Resumen Objetivo: Verificación del desempeño de las pruebas serológicas rápidas utilizadas en el departamento de Risaralda, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio analitico, de corte transversal. Incluyó muestras de sueros de trabajadores de la salud de la ciudad de Pereira, quienes tuvieron sospecha clínica y epidemiológica por SARS-CoV-2. El procesamiento y validación de las pruebas fue realizado en las instalaciones de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Se calculó sensibilidad y especificidad de las pruebas rápidas serológicas IgM/IgG usando como prueba de oro la RT-PCR. Resultados: Se incluyeron las muestras de 144 profesionales de la salud. Las pruebas serológicas rápidas evidenciaron ser útiles para identificar o descartar la presencia de anticuerpos IgM e IgG, especialmente en pacientes sintomáticos, en quienes el inicio de los síntomas es superior a 11 días. Discusión: El uso de pruebas rápidas se encuentra en aumento, no solo por la rapidez de sus resultados, sino también por los bajos costos asociados y la necesidad de identificar pacientes no susceptibles, quienes deben priorizar su retorno a actividades laborales en comunidad como parte de la reactivación económica de Colombia. Es necesario confirmar el desempeño de la prueba para aumentar la probabilidad de una adecuada clasificación antes de proceder a su uso rutinario.

Abstract Objective: We aimed to realize a verification of the performance of the rapid serological tests used in Risaralda department. Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional study. Serum samples from health workers in Pereira city, who had a clinical and epidemiological suspicion for SARS-CoV-2 were included. The processing and validation of the tests was carried out at Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Sensitivity and specificity of rapid IgM / IgG sero logical tests were calculated using RT-PCR as the gold standard test. Results: 144 samples of health professionals were included. Rapid serological tests useful to identify or rule out the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies, especially in symptomatic patients, in whom the onset of symptoms is longer than 11 days. Discussion: The use of rapid tests is increasing, not only due to the speed of their results, but also due to the low associated costs and the need to identify non-susceptible patients, who must prioritize their return to work activities in the community as part of the economic reactivation of Colombia. It is necessary to confirm the adequate performance of the test to increase the probability of an adequate classification before proceeding with the routine use of this test.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the physical and pulmonary capacities of hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease and its correlation with the time of hospitalization and complications involved. METHODS: A total of 54 patients, aged ≥18 years of both sexes, were evaluated 2-4 months after hospital discharge in São Paulo, Brazil. The physical characteristics analyzed were muscle strength, balance, flexibility, and pulmonary function. The K-means cluster algorithm was used to identify patients with similar physical and pulmonary capacities, related to the time of hospitalization. RESULTS: Two clusters were derived using the K-means algorithm. Patients allocated in cluster 1 had fewer days of hospitalization, intensive care, and intubation than those in cluster 2, which reflected a better physical performance, strength, balance, and pulmonary condition, even 2-4 months after discharge. Days of hospitalization were inversely related to muscle strength, physical performance, and lung function: hand grip D (r=−0.28, p=0.04), Short Physical Performance Battery score (r=−0.28, p=0.03), and forced vital capacity (r=−0.29, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Patients with a longer hospitalization time and complications progressed with greater loss of physical and pulmonary capacities.

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Abstract In Colombia there are no guidelines for diagnosis and management of patients with short stature and for the use of recombinant human growth hormone, mainly caused by the diversity of training centers in pediatric endocrinology. In response to this situation, the Asociación Colegio Colombiana de Endocrinología Pediátrica leds the first colombian short stature expert committee in order to standardize the use of human recombinant growth hormone. This work had the participation and endorsement of a consortium of clinical experts representing the Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría, Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá- Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud Suroccidente, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Universidad de los Andes and some public and private health institutions in the country, in addition to the participation of methodological experts from the Instituto Global de Excelencia Clínica Keralty. By reviewing the literature and with the best available evidence, we proposed to unify definitions, a diagnostic algorithm, biochemical and dynamic tests with their reference parameters, a description of the considerations about growth hormone use among the indications approved by regulatory agency for medications and food in Colombia and finally a proposal for an informed consent and a medication fact sheet available for parents and patients.

ABSTRACT The Cuchujaqui River basin has great biological importance housing a significant number of both native and endemic species. It is important, therefore, to detect the presence of exotic species in the place and avoid an alteration in this ecosystem. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of exotic species in the Ramsar Site Arroyo Verde Sierra de Álamos-Río Cuchujaqui Ecosystem by registering its flora. A tour of the nine main sites of the area was carried out, as well as a register of the localized plant species, for a later identification and characterization, and an affinity analysis between the sites and among exotic species. The results obtained reveal the presence of six exotic species in the Ramsar site, which were Arundo donax, Ricinus communis, Cynodon dactylon, Sorghum halepense, Dicanthium annulatum and Melinis repens, which may be causing alterations in the native species of the place.

RESUMEN La cuenca del Río Cuchujaqui posee gran importancia biológica albergando un número importante de especies, tanto nativas y endémicas. Es importante, por tanto, detectar la presencia de especies exóticas en el lugar y evitar una alteración en dicho ecosistema. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de especies exóticas en el Sitio Ramsar Ecosistema Arroyo Verde Sierra de Álamos -Río Cuchujaqui mediante registro de flora. Se realizó un recorrido por los nueve principales sitios del área, así como un registro de las especies vegetales localizadas, para una posterior identificación y caracterización, y un análisis de afinidad entre los sitios y entre especies exóticas. Los resultados obtenidos revelan la presencia de seis especies exóticas en el sitio Ramsar, las cuales fueron Arundo donax, Ricinus communis, Cynodon dactylon, Sorghum halepense, Dicanthium annulatum y Melinis repens, que pueden estar produciendo alteraciones en las especies nativas del lugar.

Resumen Las personas sordas colombianas, por el difícil acceso a servicios de educación y salud, presentan mayor riesgo en salud sexual. Es necesario describir lo que los jóvenes sordos piensan y conocen sobre sexualidad, para orientar programas educativos dirigidos a esta población en particular. Objetivo: Interpretar las percepciones relacionadas con sexualidad, reportadas por un grupo de jóvenes sordos de Medellín (Colombia), con el fin de aportar elementos claves para el diseño de futuros programas de formación para la sexualidad dirigidos a las personas sordas. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo etnográfico, con la aplicación de grupos de discusión como estrategia metodológica. Los grupos de discusión fueron filmados y un intérprete transcribió los diálogos. Se realizó análisis argumentativo del discurso resultante y se contrastó con cuestionarios diligenciados por los participantes y con la literatura disponible. Resultados: El aprendizaje de la sexualidad en los jóvenes sordos ocurrió a partir de la pornografía. Su discurso se enfocó hacia lo erótico. La confianza en la pareja fue determinante para el uso o no del condón. Hubo temor hacia la consulta médica, la cual se representa como un abuso sexual. Conclusión: La educación tradicional y la falta de comunicación intrafamiliar se suman a la discapacidad auditiva para volver aún más vulnerable a este grupo poblacional.

Abstract On account of the difficult access to education and health services, deaf people in Colombia have a higher risk in sexual health. It is necessary to describe what young deaf people think and know about sexuality so as to guide educational programs aimed at this specific population. Objective: To interpret the perceptions related to sexuality of a group of young deaf people from Medellín (Colombia), in order to provide relevant elements for the design of future sexuality programs for the deaf. Methodology: Qualitative ethnographic study, with discussion groups as the methodological strategy. Discussion groups were filmed and dialogues were transcribed by an interpreter. The resulting discourse was subject to an argumentative analysis and then contrasted both with questionnaires filled out by the participants and with the available literature. Results: Young deaf people learned about sexuality through pornography. Their discourse focused on erotic aspects. Trusting their couple was decisive in using or not a condom. There was some fear with regards to the medical consultation, which is perceived as sexual abuse. Conclusion: Traditional education and the lack of communication within the family combined with the hearing disability make this population even more vulnerable.

Resumo Surdos na Colômbia, devido à dificuldade de acesso à educação e aos serviços de saúde, apresentam maior risco para a saúde sexual. É necessário descrever o que os jovens surdos pensam e sabem sobre sexualidade, para orientar programas educacionais voltados para essa população em particular. Objetivo: Interpretar percepções relacionadas à sexualidade, relatadas por um grupo de jovens surdos de Medellín (Colômbia), a fim de fornecer elementos-chave para o desenho de futuros programas de treinamento em sexualidade voltados para surdos. Metodologia: Estudo etnográfico qualitativo, com a aplicação de grupos de discussão como estratégia metodológica. Os grupos de discussão foram filmados e um intérprete transcreveu os diálogos. Foi feita uma análise argumentativa do discurso resultante e contrastada com questionários preenchidos pelos participantes e com a literatura disponível. Resultados: O aprendizado da sexualidade em jovens surdos ocorreu a partir da pornografia. Seu discurso se concentrou no erótico. A confiança no casal foi decisiva para o uso ou não do preservativo. Houve receio de consulta médica, que é representada como abuso sexual. Conclusão: A educação tradicional e a falta de comunicação intrafamiliar aumentam a incapacidade auditiva para tornar esse grupo populacional ainda mais vulnerável.

The use of online digital environments at Jorge Tadeo Lozano University has allowed the implementation of a question bank, with feedback, with the purpose of supporting students in their learning process for the subject of Mathematical Thinking; this subject is taught through lectures and workshops that are interrelated and leaded by different professors, one lecture session and two workshop sessions per week. A pedagogical innovation project was developed along two academic periods with the purpose of observing if the use of this online question bank with feedback improved the appropriation of mathematical concepts. The questions that are part of this bank were designed following recommendations for elaborating multiple choice questions with one answer; the selection of distractors for each question was made following conceptual or procedural reasons, which is where most of the difficulties for students are when solving an evaluation on this subject. For each question a detailed description was made, including conceptual aspects and key features such as type of question, question statement, answer choices, reasons for each choice, key information that must be included in feedback (graphics, concepts, solved examples, etc.), cognitive and conceptual domain, level of difficulty, date of elaboration and revision, name of who elaborated the question and name of who reviewed it. Each question was made available on this bank, located at the Virtual Classrooms System at Jorge Tadeo Lozano University (AVATA is the name of this Learning Management System working over Moodle) and corresponding to the Mathematical Thinking course, organized on folders separated by topics and levels of difficulty, according to the available syllabus of the subject. Evaluation models that gathered the topics covered on each of the three segments that form the academic period were used; such formative assessment was made available for students two weeks before each course evaluation. Due to the features of this evaluation, online, with multiple attempts and accessible from multiple devices, students were able to prepare their evaluations with a higher level of autonomy and at the pace, they would establish. Surveys, interviews and focus groups from students and professors that were part of the Mathematical Thinking course were carried out, with the purpose of identifying qualitative features that could eventually lead to adjustments and improvements to the question bank, although not many students participated in these interviews and surveys. Among the qualitative aspects that were highlighted is the fact that students felt comfortable when using this kind of evaluation, as they did not feel the pressure of the results; they also pointed out the role of workshop professors as a motivating element to consult the question bank in order to prepare the evaluations and strengthen mathematical concepts. The data obtained from each evaluation model and the results from students during the academic periods were analyzed statistically, allowing to conclude that there is a significant difference on course grades, both partial and finals, for students who used the evaluation models and students who did not. Results, both qualitative and quantitative, indicated that in general terms there is an improvement in performance for students who access to these online evaluation models compared to students who don't. In order to continue progressing on the work presented here, it is necessary to feed the bank with more questions, considering the aspects indicated from students and professors and also as a way of expanding the possibilities of randomizing the questions as students use the bank. It is also important to carry out statistical analysis to questions, with the purpose of establishing with better precision their levels of difficulty and the levels of difficulty of the evaluation models themselves.

El uso de entornos digitales en línea en la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano ha permitido implementar una base de preguntas con retroalimentación para apoyar al estudiante en el proceso de aprendizaje en la asignatura Pensamiento Matemático. Se desarrolló un proyecto de innovación pedagógica en dos semestres académicos, con el fin de observar si el uso de una base de preguntas con retroalimentación en línea mejora el proceso de apropiación de los conceptos matemáticos de los estudiantes. Las preguntas que conformaron la base se diseñaron siguiendo indicaciones sobre elaboración de preguntas de múltiples opciones con única respuesta; se utilizaron exámenes modelo con los temas vistos en cada uno de los tres momentos en que se divide un periodo académico de la Universidad; dichas evaluaciones formativas fueron puestas a disposición de los estudiantes dos semanas antes de cada evaluación. Debido al carácter del examen -en línea-, con múltiples intentos y accediendo desde cualquier dispositivo, el estudiante podía preparar sus evaluaciones con mayor autonomía y al ritmo que él estableciera. Se realizaron encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales para identificar algunas características cualitativas que han permitido realizar ajustes y mejoras a la base de preguntas. Los datos obtenidos de cada modelo de examen y los resultados de los estudiantes durante los semestres fueron analizados estadísticamente. Los resultados, tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos, indican que en general, sí hay mejora en el desempeño y apropiación de los conceptos matemáticos en aquellos estudiantes que acceden a los exámenes en línea frente a aquellos que no los usan.

En el Caribe continental colombiano el aprovechamiento del recurso caracol y el estado de sus poblaciones han sido poco estudiados, esto se refleja en la carencia de un ordenamiento pesquero. Se evaluó la composición, densidad poblacional y distribución de las especies que conforman ese recurso en La Guajira. Se realizaron censos visuales entre septiembre y noviembre 2009 en 145 transectos de 100x4m (400m²), abarcando un área de 56 920m² entre Riohacha y el Cabo de la Vela. También se evaluó la composición, abundancia y talla de conchas de gasterópodos en depósitos de conchas vacías en 13 playas. En octubre 2010 se evaluaron 40 transectos más (16 000m²), desde el sur de Riohacha hasta Camarones. Se encontraron 9 911 caracoles de 12 especies, siendo Strombus pugilis el más abundante con 8 912 individuos y densidad de 1 538.4±3 662.6 ind./ha, seguido por Vasum muricatum con 374 individuos y densidad de 51.8±91.2 ind./ha. El índice de valor de importancia (IVI) de caracoles vivos y de conchas en las playas, muestran a Turbinella angulata como la especie más aprovechada por pescadores artesanales. Los resultados denotan la urgencia de realizar planes de manejo pesquero para este recurso en la región.

In the continental Colombian Caribbean the conch resource exploitation and the status of snails populations has been poorly studied, which are reflected in the lack of fisheries management. This study assesses composition, population density and distribution of the gastropods species that make conch resource in La Guajira region. Underwater visual censuses for snails were performed between September-November 2009 in 145 100x4m (400m²) transects, spanning a total area of 56 920m² between Riohacha and Cabo de la Vela. The study was complemented with the evaluation of composition, abundance and size of gastropods conch found in the discarded-by-fishermen shell mounds in 13 beaches. In October 2010 another 40 transects were evaluated (16 000m²) from the Southern of Riohacha to the Camarones village (La Guajira). We found a total of 9 911 snails belonging to 12 species, the most abundant being Strombus pugilis with 8 912 individuals and an average density of 1 538.4±3 662.6 ind./ha , followed by Vasum muricatum with 374 individuals and an average density of 51.8±91.2 ind./ha. Calculating the importance value index (IVI) for both living organisms as the empty shells on beaches, shows that Turbinella angulata is the most used species by artisanal fishermen in the region. Cassis madagascariensis and Cassis tuberosa are also important snail resources in the region (as suggested by the number of empty shells found in beaches), but its densities were low. Strombus gigas, with only three living organisms found in the area, presented the lowest abundance ever found in the Colombian Caribbean (0.52±3.6 ind./ha), showing that queen conch population in La Guajira can- not support commercial exploitation. The abundance of discarded S. gigas shells on beaches suggests resource exploitation in the recent past. Results remarks the urgency of implementing management plans for snail fisheries in the region.

The purpose of this study was to describe indicators of sexual desire, sexual impulsivity and auto-eroticism in 402 women aged between 17 and 35 years living in Mexico City. Positive relationships were found between the factors sexual self-efficacy and four of the six factors of sexual desire ('attraction', 'excitement', 'romance' and 'sexual surrender') and only one negative relationship between 'self-efficacy' and 'sexual guilt'. 'Sexual impulsivity' correlated positively with sexual guilt. 'Autoerotic desire' correlated negatively with the factors 'self-efficacy' and 'sexual guilt'. Some significant differences were found between age groups and between those classified as being or not sexually active. The group of elder women and of those who had already started their sexual life obtained the highest averages in the factors 'sexual surrender' and 'excitement'.

El propósito de este trabajo fue describir indicadores de deseo sexual, impulsividad sexual y autoerotismo en 402 mujeres entre 17 y 35 años de edad residentes de la Ciudad de México. Se encontraron relaciones positivas entre los factores de autoeficacia sexual y cuatro de los seis factores de deseo sexual (atracción, excitación, romanticismo y entrega) y sólo una relación negativa entre autoeficacia y culpabilidad sexual. La impulsividad sexual correlacionó positivamente con culpabilidad sexual. El deseo de autoerotismo se vinculó negativamente con los factores de autoeficacia y culpabilidad sexual. Tanto en los grupos divididos por edad como en los grupos divididos por haber o no iniciado una vida sexual activa; se encontraron algunas diferencias significativas siendo las mujeres con más edad y las que habían ya iniciado su vida sexual, las que obtuvieron las medias más altas en los factores de deseo sexual (entrega y excitación).

OBJETIVO: O uso de indicadores biológicos de poluição tem aumentado nos últimos anos como alternativa de monitoramento da qualidade da água. A comunidade fitoplanctônica responde seletivamente a diferentes perturbações antrópicas, como construção de barragens e aumento dos nutrientes em centros urbanos que levam à eutrofização de ambientes aquáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição e a estrutura das comunidades de algas e cianobactérias, a fim de comprovar a influência humana através da presença de reservatórios com algum grau de eutrofização e do impacto da urbanização em dois rios na bacia do Bebedero da província de San Luis (Argentina). MÉTODOS: Quatro estações de coleta foram selecionados: duas antes dos reservatórios e aldeias (V1) e (P1) e duas após os mesmos (P2) e (V2). Cada estação foi visitada quatro vezes durante um ciclo anual: verão, outono, inverno e primavera. Foram coletadas amostras quantitativas e semiquantitativas do fitoplâncton e foi determinada a frequência de ocorrência. Foram analisados o grau de semelhança entre pares de estações de coleta, utilizando o índice de similaridade de Jaccard e índice de complementaridade. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 92 táxons, sendo mais frequente as diatomáceas. P2 foi a estação mais afetada, mostrando alta abundância com menor diversidade e uniformidade. As espécies mais tolerantes à presença de matéria orgânica foram Melosira varians, Navicula tripunctata, Oscillatoria limosa, Gomphonema parvulum e Coelastrum microporum e algumas espécies de euglenophytas. CONCLUSÃO: Portanto, a estrutura e composição das comunidades de algas e cianobactérias permitiu identificar secções mais sensíveis a alterações induzidas pelo homem.

AIM: The use of biological indicators of pollution has increased in recent years as an alternative to the monitoring of water quality. Phytoplankton community selectively respond to different anthropogenic disturbances, such as water dams and the increase of nutrients coming from city centers, which leads to the eutrophication of the aquatic environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the composition and the structure of the algal and Cyanobacterial communities in order to prove human influences by the presence of reservoirs with some degree of eutrophication and the impact of urbanization in two rivers at the Bebedero basin in San Luis province (Argentine). METHODS: Four sites were sampled: two of them were placed before dams and villages (V1) and (P1) and two after them (V2) and (P2). Each site was visited in every season of the year: summer, autumn, winter and spring. Qualitative and semi-quantitative phytoplankton samples were taken, and the frequency of occurrence was determined. Variations between pairs of sampling stations were analyzed through the Jaccard similarity and complementarity indices. RESULTS: Ninety two taxa were identified, of which diatoms were the most frequent. The most affected station was P2 with high abundance, less diversity and equitability, whereas the species more tolerant to the presence of organic matter were Melosira varians, Navicula tripunctata, Oscillatoria limosa, Gomphonema parvulum and Coelastrum microporum, and some species of euglenophytas. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the structure and composition of the algal and Cyanobacterial communities allowed us to identify sections more sensitive to human-induced alterations.

O sucesso de uma intervenção audiológica precoce depende de informações precisas quanto ao tipo, grau e configuração da perda auditiva. O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico com o estímulo tone burst (PEATE TB) e a resposta auditiva de estado estável (RAEE) proporcionam tais informações. OBJETIVO: Investigar a aplicabilidade clínica, em lactentes, do PEATE TB e da RAEE na frequência de 2 kHz, comparando as respostas dos lactentes nascidos a termo e prétermo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: O estudo (transversal, clínico e experimental) foi realizado com uma casuística de 17 lactentes pré-termo e 19 a termo submetidos ao PEATE TB e RAEE em 2000 Hz. RESULTADOS: A resposta eletrofisiológica mínima obtida com o PEATE TB foi de 32,4 dBnNA (52,4 dBNPS) e com a RAEE de 13,8 dBNA (26,4 dBNPS), com duração média de 21,1 min e 22 min, respectivamente. A comparação das respostas dos lactentes pré-termo e a termo não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes, com exceção do tempo de duração da RAEE. CONCLUSÃO: As duas metodologias têm aplicabilidade clínica na frequência de 2 kHz em lactentes, com duração média de 20 min. Lactentes nascidos pré-termo, no geral, não apresentam diferenças em relação aos lactentes nascidos a termo.

Accurate information about type, degree, and configuration of hearing loss are necessary for successful audiological early interventions. Auditory brainstem response with tone burst stimuli (TB ABR) and auditory steady-state response (ASSR) exams provide this information. AIM: To analyze the clinical applicability of TB ABR and ASSR at 2 kHz in infants, comparing responses in full-term and premature neonates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was cross-sectional, clinical and experimental. Subjects consisted of 17 premature infants and 19 full-term infants. TB ABR and ASSR exams at 2000 Hz were done during natural sleep. RESULTS: The electrophysiological minimum response obtained with TB ABR was 32.4 dBnHL (52.4 dBSPL); the ASSR minimum was 13.8 dBHL (26.4 dBSPL). The exams required 21.1 min and 22 min, respectively. Premature and full-term infant responses showed no statistically significant differences, except for auditory steady-state response duration. CONCLUSIONS: Both exams have clinical applicability at 2 kHz in infants, with 20 min of duration, on average. In general, there are no differences between premature and full-term individuals.

Pocos programas de monitoreo han estudiado simultáneamente la dinámica de ecosistemas marinos estrechamente relacionados (arrecifes coralinos, pastos marinos y manglares) para documentar su variabilidad espacial y temporal. Siguiendo el protocolo de monitoreo del programa CARICOMP, estaciones permanentes de monitoreo en estos ecosistemas fueron evaluadas entre 1993 y 2008 en la Bahía de Chengue del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (Caribe Colombiano). En general los ecosistemas monitoreados han presentado un patrón de estabilidad durante los años de estudio. Mientras los arrecifes coralinos (cobertura de coral) y manglares tuvieron algunas variaciones anuales debidas al paso del huracán Lenny en 1999, los pastos marinos registraron tendencias particulares de cambio (índicece de área foliar y productividad de hojas) que podrían estar reflejando la variabilidad natural de la pradera estudiada.Por lo tanto se sugiere que los sitios monitoreados en cada ecosistema han tenido un desarrollo saludable en los últimos 16 años. Estos resultados son importantes para mejorar localmente las estrategias de manejo (Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona) y para evaluar la dinámica a largo plazo en los ecosistemas marinos del Caribe.

Few monitoring programs have simultaneously assessed the dynamics of linked marine ecosystems (coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves) to document their temporal and spatial variability. Based on CARICOMP protocol we evaluated permanent stations in coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves from 1993 to 2008 in Chengue Bay at the Tayrona Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean. Overall, the studied ecosystems showed a remarkable stability pattern over the monitoring period. While there were annual variations in coral reefs (coral cover) and mangroves (litterfall) caused by hurricane Lenny in 1999, particular trends in seagrass (leaf area index and leaf productivity) appear to reflect the natural variability in this ecosystem. We suggest that monitoring sites at the three marine ecosystems had in general a healthy development in the last 16 years. Our results are critical to locally improve the management strategies (Tayrona Natural Park) and to understand the long-term dynamics of closely associated marine ecosystems in the Caribbean. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 45-62. Epub 2010 October 01.

O consumo de drogas tem aumentado em todas as regiões do mundo e tem se tornado um problema de saúde pública, afetando principalmente adolescentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as opiniões dos adolescentes em idade escolar sobre o uso de drogas e sobre o consumidor de drogas em uma escola de Lima, Peru. Estudo descritivo e transversal com questionário auto-aplicável a 386 estudantes. Foram obtidos dados pessoais dos estudantes, percepção de risco do consumo de drogas, motivações, informação sobre medidas preventivas, disponibilidade da droga, opinião sobre o consumidor de drogas e aceitação familiar e social do consumidor de drogas. O sexo masculino foi predominante. A maioria tem opinião desfavorável sobre a percepção de risco e sobre os motivos de consumo, e é a favor da informação. Temos um papel relevante na explicação de condutas assim como para por em prática programas adequados e eficazes de prevenção e tratamento.

The consumption of drugs has increased worldwide and has become a public health problem, affecting particularly adolescents. This study aimed to identify the opinions of adolescent students on the use of drugs and drug users, in a school in Lima, Peru. It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a questionnaire self-applied to 386 students. Data collected comprised students' personal data, their perception on the risk of drugs consumption, motivations, information on preventive interventions, drugs availability, opinion regarding drug users and their family, and social acceptance. Male gender was predominant. Most of the participants were unfavorable regarding risk perception and consumption motives, though, they were favorable towards information. We have a relevant role in explaining behaviors and also in implementing appropriate and efficient preventive and treatment programs.

El consumo de drogas ha aumentado en todas las regiones del mundo, volviéndose un problema de salud pública, afectando especialmente a los adolescentes. Este estudio tiene como objetivos identificar las opiniones de los adolescentes escolares sobre el uso de drogas e identificar la opinión sobre el consumidor de drogas, en un colegio de Lima-Perú. Estudio descriptivo y transversal, se usó un cuestionario autoaplicado a 386 estudiantes. Se obtuvo datos personales del escolar, la percepción de riesgo del consumo de drogas, motivaciones, información acerca de medidas preventivas, disponibilidad de la droga, la opinión sobre el consumidor de drogas e la aceptación social y familiar al consumidor de drogas. Predomina el sexo masculino en las características personales. Al opinar sobre la percepción de riesgo la mayoría tiene opinión desfavorable de los motivos de consumo y esta a favor de la información. Tenemos un relevante papel tanto para explicar las conductas como para la puesta en práctica de programas adecuados y eficaces de prevención y tratamiento.

The consumption of drugs has increased worldwide and has become a public health problem, affecting particularly adolescents. This study aimed to identify the opinions of adolescent students on the use of drugs and drug users, in a school in Lima, Peru. It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a questionnaire self-applied to 386 students. Data collected comprised students' personal data, their perception on the risk of drugs consumption, motivations, information on preventive interventions, drugs availability, opinion regarding drug users and their family, and social acceptance. Male gender was predominant. Most of the participants were unfavorable regarding risk perception and consumption motives, though, they were favorable towards information. We have a relevant role in explaining behaviors and also in implementing appropriate and efficient preventive and treatment programs.

El consumo de drogas ha aumentado en todas las regiones del mundo, volviéndose un problema de salud pública, afectando especialmente a los adolescentes. Este estudio tiene como objetivos identificar las opiniones de los adolescentes escolares sobre el uso de drogas e identificar la opinión sobre el consumidor de drogas, en un colegio de Lima-Perú. Estudio descriptivo y transversal, se usó un cuestionario autoaplicado a 386 estudiantes. Se obtuvo datos personales del escolar, la percepción de riesgo del consumo de drogas, motivaciones, información acerca de medidas preventivas, disponibilidad de la droga, la opinión sobre el consumidor de drogas e la aceptación social y familiar al consumidor de drogas. Predomina el sexo masculino en las características personales. Al opinar sobre la percepción de riesgo la mayoría tiene opinión desfavorable de los motivos de consumo y esta a favor de la información. Tenemos un relevante papel tanto para explicar las conductas como para la puesta en práctica de programas adecuados y eficaces de prevención y tratamiento.

O consumo de drogas tem aumentado em todas as regiões do mundo e tem se tornado um problema de saúde pública, afetando principalmente adolescentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as opiniões dos adolescentes em idade escolar sobre o uso de drogas e sobre o consumidor de drogas em uma escola de Lima, Peru. Estudo descritivo e transversal com questionário auto-aplicável a 386 estudantes. Foram obtidos dados pessoais dos estudantes, percepção de risco do consumo de drogas, motivações, informação sobre medidas preventivas, disponibilidade da droga, opinião sobre o consumidor de drogas e aceitação familiar e social do consumidor de drogas. O sexo masculino foi predominante. A maioria tem opinião desfavorável sobre a percepção de risco e sobre os motivos de consumo, e é a favor da informação. Temos um papel relevante na explicação de condutas assim como para por em prática programas adequados e eficazes de prevenção e tratamento.