Abstract Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of hypertension (HTN) among teachers of IEP No. 20799 Daniel Alcides Carrión located in Chancayllo, Chancay-Huaral, Local Education Management Unit (UGEL) No. 10, 2021. Materials and methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study which included the entire population of teachers of IEP No. 20799 Daniel Alcides Carrión, totaling n = 60. The teachers who did not provide the informed consent were excluded, leaving a sample of n = 54. A previously validated questionnaire was used to analyze teachers’ age, sex, education level, grade level taught, place of residence, diagnosis of HTN, family history of HTN and level of knowledge of HTN. A database was created in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS Statistics, thus determining the frequency, proportion and mean. Results: The teachers' average age was 42.78 ± 8.44 and the largest age group consisted of adults aged 31 to 59 years, with 94 % (n = 51). Out of all individuals, 96 % (n = 52) had a high level of knowledge of HTN, as well as of the three evaluated dimensions. Women accounted for the highest percentage in the sample, with 74.10 % (n = 40). Concerning their education level, 66 % (n = 36) had a degree and, according to their grade level taught, their percentage distribution was similar in preschool, primary and secondary schools. As for the history of HTN, 53.70 % (n = 29) had a personal or family history of the condition and 14.80 % (n = 8) had a diagnosis of HTN. Conclusions: Teachers of IEP No. 20799 mainly had a high level of knowledge of HTN during the year 2021 and no difference was found with respect to the teachers' level of knowledge that was related or not to the history of HTN.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre hipertensión (HTA) en docentes del IEP n.° 20799 Daniel Alcides Carrión de Chancayllo, Chancay-Huaral, Unidad de Gestión Educativa Local (UGEL) n.° 10, 2021. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Incluyó a toda la población de docentes del IEP n.° 20799 Daniel Alcides Carrión, que sumó n = 60. Se excluyeron a los docentes que no entregaron el consentimiento informado y quedó una muestra de n = 54. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado previamente, donde se analizó edad, sexo, nivel educativo del docente, grado educativo de enseñanza, lugar de residencia, diagnóstico de HTA, antecedente familiar de HTA y nivel de conocimiento de HTA. Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel y se analizó descriptivamente en SPSS, determinando frecuencia, proporción y media. Resultados: La edad promedio de los docentes fue 42,78 ± 8,44 y la edad predominante fue la adulta (31-59 años), con un 94 % (n = 51). El 96 % (n = 52) presentó un nivel alto de conocimiento de HTA, así como en las 3 dimensiones evaluadas. Las mujeres representan un mayor porcentaje en la muestra, con 74,10 % (n = 40); según el grado de instrucción, 66 % (n = 36) son titulados; de acuerdo con el grado educativo de enseñanza, los porcentajes son similares tanto en inicial, primaria y secundaria. Según los antecedentes de HTA, 53,70 % (n = 29) presenta algún antecedente personal o familiar; 14,80 % (n = 8) tiene diagnóstico de HTA. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento de la hipertensión arterial que presentaron los docentes de la IEP n.° 20799 durante el año 2021 fue predominantemente alto y no se encontró diferencia con respecto al nivel de conocimiento de los docentes asociados o no a los antecedentes de hipertensión.

RESUMEN Introducción: Apendicitis aguda es la patología más frecuente en emergencia quirúrgica. La oportunidad y eficacia del diagnóstico es un parámetro de evaluación de la calidad de atención. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia entre diagnóstico clínico, quirúrgico y anatomopatológico en pacientes con apendicitis aguda, Hospital de Emergencia “José Casimiro Ulloa”, Lima - Perú, 2018. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo, analítico. Se revisaron historias clínicas de 222 pacientes diagnosticados de apendicitis aguda el 2018. Calculo muestral con población conocida (1200), muestreo probabilístico. Se incluyeron pacientes > 18 años diagnosticados de apendicitis aguda, intervenidos quirúrgicamente, que contaban con estudio anatomopatológico, excluyendo gestantes y pacientes con comorbilidades. Los datos se procesaron y analizaron con SPSS v.25, Se utilizo estadística descriptiva, y coeficiente kappa para analizar la concordancia, usando la valoración de Landis y Koch: concordancia leve (Kappa= 0,01-0,20), aceptable (0,21 -0,40), moderada (0,41-0,60), considerable (0,61- 0,80) y casi perfecta (0.81-1). Resultados: Predominaron adultos (50,9%), varones (56,8%). (83,8%) fueron diagnosticados clínicamente como apendicitis que requerían cirugía. El diagnóstico quirúrgico predominante fue apéndice supurado (32.4%) y diagnóstico anatomopatológico predominante apéndice flemonoso (72,7%). Un caso de apéndice normal en diagnostico anatomopatológico. La concordancia diagnóstico clínico-quirúrgico fue (kappa=4.18), diagnóstico clínico-anatomopatológico (kappa=0.66), y la concordancia diagnóstico quirúrgico y anatomopatológico (kappa=0,497). Conclusiones: Se halló moderada concordancia entre diagnóstico clínico - quirúrgico, considerable concordancia diagnóstico clínico - anatomopatológico, reafirmando la importancia clínica en toma de decisiones para una intervención quirúrgica oportuna. La concordancia diagnóstico quirúrgico y anatomopatológico fue moderada, observando un moderado grado de certeza de los cirujanos y patólogos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most frequent pathology in surgical emergencies. The timeliness and effectiveness of the diagnosis are parameters for evaluating the quality of care. Objective: To determine the concordance between clinical, surgical, and pathological diagnosis in patients with acute appendicitis, "José Casimiro Ulloa" Emergency Hospital, Lima - Peru, 2018. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective, analytical study. Medical records of 222 patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis in 2018 were reviewed. Sample calculation with a known population (1200), probabilistic sampling. Patients > 18 years old diagnosed with acute appendicitis, operated on, who had a pathological study, excluding pregnant women and patients with comorbidities, were included. The data were processed and analyzed with SPSS v.25. Descriptive statistics and kappa coefficient were used to analyze concordance, using the Landis and Koch assessment: slight concordance (Kappa= 0.01-0.20), acceptable (0 .21-0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), considerable (0.61-0.80) and almost perfect (0.81-1). Results: Adults (50.9%), males (56.8%) predominated. (83.8%) were clinically diagnosed with appendicitis requiring surgery. The predominant surgical diagnosis was suppurative appendicitis (32.4%), and the predominant pathological diagnosis was phlegmonous appendix (72.7%). A case of the normal appendix in anatomopathological diagnosis. Clinical-surgical diagnostic agreement was (kappa=4.18), clinical-pathological diagnosis (kappa=0.66), and surgical and pathological diagnosis agreement (kappa=0.497). Conclusions: Moderate concordance between clinical-surgical diagnosis and considerable clinical-pathological concordance diagnosis, reaffirming the clinical importance in decision-making for timely surgical intervention. Surgical and pathological diagnostic concordance was moderate, observing a moderate degree of certainty of the surgeons and pathologists.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a satisfacción en la atención en salud de los pacientes internados en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) en agosto del 2018. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado mediante encuesta a 149 pacientes del Servicio de Medicina Interna en el HNAL, con muestreo aleatorio simple. Se incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años; se excluyó a aquellos no orientados en tiempo, persona/lugar o que no hablaban castellano. El instrumento, basado en la encuesta del Ministerio de Salud (Minsa), fue validado por expertos (concordancia: 0,9) y mediante prueba piloto (alfa de Cronbach: 0,8). Se procesaron los datos en Excel, y el el análisis estadístico en SPSS v.12. El análisis descriptivo de las variables y su asociación se determinó con ji al cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher y regresión logística. Resultados: Los factores predominantes fueron sexo femenino (50,30 %) y grado de instrucción primaria (35,57 %). La satisfacción por atención fue 84,60 %. El análisis bivariado identificó que satisfacción está asociada con grado de instrucción, trato al usuario, confianza, examen físico completo, información del problema de salud, información fácil de entender, horario de atención, tiempo de espera, comodidad, limpieza, privacidad, capacidad del personal de salud para resolver problemas (médico, enfermera, técnico) y solución del problema de salud (p < 0,005). El análisis de regresión logística halló que satisfacción está asociada con trato al usuario (p = 0,011; IC:0,03-0,462), examen físico completo (p = 0,04; IC: 0,042-0,932) y grado de instrucción (p = 0,006; IC:0,264-0,804). Conclusiones: Los factores asociados con la satisfacción de los pacientes hospitalizados en HNAL fueron trato al usuario, examen físico completo y grado de instrucción. La satisfacción fue alta.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the factors associated with healthcare satisfaction among patients admitted to Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) in August 2018. Materials and methods: A survey-based cross-sectional study conducted with 149 patients admitted to the HNAL Internal Medicine ward and selected by simple random sampling. The study included patients ≥18 years and excluded those disoriented to time, place and person, or who did not speak Spanish. An instrument based on a Ministry of Health (MINSA) survey was designed and then validated by experts (coefficient of concordance: 0.9) and a pilot test (Cronbach's alpha: 0.8). Data was processed using Excel and analyzed using SPSS Statistics V12. The variables’ descriptive analysis and association were performed by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The main factors were female sex (50.30 %) and primary education (35.57 %). Healthcare satisfaction accounted for 84.60 %. The bivariate analysis showed that satisfaction was associated with education level, customer service, trust, complete physical exam, information on health problems, easy-to-understand information, operation hours, waiting time, comfort, cleanliness, privacy, healthcare personnel (doctors, nurses, technicians) problem-solving skills, and solutions to health problems (p < 0.005). The logistic regression analysis showed that satisfaction was associated with customer service (p = 0.011; CI: 0.03 - 0.462), complete physical exam (p = 0.04; CI: 0.042 - 0.932) and education level (p = 0.06; CI: 0.264 - 0.804). Conclusions: The factors associated with healthcare satisfaction among patients admitted to HNAL were customer service, complete physical exam and education level. The satisfaction level was high.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the amount of tear flow in a population aged between 20 and 30 and correlate it with the relative humidity in Arequipa and Lima (2019). Materials and methods: A quantitative, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted from July to August 2019. The study population consisted of patients aged between 20 and 30 attending ophthalmology clinics in Lima (79 people) and Arequipa (44 people). The exclusion criteria were the following: postoperative patients who underwent an eye surgery, contact lens wearers, people who used a computer over six consecutive hours a day, or those who were awake for less than two hours on the day of the test. Age, sex, place of residence, occupation, time of computer use, marital status, relative humidity and tear flow were assessed. An Excel database was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics statistical software with parametric tests (Pearson correlation coefficient) to evaluate the correlation between the quantitative variables. Frequencies were used as qualitative variable, and mean and mode as quantitative variables. Results: A mean relative humidity of 31.89 %, low tear flow in 21 patients (47.7 %) and normal tear flow in 23 patients (52.3 %) were found in Arequipa. In contrast, a mean relative humidity of 71.05 %, low tear flow in 23 people (29.1 %) and normal tear flow in 56 people (70.9 %) were found in Lima. The correlation between tear flow and relative humidity accounted for 0.841 in Arequipa and 0.876 in Lima. As for the correlation between age and tear flow, the higher the age, the lower the tear flow: Arequipa (-0.866) and Lima (-0.892). Regarding the correlation between time of computer use and tear flow, the longer the hours on the computer, the lower the tear flow: Arequipa (-0.757) and Lima (-0.806). However, neither correlation was significant. Conclusions: The lower the relative humidity, the lower the tear flow. Age and time of computer use were inversely proportional to tear flow.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar y correlacionar la cantidad de flujo lagrimal de una población de 20 a 30 años en las ciudades con humedad relativa de Arequipa y Lima (2019). Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo observacional descriptivo transversal, realizado en los meses de julio y agosto de 2019, que incluyó a pacientes entre 20 y 30 años de clínicas oftalmológicas en Lima (79 personas) y Arequipa (44 personas). Se consideró como criterios de exclusión a pacientes posquirúrgicos de cirugía ocular, usuarios de lentes de contacto o que utilizaban computadora más de 6 horas seguidas al día o que hayan estado menos de dos horas despiertos el día de la prueba. Se analizó la edad, el sexo, el lugar de residencia, la ocupación, el tiempo de uso de la computadora, el estado civil, la humedad relativa y el flujo lagrimal. Se creó una base de datos en Excel y se analizó en SPSS mediante pruebas paramétricas (correlación de Pearson) con el fin de evaluar la correlación entre las variables cuantitativas. Para las variables cualitativas se usó frecuencias; para las cuantitativas, media y moda. Resultados: En Arequipa se encontró humedad relativa media de 31,89 %, flujo lagrimal bajo en 21 pacientes (47,7 %) y normal en 23 (52,3 %); en Lima la humedad relativa media fue de 71,05 %, se encontró bajo flujo lagrimal en 23 personas (29,1 %) y normal en 56 (70,9 %). La correlación flujo lagrimal y humedad relativa fue 0,841 en Arequipa y 0,876 en Lima. A su vez, la relación flujo lagrimal y edad mostró que, a mayor edad, menor flujo en ambas ciudades: Arequipa (-0,866), Lima (-0,892); y se observó que, a mayor cantidad de horas frente a la computadora, menor flujo lagrimal: Arequipa (-0,757), Lima (-0,806); sin embargo, ninguna correlación fue significativa. Conclusiones: A menor humedad relativa, el flujo lagrimal fue más bajo. La edad y el número de horas en el computador fueron inversamente proporcionales al flujo lagrimal.

The use of the hemicellulosic fraction of plants for the production of second generation bioethanol depends on microorganisms capable to ferment pentoses. Two yeast strains habile to xylose fermenting in synthetic medium, Candida akabanensis UFVJM-R131 and Galactomyces geotrichum UFVJM-R10, not yet registered in the literature for the production of bioethanol, were evaluated here in the alcoholic fermentation of the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate from sunflower cake. The biomass hydrolysis was performed by 38 minutes at 120 °C / 1 atm with 6% H2SO4 solution and solid / liquid ratio of 1:3.2. Chromatographic characterization of the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate showed the presence of glucose (7.57 g L-1), xylose (19.53 g L-1) and arabinose (8.85 g L-1), besides 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (0.71 g L-1), furfural (0.05 g L-1) and acetic acid (5.27 g L-1). Both yeasts were able to produce ethanol from the acid hydrolyzate from sunflower cake. The fermentation carried out with G. geotrichum UFVJM-R10 and C. akabanensis UFVJM-R131 presented YP/S values of 0.29 and 0.27 g ethanol g-1sugars, respectively. The amounts of the inhibitors identified in the hydrolyzate did not affect the efficiency of the alcoholic fermentation. The supplementation of the hydrolyzate with nitrogen and mineral sources increased the rate of consumption of xylose and arabinose.

ABSTRACT Background: Interventions aimed at improving health must take into account the health inequalities and the target the population in need. The mihsalud program (Women, Children and Men creating health) promotes health in vulnerable populations through engaging and collaborating with the local third sector. The objective of the study was to describe the changes attributed to the mihsalud programme and the process of action-training of community-based health volunteers (ASBC in Spanish) as perceived by the local organizations where they work or volunteer. Methods: Qualitative descriptive study through semi-structured interviews with representatives of organizations that trained ASBC during 2012 in Valencia. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of organizations which had trained some of their volunteers to become ASBC during the 2012 action-training session. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed with the programme for qualitative analysis Nvivo. Themathic analysis was performed: transcripts were coded line by line from an inductive perspective. Results: Three main categories were identified: 1) The role of the ASBC: The associations recognise the role of the ASBC among their peers and the importance of the training received in the program; 2) Perceived changes: The associations recognize having a broader vision of health, identify the role of the figure ASBC that coordinates with health professionals in their health area and networking with other associations that were previously unknown; 3) Challenges and opportunities: Lack of support for the continuity of projects with ASBC due to the precariousness of small organisations and coordination with services, recognition at the local level and promotion of participation and interculturality through ASBC and their peers. Conclusions: The organizations recognize that the program and ASBC have made collaboration with health sector possible, have promoted health among their peers and have encouraged networking with other organizations and areas.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la salud deben tener en cuenta las desigualdades de la población y orientarse a la población más necesitada. El programa mihsalud (Mujeres, Infancia y Hombres construyendo salud) promueve la salud en poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad implicando al ámbito asociativo. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los cambios atribuidos al programa mihsalud y al proceso de formación-acción de agentes de salud de base comunitaria (ASBC) por parte de las asociaciones a las que pertenecen. Método: Estudio descriptivo cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes de asociaciones participantes que formaron ASBC durante 2012 en Valencia. Se realizaron 12 entrevistas semiestructuradas con representantes de asociaciones que formaron ASBC tras 4 años de la formación. Las entrevistas se transcribieron verbatim y se analizaron con el programa para análisis cualitativo “Nvivo (análisis temático)”: Las transcripciones se codificaron línea por línea con perspectiva inductiva. Resultados: Se agruparon en tres categorías principales: 1) Reconocimiento del rol del ASBC: Las asociaciones reconocieron el rol del ASBC entre sus iguales y la importancia de la formación recibida; 2) Cambios percibidos: Las asociaciones reconocieron tener una visión más amplia sobre la salud, identificaron el rol del ASBC que se coordina con los profesionales sanitarios de su zona de salud y el trabajo en red con otras asociaciones que antes desconocían; 3) Dificultades y oportunidades: La falta de apoyo para la continuidad de los proyectos vinculados con ASBC por la precariedad de las asociaciones pequeñas; y la coordinación con los servicios, el reconocimiento a nivel local y el fomento de la participación e interculturalidad a través de ASBC y sus iguales. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones reconocen que el programa y ASBC han hecho posible la colaboración con recursos sanitarios, han promocionado la salud entre sus iguales y han fomentado el trabajo en red.

RESUMO. Analisaram-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), os valores de pH e os teores de ácido lático (AL) de silagens de cana de açúcar adicionadas de diferentes níveis de inclusão (NI) de torta de macaúba (TM) em diferentes tempos de abertura (TA), em dias. Utilizou-se silos laboratoriais que foram abertos nos tempos 0; 3; 7; 12; 24; 36; 41 e 60 dias após a ensilagem. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se a metodologia de superfície de resposta. Os teores de MS foram influenciados tanto pelo NI quanto pelo TA. A inclusão da TM contribuiu para aumentar os teores de MS da cana de açúcar, pois atuou como absorvente de umidade da cana ensilada. Os valores de pH foram influenciados apenas pelo TA, que foram inferiores a 3,8. Os teores de AL foram influenciados tanto pelo NI quanto pelo TA, ou seja, a inclusão da TM favoreceu o aumento dos teores de AL ao longo dos 60 dias avaliados. Conclui-se que a inclusão da TM à ensilagem de cana de açúcar pode ser utilizada em todos os NI avaliados, e as silagens devem ser armazenadas por 60 dias, para garantir o adequado processo fermentativo dentro dos silos.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the pH and contents of dry matter (DM) and lactic acid (AL) of sugarcane silages added with different levels of inclusion of macaúba cake (TM) in different opening times (TA), in days. Laboratory silos used were opened at times 0; 3; 7; 12; 24; 36; 41 and 60 days after ensiling. The response surface methodology was used for statistical analysis. The DM content was influenced by both NI and TA. The inclusion of TM contributed to increase the DM content of sugarcane, as it absorbed moisture of the ensiled sugarcane. The pH values were influenced only by TA, which were lower than 3.8. The AL content was influenced by both NI and TA, that is, the inclusion of TM favored the increase of AL content over the 60 days evaluated. It can be concluded that the inclusion of TM in sugarcane silage can be used in all NI evaluated, and the silages should be stored for 60 days to ensure the adequate fermentation process inside the silos.

RESUMO. O capim-elefante apresenta problemas durante a fermentação do material ensilado, sendo necessário uso de aditivos. Objetivou-se avaliar a população de fungos leveduriformes e filamentosos, enterobactérias, teores de ácido acético e butírico e produção de etanol, nas silagens de capim-elefante adicionadas com diferentes níveis de torta de macaúba, em tempos de abertura. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo três níveis de inclusão da torta de macaúba (0, 10 e 20%) e seis tempos de abertura (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 e 60 dias após a ensilagem), com quatro repetições. Em todas as variáveis estudadas, houve diferença na interação níveis x tempos, encontrando-se comportamento linear crescente somente para os teores de ácido acético. Nas demais variáveis, observou-se comportamento quadrático. As silagens de capim-elefante produziram ácido acético, que, por sua vez, inibiu a produção de fungos leveduriformes e filamentosos. Houve um pequeno desenvolvimento de enterobactérias, que ocorreu somente nos primeiros tempos de abertura, e baixa produção de ácido butírico e etanol, o que indicou um material com boas características fermentativas. A torta de macaúba contribuiu para a melhoria do processo fermentativo anaeróbico; porém não foi tão expressiva para os parâmetros avaliados neste trabalho.

ABSTRACT. The elephant grass presents problems during the fermentation of the ensiled material, being necessary use of additives. This study aimed to evaluate the population of yeast and filamentous fungi, enterobacterias, contents of acetic and butyric acids and ethanol production, in elephant grass silages added with different levels of macaúba cake at opening times. This was a 3 x 6 factorial completely randomized experimental design, with three inclusion levels of the macaúba cake (0, 10 and 20%) and six opening times (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 days after ensiling), with four replications. For all the studied variables, there was a difference in the interaction among levels and times, and an increasing linear behavior only for the contents of acetic acid, for the other variables, the behavior was quadratic. The elephant grass silages produced acetic acid, which in turn inhibited the production of yeast and filamentous fungi. There was a small development of enterobacterias only in the first opening times, and low production of butyric acid and ethanol, which indicated a material with good fermentative characteristics. The macaúba cake contributed to improve the anaerobic fermentation process, but it was not as expressive for the parameters evaluated in this work.

ABSTRACT Background: Interventions aimed at improving health must take into account the health inequalities and the target the population in need. The mihsalud program (Women, Children and Men creating health) promotes health in vulnerable populations through engaging and collaborating with the local third sector. The objective of the study was to describe the changes attributed to the mihsalud programme and the process of action-training of community-based health volunteers (ASBC in Spanish) as perceived by the local organizations where they work or volunteer. Methods: Qualitative descriptive study through semi-structured interviews with representatives of organizations that trained ASBC during 2012 in Valencia. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of organizations which had trained some of their volunteers to become ASBC during the 2012 action-training session. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed with the programme for qualitative analysis Nvivo. Themathic analysis was performed: transcripts were coded line by line from an inductive perspective. Results: Three main categories were identified: 1) The role of the ASBC: The associations recognise the role of the ASBC among their peers and the importance of the training received in the program; 2) Perceived changes: The associations recognize having a broader vision of health, identify the role of the figure ASBC that coordinates with health professionals in their health area and networking with other associations that were previously unknown; 3) Challenges and opportunities: Lack of support for the continuity of projects with ASBC due to the precariousness of small organisations and coordination with services, recognition at the local level and promotion of participation and interculturality through ASBC and their peers. Conclusions: The organizations recognize that the program and ASBC have made collaboration with health sector possible, have promoted health among their peers and have encouraged networking with other organizations and areas.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la salud deben tener en cuenta las desigualdades de la población y orientarse a la población más necesitada. El programa mihsalud (Mujeres, Infancia y Hombres construyendo salud) promueve la salud en poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad implicando al ámbito asociativo. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los cambios atribuidos al programa mihsalud y al proceso de formación-acción de agentes de salud de base comunitaria (ASBC) por parte de las asociaciones a las que pertenecen. Método: Estudio descriptivo cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes de asociaciones participantes que formaron ASBC durante 2012 en Valencia. Se realizaron 12 entrevistas semiestructuradas con representantes de asociaciones que formaron ASBC tras 4 años de la formación. Las entrevistas se transcribieron verbatim y se analizaron con el programa para análisis cualitativo “Nvivo (análisis temático)”: Las transcripciones se codificaron línea por línea con perspectiva inductiva. Resultados: Se agruparon en tres categorías principales: 1) Reconocimiento del rol del ASBC: Las asociaciones reconocieron el rol del ASBC entre sus iguales y la importancia de la formación recibida; 2) Cambios percibidos: Las asociaciones reconocieron tener una visión más amplia sobre la salud, identificaron el rol del ASBC que se coordina con los profesionales sanitarios de su zona de salud y el trabajo en red con otras asociaciones que antes desconocían; 3) Dificultades y oportunidades: La falta de apoyo para la continuidad de los proyectos vinculados con ASBC por la precariedad de las asociaciones pequeñas; y la coordinación con los servicios, el reconocimiento a nivel local y el fomento de la participación e interculturalidad a través de ASBC y sus iguales. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones reconocen que el programa y ASBC han hecho posible la colaboración con recursos sanitarios, han promocionado la salud entre sus iguales y han fomentado el trabajo en red.

RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de concentrações do farelo de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst.), com diferentes massas específicas, na ensilagem de capim-elefante (Penninsetum purpureum Schum.). Para tanto foram determinadas as composições bromatológica e microbiológica das silagens experimentais. Foram utilizados 48 minissilos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em esquema fatorial 4 × 3, sendo quatro concentrações de inclusão do farelo de crambe (0; 10; 20 e 30%) e três massas específicas (400; 500 e 600 kg de MN m-3), com quatro repetições. Após 240 dias de fermentação os silos foram abertos. Foi observado efeito linear para os teores de MS, PB, FDNcp, FDAcp, HEM, LIG, CNF, CT e para a população de bactérias produtoras de ácido lático com a inclusão do farelo de crambe. Houve interação entre os fatores farelo de crambe e massas específicas sobre os valores de pH e N-NH3. Para as variáveis MM e contagem de leveduras houve efeito linear negativo em função da massa específica avaliada. A inclusão do farelo de crambe contribui para incrementar o perfil fermentativo e a composição bromatológica das silagens de capim-elefante estudadas, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com a adição de 30% deste coproduto, com base na matéria natural.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of crambe bran concentrations (Crambe abyssinica Hochst.) with different specific masses in elephant grass silage (Penninsetum purpureum Schum.). For that, the bromatological and microbiological compositions of the experimental silages were determined. We used 48 mini silos distributed in a completely randomized design, arranged in a factorial 4 × 3, four levels of inclusion of crambe bran (0; 10; 20 and 30%) and three specific masses (400; 500 and 600 kg MN m-3), with four replications. After 240 days of fermentation the silos were opened. It was observed linear effect on DM, CP, NDFap, ADFap, HEM, LIG, NFC, TC and population of bacteria that produce lactic acid with the addition of crambe meal. There was interaction between the crambe bran factors and specific masses on the values of pH and N-NH3. For MM variables and yeast count there was a negative linear effect due to the evaluated specific mass. The inclusion of crambe bran helps to increase the fermentative profile and the bromatological composition of elephant grass silages studied, and the best results were obtained with the addition of 30% of this coproduct, based on the natural matter.

Resumo A composição centesimal e a aceitabilidade de um tempero culinário em forma de tablete preparado da polpa de pequi desidratada foram avaliadas. A polpa de pequi integral e os tabletes formulados foram submetidos às determinações dos valores de compostos fenólicos totais, proteínas totais, lipídios, umidade, cinzas, fibra bruta, carboidratos totais e valor energético total. Depois da seleção das formulações para o preparo dos tabletes de pequi, estes foram submetidos à avaliação sensorial como condimento para o preparo de arroz. Na polpa do pequi, foram encontrados 44,4% de umidade, 37,7% de lipídeos, 2,1% de proteínas, 10,9% de carboidratos totais e 324 mg de compostos fenólicos totais por 100 g. A farinha da polpa de pequi apresentou 9,8% de umidade. Nos testes sensoriais, a formulação preferida foi aquela com maior quantidade de polpa do fruto na forma de farinha. Esta formulação apresentou 8,4% de umidade, 52,3% de gordura, 3,1% de proteínas, 19,4% de carboidratos totais, 321 mg de compostos fenólicos por 100 g e um valor energético total de 560,7 kcal por 100 g. Os tabletes de pequi produzidos mantiveram a cor, o sabor e o aroma característicos do fruto e apresentação similar aos caldos em cubo comerciais.

Summary The proximate composition and acceptability of bouillon cubes prepared from souari nut pulp flour were evaluated. The whole fruit pulp and formulated bouillon cubes were subjected to an analysis of the total phenolic compounds, protein, lipid, moisture, ash, fibre, total carbohydrate and total energy values. The selected formulations of souari nut bouillon cubes were subjected to a sensory analysis as seasoning for rice preparations, and the physicochemical analysis of the most widely preferred formulation was carried out. The whole souari nut pulp was found to contain 44.4% moisture, 37.7% lipids, 2.1% protein and 10.9% total carbohydrates, as well as 324 mg of total phenolic compounds per 100 g of pulp. The souari flour contained 9.8% moisture. In the sensory tests, the preferred formulation was that containing the highest souari nut flour concentration. This formulation contained 8.4% moisture, 52.3% lipids, 3.1% protein, 19.4% total carbohydrate, 321 mg of phenolic compounds per 100 g and a total energy value of 560.7 kcal per 100 g. The souari nut bouillon cubes presented the characteristic colour, taste and aroma of the fruit and an appearance similar to that of commercial bouillon cubes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de carboidratos foliares em tangerineira 'Ponkan' (Citrus reticulata), durante o pleno florescimento e os estádios iniciais de crescimento dos frutilhos, e identificar a melhor época para realização do raleio químico. O experimento foi realizado durante dois anos de produção (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), com quatro épocas de amostragem de folhas: 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o pleno florescimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Para determinar a utilização dos carboidratos pelas plantas, foram avaliados os teores de açúcares solúveis, açúcares redutores e amido na matéria seca das folhas. Nas mesmas épocas de amostragem foliar, o tamanho dos frutilhos também foi determinado. Os teores foliares de carboidratos solúveis aumentam e os de amido diminuem entre 35 e 50 dias após o pleno florescimento. No final da fase de fixação dos frutilhos, a partir dos 50 dias após o pleno florescimento, os teores de açúcares solúveis nas folhas diminuem. A melhor época para a realização do raleio químico em tangerineira 'Ponkan' é logo após a fase de queda fisiológica, quando os frutilhos atingirem cerca de 18 mm de diâmetro, aos 50 dias após o pleno florescimento.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the levels of carbohydrates in the leaves of 'Ponkan' mandarin tree (Citrus reticulata), during full flowering and early growth stages of fruitlets, and to identify the best time to perform chemical thinning. The experiment was carried out for two production years (2009/2010 and 2010/2011), with four sampling times of leaves: 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after full flowering. A randomized complete block design, split-plotted in time with four replicates and four plants per plot, was used. To determine the use of carbohydrates by plants, the contents of soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch in the dry matter of leaves were evaluated. At the same leaf sampling times, fruitlet size was also determined. Leaf contents of soluble carbohydrates increase and the ones of starch decrease between 35 and 50 days after full flowering. At the end of the fruit setting phase, from the 50th day after full flowering, the contents of soluble sugars in leaves reduce. The best time to perform chemical thinning in 'Ponkan' mandarin tree is soon after the physiological drop phase, when the fruitlets reach around 18 mm, at the 50th day after full flowering.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência dos teores de carboidratos na qualidade de frutos de plantas de tangerineira 'Ponkan' submetidas ao raleio químico por três anos com diferentes concentrações de Ethephon. Foram testadas cinco concentrações de Ethephon: 0; 200; 400; 600 e 800 mg L-1, aplicadas quando os frutos estavam no estádio de desenvolvimento de 25 a 30 mm de diâmetro transversal. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e quatro plantas por parcela. Foram observadas interações entre as concentrações de Ethephon e os anos de avaliação para o percentual de raleio, diâmetro transversal, diâmetro longitudinal, massa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e ratio dos frutos. Para os teores de carboidratos foliares ocorreu interação entre concentrações de Ethephon, anos de avaliação e época de amostragem das folhas (floração e colheita). A manutenção dos teores de carboidratos foliares elevados proporcionou a melhoria na qualidade dos frutos de tangerineira 'Ponkan'. O raleio realizado com a concentração de 600 mg L-1 de Ethephon manteve os teores de carboidratos adequados para melhorar a qualidade de tangerinas 'Ponkan'.

This study was performed to verify the influence of the levels of leaf carbohydrates on the fruit quality of 'Ponkan' mandarin trees subjected to chemical thinning for three years using different Ethephon concentrations. Five concentrations of Ethephon were tested: 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg L-1, which were applied during the stage of fruit development when fruits were from 25 to 30 mm in transverse diameter. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four blocks and four plants per plot. Interactions were observed between the concentrations of Ethephon and the year of assessment for the percentage of thinning, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, mass, soluble solids, acidity and the ratio of fruits. For the contents of carbohydrates, there was an interaction between the concentrations of Ethephon, the years of assessment and the leaf sampling times (flowering and harvest). Maintenance of high levels of leaf carbohydrates resulted in improvement of the quality of 'Ponkan' mandarin fruits. Chemical thinning conducted with Ethephon concentration of 600 mg L-1 maintained carbohydrate levels suitable to improve the quality of 'Ponkan' mandarin fruits.

Práticas de manejo que proporcionem a manutenção das reservas de carboidratos nas tangerineiras são necessárias para garantir boas produtividades. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de carboidratos foliares e a regularidade da produção de tangerineira 'Ponkan' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) submetida ao raleio químico com cinco concentrações de Ethephon por três anos consecutivos. As tangerineiras 'Ponkan' avaliadas estavam enxertadas sobre limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck), cultivadas no espaçamento 6,0 x 3,0 m e com 12 anos de idade. As concentrações de Ethephon testadas foram: 0; 200; 400; 600 e 800 mg L-1, aplicadas quando as frutas estavam com 25 a 30 mm de diâmetro transversal, nos meses de janeiro de 2009, de 2010 e de 2011. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e quatro plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados os teores foliares de carboidratos solúveis, de amido e de carboidratos totais nos períodos de floração e de colheita. Após 15 dias da aplicação das concentrações avaliou-se o percentual de raleio. Nas colheitas foram avaliadas a produção, a carga pendente e a alternância de produção. O raleio químico com Ethephon favorece a manutenção dos teores de carboidratos foliares na tangerineira 'Ponkan'. A concentração mais eficiente para reduzir a alternância de produção em tangerineiras 'Ponkan' é 600 mg L-1 de Ethephon.

Management practices that maintain carbohydrate reserves in tangerines are necessary in order to ensure good yields. This experiment was carried out with the object of evaluating the levels of carbohydrates in the leaves, and consistency in the production of the Ponkan tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) when subjected to chemical thinning with five concentrations of Ethephon for three consecutive years. The Ponkan tangerine evaluated had been grafted onto Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck), cultivated with a spacing of 6.0 x 3.0 m and were 12 years old. The Ethephon concentrations tested were: 0; 200; 400; 600 and 800 mg L-1, applied in January of 2009; 2010 and 2011, when the fruits were of 25 to 30mm in transverse diameter. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four blocks and four plants per plot. The levels of soluble leaf carbohydrate, starch and total carbohydrates were evaluated during flowering and harvesting. Fifteen days after application of the concentrations, the percentage of thinning was evaluated. Production, pending load and alternate bearing were evaluated when harvesting. Chemical thinning with Ethephon favors the maintaining of leaf carbohydrates in the Ponkan tangerine. The most effective concentration in reduncing the alternate bearing in the Ponkan tangerine is 600 mg L-1 of Ethephon.

Este estudo objetivou analisar as propriedades físico-químicas e o teor de carotenoides totais do óleo de pequi (OP) obtido por diferentes métodos de extração, bem como avaliar a conservação dessas propriedades e dos pigmentos durante o armazenamento. O OP foi obtido por extração com solventes, extração mecânica e flotação com água quente, e armazenado por 180 dias em frascos âmbar sob condições ambientes. Foram realizadas análises para determinação dos índices de acidez, peróxido, saponificação e iodo, da coloração e do teor de carotenoides totais e de β-carotenos. Verificou-se que a extração com solventes promoveu um maior rendimento em óleo e o maior valor de carotenoides totais. A extração mecânica resultou em um óleo com acidez (5,44 mg KOH.g-1) e índice de peróxido (1,07 mEq.kg-1) elevados. Ao longo do armazenamento do OP, houve aumento da acidez e do índice de peróxido, escurecimento do óleo e redução do teor de carotenoides. A extração mecânica foi o método menos vantajoso para a conservação das propriedades físico-químicas e do teor de carotenoides no óleo de pequi.

The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties and carotenoid levels of pequi oil obtained by different extraction methods and to evaluate the preservation of these properties and pigments during storage time. The pequi oil was obtained by solvent extraction, mechanical extraction, and hot water flotation. It was stored for over 180 days in an amber bottle at ambient conditions. Analyses for the determination of the acidity, peroxide, saponification and iodine values, coloration, total carotenoids, and β-carotene levels were conducted. The oil extraction with solvents produced the best yield and carotenoid levels. The oil obtained by mechanical extraction presented higher acidity (5.44 mg KOH.g-1) and peroxide values (1.07 mEq.kg-1). During the storage of pequi oil, there was an increase in the acidity and the peroxide values, darkening of the oil coloration, and a reduction of the carotenoid levels. Mechanical extraction is the less advantageous method for the conservation of the physicochemical properties and carotenoid levels in pequi oil.