hour-degree accumulation was applied to predict the date for new symptoms appearance. Under the conditions of local infection, only the rains over 10 mm produced symptoms at the predicted date according to the model used. It was demonstrated that tissue susceptibility became a secondary factor once the environmental conditions became favourable to dissemination and symptoms expression. The method used demonstrated to be an useful tool to predict the risk of new symptoms appearance and to plan monitoring of the disease.

New records of Leptohyphidae for Northeastern Brazil are provided. Previously, only Tricorythopsis bahiensis Dias, Salles & Ferreira had been recorded in this region, but we now record one species of Amanahyphes Salles & Molineri, one of Leptohyphes Eaton, three of Traverhyphes Molineri, three of Tricorythodes Ulmer, and seven of Tricorythopsis Traver. Two of these species are recorded for the first time in Brazil. As all of these species are reported, the Northeastern Brazil became the second most diverse geographic region in Brazil in Leptohyphidae.