ABSTRACT. The use of multispectral images has great potential to assess seed quality and represents a significant technological advance in the search for fast and non-destructive analysis techniques. However, the devices currently available are expensive. Thus, this study aimed to propose a low-cost method for acquisition and processing of multispectral images of soybean seeds and to evaluate their potential for rapid determination of seed physiological potential. The study was conducted in three steps: implementation of the multispectral image acquisition system, development of an algorithm for automatic image processing, and evaluation of the relationship between the data obtained through image analysis and the results of standard tests used to evaluate seed physiological potential. A total of 43 variables were assessed, eight related to seed physiological potential (germination and vigor) and 35 obtained from the analysis of the multispectral images. Of the variables obtained from multispectral images, 21 were related to pixel values in the images in the different bands evaluated (green, red, and infrared) and 14 associated with seed morphometric characteristics. The proposed system is efficient in obtaining multispectral images and the algorithm developed was efficient to extract morphometric characteristics and pixel information from the images. The parameters obtained from the NIR spectrum region showed a good relationship with the physiological potential of soybean seeds.

Abstract The effectiveness of at-home dental bleaching treatments depends on the time that bleaching products are in contact with the teeth surface and, consequently, on the adequate use of associated custom acetate trays. Objective This randomized single-blinded trial aimed to analyze if the daily usage time of these products influences the patient’s compliance behavior when submitted to monitored at-home dental bleaching. Secondary outcomes were color change and tooth sensitivity. Methodology Sixty-six volunteers were randomly distributed into three groups (n=22): patients were instructed to use the trays for 2 (G2), 4 (G4), and 8 (G8) hours daily. The daily dental bleaching compliance behavior was measured using a microsensor inserted into the trays. Subjective and objective color evaluation assessments were adopted at baseline (T0), one (T1), two (T2), and three weeks (T3) after the beginning of the bleaching treatment, as well as two weeks after the treatment (T4). Tooth sensitivity was analyzed using the VAS scale, ranging from T1 to T4. Results G2 showed a greater degree of cooperation than G8 and cooperation was inversely proportional to the recommended usage time. Significantly higher color change was observed in the upper arch for G8 when compared to G2 in subjective analysis, from T1 to T4. There were no statistical differences between the groups in objective analysis. Conclusion Shorter recommended usage time of the bleaching product may improve the patient's compliance with at-home dental bleaching treatments. However, increased daily usage time may promote better subjective color change. Bleaching sensitivity was more significant in the first week for a longer time of use.

RESUMO O uso comercial de híbridos de cebola é preferido pelos produtores. Em contrapartida, a produção de sementes híbridas de cebola é extremamente ineficiente. Isso se deve ao fato do uso de linhagens obtidas por sucessivas autofecundações assumindo o efeito de depressão por endogamia per se. Diante disso, faz-se necessário buscar novas alternativas capazes de reduzir o efeito de depressão por endogamia nas linhagens. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar possíveis diferenças de polimorfismo e níveis de heterozigosidade de linhagens obtidas de plantas intercruzadas e autofecundadas. Foram utilizadas 12 populações de cebola pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento da Bayer (Granex, IPA-1, IPA-2 e IPA-3), obtidas por autofecundação de uma planta, entrecruzamento de duas plantas ou intercruzamento de três plantas. Três indivíduos de cada linhagem foram utilizados nas análises. As amplificações foram realizadas a partir do uso de 8 microsatélite primers com maior polimorfismo, de acordo com estudos de caracterização de germoplasma realizados pela CITA-Espanhola. A heterozigosidade geralmente diminui com a autofertilização e aumenta à medida que mais plantas são usadas no cruzamento. Os marcadores SSRs usados no presente estudo foram eficientes para detectar variabilidade nos diferentes backgrounds genéticos. Com os resultados obtidos, sugere-se realizar a obtenção de híbridos entre as diferentes combinações e analisar o desempenho per se das diferentes modalidades de obtenção de linhagens propostas na presente pesquisa.

ABSTRACT The commercial use of onion hybrids is preferred by producers. In contrast, the production of hybrid onion seeds is extremely inefficient. This is due to the use of lineages obtained by successive self-fertilizations assuming the effect of inbreeding depression per se. Therefore, it is necessary to understand new alternatives to reduce the effect of inbreeding depression in the strains. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible differences in polymorphism and levels of heterozygosity of strains obtained from intercrossed and self-fertilized plants. Twelve onion populations belonging to Bayer’s breeding program (Granex, IPA-1, IPA-2 and IPA-3) were used, obtained by self-fertilization of one plant, intercrossing of two plants or intercrossing of three plants. Three individuals from each strain were used in the analyzes. The amplifications were performed using 8 microsatellite primers with greater polymorphism, according to germplasm characterization studies carried out by CITA. Heterozygosity generally decreases with self-fertilization and increases as more plants are used in the cross. The SSR markers used in the present study were efficient in detecting variability in different genetic backgrounds. With the results obtained, it is suggested to carry out the obtaining of hybrids between the different combinations and to analyze the performance per se of the different modalities of obtaining strains proposed in the present research.

Abstract Mitigating reductions in vigor in onion seed production has been a great challenge to breeding programs. Therefore, we compared the effects of inbreeding depression among populations obtained from self-fertilization and crossbreeding with two and three plants. We evaluated eleven populations and three breeding methods (two and three-plant crossbreeding, and self-fertilization of one plant) and measured the characteristics related to seed yield (plant appearance, stem vigor, number of umbels, flowering uniformity, fruit setting, and resistance to Alternaria) from 2014 to 2015. Thirteen RAPD molecular markers were used to determine the genetic divergence among populations derived from different breeding methods. We found that inbreeding depression affects plant vigor in early generations that have greater heterozygosity. Three-plant crossbreeding results in greater seed yield in populations with low levels of inbreeding. The populations obtained from self-fertilization and two- and three-plant crossbreeding were genetically similar, demonstrating the efficiency of obtaining inbred lines without genetic divergence.

RESUMO A mangueira 'Ubá' é muito importante para as indústrias produtoras de suco na região da Zona da Mata Mineira, mas problemas como florescimento desuniforme e baixa produtividade têm desestimulado os produtores. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do paclobutrazol, aliado ao desponte de ramos, na indução do florescimento e na qualidade dos frutos da mangueira 'Ubá'. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 + 1, sendo compostos por cinco doses de paclobutrazol (0 g; 0,50 g; 1,00 g; 1,50 g; e 2,0 g por metro linear de copa), com e sem desponte dos ramos, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de florescimento, número de panículas por ramo, total de flores por panícula, razão entre flores masculinas e hermafroditas, número de frutos por ramo e qualidade dos frutos. Plantas tratadas com desponte apresentaram maior porcentagem de florescimento. Houve acréscimo na porcentagem de florescimento em resposta à dose de paclobutrazol, atingindo nível máximo na dosagem de 1,62 g por metro linear da copa. Plantas com desponte dos ramos apresentaram maior número de panículas por ramo. O incremento na dose de paclobutrazol aumentou a razão entre flores masculinas e hermafroditas. O desponte dos ramos aumentou o número de frutos por ramo. Não houve diferenças na qualidade dos frutos em resposta à aplicação do paclobutrazol. Conclui-se que a aplicação de paclobutrazol até a dose de 1,62 g por metro linear da copa, aliada ao desponte, aumenta o florescimento da mangueira 'Ubá' e não altera a qualidade dos frutos.

ABSTRACT The 'Ubá' mango tree cultivar is very important for the juice industry in the "Zona da Mata" region of the Minas Gerais State, in Brazil, but problems such as uneven flowering and low yield have discouraged producers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of paclobutrazol, combined with branch tip pruning, on the flowering induction and quality of 'Ubá' mango tree fruits. Treatments were distributed in a 5 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, consisting of five paclobutrazol doses (0 g, 0.50 g, 1.00 g, 1.50 g and 2.0 g per linear meter of canopy), with and without branch tip pruning, in a randomized blocks design, with four replicates. The flowering percentage, number of panicles per branch, total flowers per panicle, male/hermaphrodite flowers ratio, number of fruits per branch and fruit quality were evaluated. Plants treated with tip pruning showed a higher flowering percentage. There was an increase in the flowering percentage in response to the paclobutrazol dose, reaching a maximum level at the dose of 1.62 g per linear meter of canopy. Plants submitted to branch tip pruning had a higher number of panicles per branch. There was an increase in the male/hermaphrodite flowers ratio with increasing paclobutrazol doses. Branch tip pruning increased the number of fruits per branch. There were no differences in fruit quality in response to the paclobutrazol application. It was concluded that the paclobutrazol application at the dose of 1.62 g per linear meter of canopy, combined with branch tip pruning, increases the flowering of the 'Ubá' mango tree and does not change the fruit quality.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de 12 variedades de porta-enxertos sobre o desenvolvimento e a qualidade dos frutos da limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’ cultivadas no município de Jaíba-MG. O plantio do pomar experimental foi realizado em novembro de 2008, em espaçamento de 8 m x 5 m e irrigado usando gotejamento. O experimento foi constituído por uma cultivar copa (lima-ácida Tahiti, cultivar IAC-5) e 12 porta-enxertos: limoeiro ‘Cravo’, citrangeiro ‘Troyer’, citrangeiro ‘Carrizo’, híbrido 1707, citrandarineiro 1710, citrandarineiro 1697, citradia 1708, citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’, tangerineira ‘Cleópatra’, tangerineira ‘Sunki’, limoeiro ‘Volkameriano’ e trifoliateiro ‘Limeira’. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições e três plantas por parcela. Foram realizadas avaliações dos diâmetros dos troncos do porta-enxerto e do enxerto, a altura, o diâmetro da copa e o volume médio de copa, produção por planta, massa média dos frutos, número de frutos por planta, produtividade, índice de eficiência de produção, diâmetro longitudinal, diâmetro equatorial, teor dos sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e teor de vitamina C do fruto. O limoeiro ‘Volkameriano’ e a tangerineira ‘Cleópatra’ foram os que induziram maior vigor vegetativo e produtividade ao ‘Tahiti’. Por outro lado, o trifoliata ‘Limeira’ e citrangeiro ‘Troyer’ induziram menor vigor e maior eficiência de produção, despontando como porta-enxertos alternativos ao limoeiro ‘Cravo’, desde que sejam feitos ajustes nos espaçamentos de plantio, visando ao aumento da produtividade. Os frutos, em geral, não apresentaram diferenças quanto às características físicas e químicas entre os tratamentos, mantendo-se dentro dos padrões comerciais.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate 12 rootstock varieties on the development and quality of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime fruits cultivated in the municipality of Jaíba, MG. Seedlings were planted in an experimental orchard in November 2008, using 8 x 5 meters spacing and drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted using a scion cultivar (Tahiti acid lime, IAC-5 cultivar) and the following 12 rootstocks: ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Troyer’ citrange, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, 1707 hybrid (Rangpur lime x Swingle trifoliate), 1710 and 1697 citrandarins, 1708citradia, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Cleopatra’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins, ‘Volkamer’ lemon, and ‘Limeira’ trifoliate. A randomized block design with five replicates and three trees per plot was used. Trunk diameter of both rootstock and scion, as well as height, diameter, and canopy volume, yield, fruit mass, number of fruits per tree, productivity, production efficiency index, longitudinal diameter, equatorial diameter, total soluble solids, total acidity, and vitamin C content of fruits were evaluated. ‘Volkameriano’ and ‘Cleopatra’ rootstocks promoted higher plant vigor and productivity for ‘Tahiti’ acid lime. However, ‘Limeira’ trifoliate and ‘Troyer’ citrange produced less vigor, but increased production efficiency; and can be used as alternative rootstocks for ‘Rangpur’ lime, as long as adjustments are performed in the planting spacing to increase productivity. In general, no differences in physical and chemical characteristics of fruits for all treatments were found, and fruits remained within commercial standards.

Objetivou-se estudar a dinâmica dos carboidratos e a fluorescência da clorofila a em folhas de limeiras ácidas 'Tahiti', submetidas a épocas diferentes de anelamento e incisão anelar de ramos. Foram estudadas quatro épocas de realização de anelamento e incisão anelar, com um tratamento adicional, sem interrupção do floema. O anelamento, independentemente da época de realização, aumentou os teores de amido (55 a 90%) e açúcares solúveis totais (8 a 18%) nas folhas do 'Tahiti' até por volta dos 50 aos 60 dias. A incisão anelar, independentemente da época de realização, aumentou a concentração de amido (10 a 35%) em relação à testemunha, porém, o aumento foi inferior ao que ocorreu nas plantas aneladas (55 a 90%). O anelamento promoveu aumentos de F0 e redução da relação Fv/Fm, sendo os valores máximos (350) e mínimos (0,78), respectivamente, atingidos por volta dos 60 dias. Para as plantas da testemunha e incindidas, houve aumento de F0, sendo o valor máximo atingido aos 50 dias (320), porém inferior aos observados para o anelamento, e não houve alteração da relação Fv/Fm

The aimed to study the dynamics of carbohydrates and chlorophyll fluorescence a in leaves of acid lime trees 'Tahiti' subjected to different times girdling and ringing of branches. It was studied four times the realization of girdling and ringing, with an additional treatment, without phloem interruption. The girdling, regardless of the time of realization, increased starch (55 to 90%) and soluble sugars levels (8 to 18%) in 'Tahiti' leaves until around 50 to 60 days. The ringing, regardless of achievement time, increased starch content (10 to 35%) to the control compared, but increase was less than to that which occurred in girdled plants (55 to 90%). The girdling promoted F0 increase and Fv/Fm ratio reduced, being the maximum (350) and minimum (0.78), respectively, were reached at about 60 days. For control and ringing plants, there was F0 increase, being the maximum value was achieved in 50 days (320), but lower than those observed for girdling, and there was no change in Fv/Fm ratio

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do armazenamento sobre a viabilidade das sementes dos porta-enxertos Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, limoeiro Cravo, Trifoliata Limeira, Rangpur x Swingle 1707 armazenadas em sacolas de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) sobre temperatura controlada de 5-7°C e umidade relativa do ar de 70% por 210 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 30 dias foram avaliadas a emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e o grau de umidade das sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Nas condições de armazenamento utilizadas, as sementes do limoeiro Cravo com umidade de 8,03% ainda conservaram o poder germinativo em 67%, mas, para a manutenção da viabilidade de sementes de Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, Rangpur x Swingle 1707, o grau de umidade deve estar entre 30-40%. A viabilidade das sementes dos porta-enxertos Rangpur x Swingle 1707, Citradia 1708' e Citrange Carrizo se mantém por até 150 dias.

Aimed to evaluate the effect of storage on emergence and force of the rootstocks Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, Rangpur lime, Trifoliata Limeira, Rangpur x Swingle 1707 seeds stored in High density polyethylene (HDPE) at 5-7°C and relative humidity of 70% for 210 days. The emergence, emergence speed index and seed moisture content were performed each 30 days. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications. The storage in that conditions cited showed that the seeds of Rangpur with moisture content inferior to 9% still showed 66.94% and 2.03 for germination and IVE, respectively. For the maintenance of the viability of seeds of the rootstocks Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, Rangpur x Swingle 1707, moisture content could be kept between 35-40%. Seed viability of the rootstocks Rangpur x Swingle 1707, Citradia 1708 and Citrange Carrizo was maintained for until 150 days.

As moscas-das-frutas são responsáveis por grandes perdas em fruteiras comerciais no Brasil, por isso é fundamental conhecer as espécies predominantes na região. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a ocorrência de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) e seus parasitoides em laranjas doces (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), tangerina Poncã (Citrus reticulata Blanco) e mexerica Rio (Citrus deliciosa Ten), no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Os frutos foram coletados em abril de 2008. No laboratório eles foram acondicionados em caixas plásticas contendo areia umedecida e em ambiente controlado para obtenção dos pupários, que foram contados, acondicionados em frascos de vidro com areia fina e mantidos em estufa até a emergência dos adultos. Somente uma espécie de mosca-das-frutas (Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) e uma de parasitoide (Doryctobracon brasiliensis Szépligeti) foram identificadas. Dentre as variedades, a laranja doce Baianinha apresentou o maior índice de infestação, e os menores foram atribuídos à mexerica Rio e à tangerina Poncã.

Fruit flies are responsible for large losses in commercial orchards in Brazil, thus, it is important to know the predominant species in the region. The objective of this study was to study the occurrence of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritoidae) and of their parasitoids in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), 'Poncã' mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and 'Rio' tangerine (Citrus deliciosa Ten), in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. The fruits were collected in April 2008. In the laboratory, the fruits were stored in plastic boxes containing moist sand in a controlled environment, to obtain pupae. Then, the pupae were counted, placed in glass bottles with fine sand and kept in an oven until adult emergence. Only one species of fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and one species of parasitoid (Doryctobracon brasiliensis Szépligeti) were identified. Among the varieties, the sweet orange 'Baianinha' showed the highest rate of infection and the lower were assigned to the 'Rio' tangerine and 'Poncã' mandarin.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de fécula de mandioca na conservação pós-colheita de frutos de 'Mexerica-do-Rio' armazenados em temperatura ambiente. Os frutos, colhidos no estádio de maturação fisiológica no pomar experimental da UFV, foram selecionados, higienizados,imersos em suspensões de fécula de mandioca a 0; 2; 3 e 4% (p.v), acrescidas de 0,5 mL.L-1 de óleo mineral por 5 minutos e armazenados a 21,0 ± 1,0°C e 85 ± 5% UR, por até 12 dias, sendo avaliados a cada quatro dias. Houve perda de massa fresca em todos os tratamentos, mais drástica naquele onde não houve aplicação de biofilme, sendo que essa perda de massa refletiu à redução no teor de suco. Constatou-se redução significativa do conteúdo de vitamina C e acidez titulável, com exceção desse último quando se utilizou a maior dose de fécula.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of different doses of cassava starch in postharvest fruit of 'Mexerica-do-Rio' storage at room temperature. The fruits were harvested at physiological maturity in the experimental orchard at UFV, and were selected, cleaned and then immersed in suspensions of cassava starch at doses of 0, 2, 3 and 4% (g.v-1), plus 0.5 mL.L-1 of mineral oil for 5 minutes and stored at 21.0 ± 1.0 °C and relative humidity of 85 ± 5%, for 12 days, and were evaluated every four days. There was a fresh mass loss in all treatments, however more drastic when no application of biofilm was made. The mass loss reflected in the juice content reduction. It was observed significant reduction in the vitamin C content and acidity, except for the latter, when using the higher dose of starch.

O uso de fertilizantes de liberação lenta e o de fertilizantes orgânicos são alternativas promissoras, uma vez que reduzem as perdas por lixiviação, volatilização e problemas como toxidez ou salinidade às plantas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de fertilizante orgânico (Humato-Macota®), comparando seu efeito com o do fertilizante de liberação lenta (Osmocote®), sobre o crescimento vegetativo e o teor de nitrogênio na massa de matéria seca de limoeiro 'Cravo'. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial, com um tratamento adicional (4 x 4 +1), sendo o primeiro fator composto por quatro concentrações de Humato-Macota® (0; 1; 2; e 3%) aplicadas no substrato. Para composição do segundo fator, foram utilizadas as mesmas concentrações de Humato-Macota®, porém, via foliar, em pulverizações quinzenais. O tratamento adicional consistiu na aplicação de 5,0 kg m-3 de Osmocote,® da fórmula 18-05-09. Todas as características de crescimento avaliadas (altura, massa de matéria seca total, razão raiz/parte aérea e área foliar), bem como o rendimento quântico potencial do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm), tiveram valores médios maiores quando as plantas foram adubadas com o fertilizante de liberação lenta. O fertilizante orgânico aplicado isoladamente não supriu a necessidade de N do limoeiro 'Cravo'.

Slow-release and organic fertilizers are promising alternatives to conventional fertilizers, as both reduce losses by leaching, volatilization and problems of toxicity and/or salinity to plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different rates of the organic fertilizer Humato-Macota® compared with the slow-release fertilizer Osmocote® on the growth and nitrogen content in the dry matter of Rangpur lime. A field experiment was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with an additional treatment (4 x 4 +1). The first factor consisted of four HumatoMacota® rates (0, 1, 2, and 3%) applied to the substrate; the second factor consisted of the same Humato-Macota® concentrations, but applied as fortnightly foliar sprays; the additional treatment consisted of application of 5 kgm-3 Osmocote® 18-05-09. Means of all growth characteristics (plant height, total dry matter, root/shoot ratio and leaf area) and the potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were higher when plants were fertilized with the slow-release fertilizer. The organic fertilizer applied alone did not meet the N requirement of Rangpur lime.