Resumo Objetivos: descrever o perfil de utilização de medicamentos e de adesão, e a associação com as características clínicas e sociodemográficas de gestantes de alto risco atendidas em um hospital universitário. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados coletados mediante um questionário estruturado aplicado à 386 gestantes. Resultados: a maior parte das participantes era acompanhada apenas pelo ginecologista (75,1%), iniciou o pré-natal no primeiro trimestre gestacional (86,8%), não planejou a gravidez (61,9%) e realizou em média 8,2 (DP=4,4) consultas de pré-natal. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram hipertensão arterial (20,5%) e diabetes mellitus (19,7%). A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi 99,7%, com média de 5,1 (DP=2,1) medicamentos por mulher e 12,7% de automedicação. Os antianêmicos (88,9%) e analgésicos (63,2%) foram as classes farmacológicas mais prevalentes e 17,9% das gestantes referiram uso de fármacos com risco gestacional relevante. Apenas 36,5% das gestantes foram consideradas aderentes ao tratamento, 32,9% declararam desconhecer a indicação dos medicamentos em uso e 42% não receberam orientações sobre o uso de medicamentos durante a gestação. Não há evidências de associação entre o número de medicamentos utilizados e os aspectos clínicos e sociodemográficos. Conclusão: é necessário desenvolver estratégias para melhorar o atendimento desta população e o uso racional de medicamentos, com ênfase no fortalecimento do cuidado multiprofssional.

Abstract Objectives: describe the profile of medication use and adherence, and the association with clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of high-risk pregnant women attended at a university hospital. Methods: cross-sectional study with data collected through a questionnaire applied on 386 pregnant women. Results: most participants were seen only by the gynecologist (75.1%), started prenatal in the first gestational trimester (86.8%), did not plan the pregnancy (61.9%), and performed an average of 8.2 (SD=4.4) prenatal consultations. The most frequent diagnoses were arterial hypertension (20.5%) and diabetes mellitus (19.7%). Prevalence of medication use was 99.7%, with an average of 5.1 (SD=2.1) medication per woman and 12.7% self-medication. Antianemics (88.9%) and analgesics (63.2%) were the most prevalent classes and 17.9% of the women reported the use of medication with significant gestational risk. Only 36.5% were considered adherent, 32.9% declared they were unaware of the indication of the medication in use and 42% did not receive guidance on the use of the medication during pregnancy. There is no evidence of association between the number of the medication used and clinical and sociodemographic aspects. Conclusions: there is a need to develop strategies to improve the care of this population, with emphasis on strengthening multi-professional care.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los eventos adversos en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) potencialmente relacionados con el uso de medicamentos empleados para profilaxis o tratamiento de la COVID-19, y caracterizar a las personas afectadas. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión exploratoria a partir de una estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, Scopus, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) y la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS). Se incluyeron estudios de personas que emplearon medicamentos con fines profilácticos o curativos para la COVID-19 y presentaron al menos un evento adverso en el SNC. Se excluyeron los artículos en los cuales se notificaron eventos adversos en el SNC potencialmente relacionados con medicamentos para tratar otros problemas de salud. Resultados. Se recuperaron 1 547 artículos, de los cuales ocho cumplieron con los criterios de admisibilidad. Siete estudios tuvieron un diseño observacional. Se analizaron 3 035 personas, de las cuales 1 701 eran profesionales de salud y 1 978, mujeres. El tratamiento más utilizado fue el curativo (n = 5), con hidroxicloroquina, cloroquina, lopinavir/ritonavir y azitromicina. Los eventos adversos comúnmente citados fueron dolor de cabeza, mareos, trastornos del estado de ánimo y somnolencia. El suicidio fue el evento grave más frecuente. Seis eventos inesperados (mioclonías, temblor, trastorno de la marcha, disgeusia, hiperhidrosis y desasosiego) guardaron relación con el empleo de hidroxicloroquina, cloroquina y doxiciclina. Conclusión. Los eventos adversos del SNC fueron inespecíficos y, en general, posiblemente estuvieron relacionados con el uso de hidroxicloroquina (sola o combinada) para el tratamiento curativo de la COVID-19. Los datos corroboran la relación desfavorable de riesgo/beneficio de esos medicamentos en la prevención y el manejo de los signos y síntomas de la infección por el SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify central nervous system (CNS) adverse events potentially associated with prophylaxis or drug treatment for COVID-19, and to describe the characteristic of the individuals affected. Methods. A scoping review was performed using a search strategy to retrieve articles from PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, Scopus, CINAHL and BVS databases. Studies reporting on individuals receiving prophylactic or curative drugs for COVID-19 with at least one CNS adverse event were included. Articles reporting on CNS adverse events associated with medication for other health conditions were excluded. Results. The search retrieved 1 547 articles, eight of which met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies had an observational design. A total of 3 035 individuals were assessed, of whom 1 701 were health care professionals and 1 978 were women. Curative treatment with hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and azithromycin was the most frequent (n = 5). The most common adverse events were headache, dizziness, mood disturbances, and drowsiness. Suicide was the most frequent severe event. Six adverse events were unexpected for hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and doxycycline. Conclusion. Potential CNS adverse events were unspecific and in general potentially associated with the use of hydroxychloroquine (monotherapy or associated with antibiotics). The data confirm the unfavorable risk/benefit profile of these drugs for the prevention and management of signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar eventos adversos no sistema nervoso central (SNC) potencialmente associados ao uso de medicamentos para profilaxia ou tratamento da COVID-19, bem como caracterizar os indivíduos acometidos. Métodos. Desenvolveu-se uma revisão de escopo a partir de estratégia de busca nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, Scopus, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram incluídos estudos com indivíduos que utilizaram medicamentos como medida profilática ou curativa para COVID-19 e que apresentaram ao menos um evento adverso no SNC. Foram excluídos os artigos que reportaram eventos adversos no SNC potencialmente associados a medicamentos para outras condições de saúde. Resultados. Recuperaram-se 1 547 artigos, dos quais oito atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Em sete estudos, o desenho foi do tipo observacional. Foram analisados 3 035 indivíduos, dos quais 1 701 eram profissionais da saúde e 1 978, mulheres. A terapia mais utilizada foi a curativa (n = 5), com hidroxicloroquina, cloroquina, lopinavir/ritonavir e azitromicina. Os eventos adversos comumente descritos foram dor de cabeça, tontura, distúrbios de humor e sonolência. Suicídio foi o evento grave mais frequente. Seis eventos foram inesperados para hidroxicloroquina, cloroquina e doxiciclina (mioclonias, tremor, distúrbio de marcha, disgeusia, hiperidrose e inquietação). Conclusão. Os eventos adversos no SNC foram inespecíficos e, geralmente, potencialmente associados ao uso de hidroxicloroquina em monoterapia ou em associação para tratamento curativo da COVID-19. Os dados corroboram a relação desfavorável de risco/benefício desses medicamentos na prevenção e no manejo dos sinais e sintomas da infecção por SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of and characterize the use of psychoactive drugs among drug users in a Brazilian municipality, relating the findings to factors associated with the consumption of these substances. Through a cross-sectional design, 1,355 drug users from the public health systems community pharmacies were interviewed. Sociodemographic and health-related data were collected, as well as any other prescribed drugs. The prevalence of psychoactive drug use within the last month was 31.0%, with antidepressants and benzodiazepines being the most prescribed (53.5% and 24.6% respectively). Most psychoactive drug users were female (81.9%), lived with a partner (52.6%), had private health insurance (69.2%) and a monthly per-capita income up to one minimum wage (54.0%). The adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) confirmed the following factors to be positively associated with the use of psychoactive drugs: female gender (OR=2.06; 95% CI 1.44; 2.95), age ≥60 years old (OR=1.77; 95% CI 1.26; 2.48), follow-up with a psychologist (OR=4.12; 95% CI 1.84; 5.25), absence of regular physical activity (OR=1.59; 95% CI 1.13; 2.23), and smokers (OR=1.94; 95% CI 1.26; 2.97). Approximately one out of three individuals used at least one psychoactive drug. Health managers should focus the planning and actions aimed at their rational use for these groups, leading to increased overall treatment success.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a experiência da implantação do cuidado farmacêutico em uma unidade hospitalar de geriatria e propor um protocolo instrutivo da prática. Métodos: Relato de experiência que se converteu no manual da prática do cuidado farmacêutico na geriatria (MaP-CFarmaGeri) de um hospital brasileiro e foi estruturado em três tópicos (1. Diagnóstico situacional; 2. Adequação do procedimento e oferta do serviço; 3. Exercício da prática). Resultados: O diagnóstico situacional compreendeu o levantamento dos dados sobre a estrutura da enfermaria e o perfil epidemiológico. Os serviços farmacêuticos ofertados incluíram o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico, com a conciliação de medicamentos e a revisão da farmacoterapia. A certificação do conteúdo desse procedimento foi atestada por especialistas de uma equipe multiprofissional e a técnica atendeu mais de 60 pacientes na prática, com boa aceitação dos participantes. Considerações finais: O MaP-CFarmaGeri mostrou ser uma estratégia satisfatória na implantação do cuidado farmacêutico na geriatria e pode amparar essa inserção em locais semelhantes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the experience of the implementation of pharmaceutical care in a geriatric hospital unit and to propose an instructional protocol for the practice. Methods: Experience report that became the practice manual of pharmaceutical care in geriatrics (MaP-CFarmaGeri) of a Brazilian hospital and was structured in three topics (1. Situational diagnosis; 2. Adequacy of the procedure and service provision; 3. Practice exercise). Results: The situational diagnosis comprised the collection of data on the structure of the ward and the epidemiological profile. The pharmaceutical services provided included pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, medication reconciliation and pharmacotherapy review. The certification of the content of this procedure was attested by specialists from a multiprofessional team and the technique served more than 60 patients in practice, with good acceptance by the participants. Final considerations: The MaP-CFarmaGeri proved to be a satisfactory strategy in the implementation of pharmaceutical care in geriatrics and can support this insertion in similar locations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de implementar la atención farmacéutica en una unidad hospitalaria geriátrica y proponer un protocolo instructivo para la práctica. Métodos: Informe de experiencia que se convirtió en el manual de la práctica de la atención farmacéutica en geriatría (MaP-CFarmaGeri) de un hospital brasileño y se estructuró en tres temas (1. Diagnóstico situacional; 2. Adecuación del procedimiento y prestación del servicio; 3. Ejercicio de práctica). Resultados: El diagnóstico situacional comprendió el relevamiento de datos sobre la estructura de la sala y el perfil epidemiológico. Los servicios farmacéuticos ofrecidos incluyeron seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, conciliación de medicamentos y revisión de farmacoterapia. La certificación del contenido de este procedimiento fue certificada por especialistas de un equipo multidisciplinario y la técnica trató a más de 60 pacientes en la práctica, con buena aceptación por parte de los participantes. Consideraciones finales: El MaP-CFarmaGeri demostró ser una estrategia satisfactoria en la implementación de la atención farmacéutica en geriatría y puede apoyar esta inserción en lugares similares.

Abstract Brazilian pharmacists’ education and training aims to prepare them for the various activities they will undertake during professional practice, especially in the national health system (SUS). By using an exploratory transversal study based on a validated questionnaire, we have characterized the educational and training background of pharmacists working in SUS municipal units in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, and the frequency with which these professionals carry out several activities. Pharmacists working in these municipal outpatient units (N=44) graduated between 1981 and 2014 (56.8% of them graduated from public state or federal institutions), are predominantly female (84%), and are aged 25-57 years; 34% of these pharmacists have a “Generalist” degree, and 90.9% attended postgraduate programs, mostly specialization (75%). All the pharmacists pointed out the need for continuing education. The frequency with which they carry out activities varies, but those involving direct contact with patients predominate. Consultations, therapeutic follow-up, case discussions, and health promotion activities take place only occasionally. We concluded that pharmacists who work in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP, are very much involved with dispensing, but not with health education or pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, so investing in education and training in these areas is necessary.

Abstract Diabetes is a self-managed condition with knowledge, attitudes and practices that can influence the overall treatment and outcomes delay the complications of diabetes. However, the few reported studies published point out that: low education level, poor adherence to pharmacotherapy and diet recommendations, infrequent monitoring of blood glucose, and insulin dosage regimen are associated with higher hemoglobin levels. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, adherence medication, and complexity of pharmacotherapy in T1DM patients in Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 156 T1DM patients who were attending in primary care. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the variables associated with glycemic control. The overall assessments of T1DM patients for the glycemic control were bad (121, 77.6%). However, T1DM patients with high MedTake Test (OR=2.4, CI=1.1-5.7) and Morisky-Green Test (OR= 2.5, CI=1.1-6.1), and in the use of dosage insulin (>40 units, OR=0.3, CI=0.1-0.7) and postprandial glucose (100-125mg/dl, OR=3.8, CI=1.1-14.6) had better glycemic control compared to uncontrolled patients. Glycemic control in Brazilians adults with T1DM is low. We suggested the screening patients with low MedTake and Morisky-Green Tests, increasing patient knowledge as part of a complex intervention that may lead to substantially improved treatment outcomes in primary care.

ABSTRACT The chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment is currently based on the use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 (GT3) have emerged as a more difficult-to-cure population. The NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir (DCV) and sofosbuvir (SOF), an NS5B viral polymerase inhibitor, are among the drugs that compose more effective and safer treatment regimens. The virus genetic variability is related to resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) that adversely impact DAAs effectiveness. The aims of this study were to analyze the association of NS5A and NS5B RASs and other clinical factors with DAAs regimens effectiveness in patients with GT3 CHC infection. This was a prospective cohort study performed in a Brazilian university hospital. Individuals older than 18 years with GT3 CHC treated with SOF + DCV ± ribavirin (RBV) or SOF + peginterferon (PEG) + RBV were included. Blood samples were collected at baseline and post-treatment. A total of 121 patients were included. Sustained virological response rates were 87.6% for the SOF + DCV ± RBV group and 80.0% for the SOF + PEG + RBV arm. Cirrhosis, prior treatment with interferon/PEG + RBV, and baseline NS5A RAS were associated with higher risk of treatment failure. The NS5A analysis suggested that A30K, Y93H, and RAS at site 62 were related to failure. Interestingly, a likely compensatory effect was shown between A30K and A62T. Emergence of Y93H was always associated with RAS at position 62. The RASs dynamics comprehension is an important tool to indicate more effective treatment for GT3 patients.

O consumo de psicofármacos é considerado um problema de saúde pública devido ao potencial de dependência e ocorrência de eventos adversos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o consumo de psicofármacos dispensados em unidades básicas de saúde de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Conduziu-se um estudo ecológico, com consulta à base de dados Hygia de 2008 a 2012. Foram extraídas as variáveis: psicofármaco dispensado, quantidade dispensada no ano, sexo e faixa etária dos pacientes. Para cada psicofármaco foi calculada a dose diária definida por 1.000 habitantes/dia (DDD/1.000PD), a dose diária definida por 1.000 habitantes/dia considerando-se 75% da população (DDD75%/1.000PD) que retiraram medicamento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a dose diária prescrita (DDP). Comparou-se a taxa de crescimento populacional com a de crescimento do consumo dos medicamentos. Foram identificados 1.577.241 pacientes que retiraram medicamentos no período avaliado, dos quais 287.373 (18,2%) utilizaram pelo menos um sujeito a controle especial. Houve aumento do consumo total dos psicofármacos (DDD/1.000PD), porém, após a comparação com a taxa de crescimento populacional, apenas a da sertralina (p = 0,021), risperidona (p = 0,034) e do clonazepam (p = 0,043) foram superiores. As DDP de sete fármacos estavam maiores que a DDD da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). As discrepâncias entre DDD e DDP podem ser úteis como estratégia para triar pacientes elegíveis ao cuidado farmacêutico, pois podem contribuir na prevenção de morbimortalidade relacionada ao uso de medicamentos.

The consumption of psychotropic drugs is considered a public health problem, due to the potential for addiction and the occurrence of adverse events. In this context, the current study aimed to characterize the consumption of psychotropic medications dispensed in primary healthcare units in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. This ecological study consulted the Hygia database from 2008 to 2012. The following variables were extracted: psychotropic drugs dispensed, amount dispensed per year, and patients’ sex and age bracket. For each psychotropic drug, we calculated the defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants/day (DDD/1,000PD), defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants/day considering 75% of the population (DDD75%/1,000PD) who withdrew medicines through the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), and the prescribed daily dose (PDD). The study compared the population growth rate to the growth in the medicines’ consumption. A total of 1,577,241 patients were identified who withdrew medications during the study period, of whom 287,373 (18.2%) used at least one drug subject to special control. There was an increase in the total consumption of psychotropic drugs (DDD/1,000PD), but comparison to the population growth rate showed that only sertraline (p = 0.021), risperidone (p = 0.034), and clonazepam (p = 0.043) presented higher growth rates. The PDD for seven drugs were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) DDD. Identifying discrepancies between DDD and PDD can be useful as a strategy for screening patients eligible for pharmaceutical care, since they can contribute to the prevention of morbidity and mortality related to medications.

El consumo de psicofármacos está considerado un problema de salud pública, debido al potencial de dependencia y ocurrencia de eventos adversos. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el consumo de psicofármacos dispensados en unidades básicas de salud de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, con consulta a la base de datos Hygia de 2008 a 2012. Se extrajeron las variables: psicofármaco dispensado, cantidad dispensada al año, sexo y franja de edad de los pacientes. Para cada psicofármaco se calculó la dosis diaria definida por 1.000 habitantes/día (DDD/1.000PD), la dosis diaria definida por 1.000 habitantes/día, considerándose un 75% de la población (DDD75%/1.000PD) que consiguieron el medicamento por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y la dosis diaria prescrita (DDP). Se comparó la tasa de crecimiento poblacional con la de crecimiento por consumo de medicamentos. Se identificaron a 1.577.241 pacientes que obtuvieron medicamentos durante el período evaluado, entre los cuales 287.373 (18,2%) utilizaron por lo menos uno sujeto a un control especial. Hubo un aumento en el consumo total de los psicofármacos (DDD/1000PD), no obstante, tras la comparación con la tasa de crecimiento poblacional, solamente la de consumo de sertralina (p = 0,021), risperidona (p = 0,034) y del clonazepam (p = 0,043) fueron superiores. Las DDP de siete fármacos eran mayores a la DDD de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las discrepancias entre DDD y DDP pueden ser útiles como estrategia para triar pacientes elegibles para el cuidado farmacéutico, puesto que pueden contribuir a la prevención de morbimortalidad relacionada con el uso de medicamentos.

O consumo de psicofármacos é considerado um problema de saúde pública devido ao potencial de dependência e ocorrência de eventos adversos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o consumo de psicofármacos dispensados em unidades básicas de saúde de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Conduziu-se um estudo ecológico, com consulta à base de dados Hygia de 2008 a 2012. Foram extraídas as variáveis: psicofármaco dispensado, quantidade dispensada no ano, sexo e faixa etária dos pacientes. Para cada psicofármaco foi calculada a dose diária definida por 1.000 habitantes/dia (DDD/1.000PD), a dose diária definida por 1.000 habitantes/dia considerando-se 75% da população (DDD75%/1.000PD) que retiraram medicamento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a dose diária prescrita (DDP). Comparou-se a taxa de crescimento populacional com a de crescimento do consumo dos medicamentos. Foram identificados 1.577.241 pacientes que retiraram medicamentos no período avaliado, dos quais 287.373 (18,2%) utilizaram pelo menos um sujeito a controle especial. Houve aumento do consumo total dos psicofármacos (DDD/1.000PD), porém, após a comparação com a taxa de crescimento populacional, apenas a da sertralina (p = 0,021), risperidona (p = 0,034) e do clonazepam (p = 0,043) foram superiores. As DDP de sete fármacos estavam maiores que a DDD da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). As discrepâncias entre DDD e DDP podem ser úteis como estratégia para triar pacientes elegíveis ao cuidado farmacêutico, pois podem contribuir na prevenção de morbimortalidade relacionada ao uso de medicamentos.

The consumption of psychotropic drugs is considered a public health problem, due to the potential for addiction and the occurrence of adverse events. In this context, the current study aimed to characterize the consumption of psychotropic medications dispensed in primary healthcare units in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. This ecological study consulted the Hygia database from 2008 to 2012. The following variables were extracted: psychotropic drugs dispensed, amount dispensed per year, and patients’ sex and age bracket. For each psychotropic drug, we calculated the defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants/day (DDD/1,000PD), defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants/day considering 75% of the population (DDD75%/1,000PD) who withdrew medicines through the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), and the prescribed daily dose (PDD). The study compared the population growth rate to the growth in the medicines’ consumption. A total of 1,577,241 patients were identified who withdrew medications during the study period, of whom 287,373 (18.2%) used at least one drug subject to special control. There was an increase in the total consumption of psychotropic drugs (DDD/1,000PD), but comparison to the population growth rate showed that only sertraline (p = 0.021), risperidone (p = 0.034), and clonazepam (p = 0.043) presented higher growth rates. The PDD for seven drugs were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) DDD. Identifying discrepancies between DDD and PDD can be useful as a strategy for screening patients eligible for pharmaceutical care, since they can contribute to the prevention of morbidity and mortality related to medications.

El consumo de psicofármacos está considerado un problema de salud pública, debido al potencial de dependencia y ocurrencia de eventos adversos. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el consumo de psicofármacos dispensados en unidades básicas de salud de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, con consulta a la base de datos Hygia de 2008 a 2012. Se extrajeron las variables: psicofármaco dispensado, cantidad dispensada al año, sexo y franja de edad de los pacientes. Para cada psicofármaco se calculó la dosis diaria definida por 1.000 habitantes/día (DDD/1.000PD), la dosis diaria definida por 1.000 habitantes/día, considerándose un 75% de la población (DDD75%/1.000PD) que consiguieron el medicamento por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y la dosis diaria prescrita (DDP). Se comparó la tasa de crecimiento poblacional con la de crecimiento por consumo de medicamentos. Se identificaron a 1.577.241 pacientes que obtuvieron medicamentos durante el período evaluado, entre los cuales 287.373 (18,2%) utilizaron por lo menos uno sujeto a un control especial. Hubo un aumento en el consumo total de los psicofármacos (DDD/1000PD), no obstante, tras la comparación con la tasa de crecimiento poblacional, solamente la de consumo de sertralina (p = 0,021), risperidona (p = 0,034) y del clonazepam (p = 0,043) fueron superiores. Las DDP de siete fármacos eran mayores a la DDD de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las discrepancias entre DDD y DDP pueden ser útiles como estrategia para triar pacientes elegibles para el cuidado farmacéutico, puesto que pueden contribuir a la prevención de morbimortalidad relacionada con el uso de medicamentos.

Abstract INTRODUCTION This systematic review aimed to assess antibiotic use in Brazilian hospitals in the 21st century, as well as to understand the different drug utilization metrics adopted to assess the consumption of these drugs. METHODS We systematically reviewed five databases (MEDLINE [Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online], CENTRAL [The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials], EMBASE® [Excerpta Medica Database], Scopus [Elsevier’s abstract and citation database], and LILACS [Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde]) for observational or experimental studies that assessed antibiotic utilization in Brazilian hospitals. The main outcomes were the drug utilization metrics and the consumption of antibiotics. RESULTS We included 23 studies, of which 43.5% were carried out in adult and pediatric care units, 39.1% in adult units, and 17.4% in pediatric units. Regarding the complexity of healthcare, 26.1% of the studies were performed in intensive care units. Two drug utilization metrics were used in these studies: the defined daily dose (DDD) and the percentage of antibiotic prescriptions. The most commonly used antibiotic classes were third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and combinations of penicillins when the DDD was the adopted drug utilization metric. CONCLUSIONS Although few studies have been conducted, existing data indicate a high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. We found that the lack of standardized antibiotic utilization metrics impaired the mapping of drug consumption at the national level.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho é caracterizar ações judiciais pleiteando medicamentos em Ribeirão Preto/SP. Para isso, foi realizado estudo descritivo e transversal, que incluiu todos os processos desse tipo no município entre janeiro de 1999 e junho de 2014. Na maioria das vezes, agentes públicos foram responsáveis pela representação legal (81,8% dos casos), a maior parte das prescrições veio do sistema privado (50,10%) e apenas 3% dos prescritores concentraram quase 30% dos processos. As doenças prevalentes foram diabetes e transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade; insulinas análogas e o metilfenidato foram os fármacos mais requeridos. Conclui-se que, em média, 30% do orçamento da cidade destinado à compra de remédios é gasto com medicamentos obtidos por via judicial. Aprovação CEP-FCFRP/USP 2.598.720

Abstract This study aims to characterize lawsuits pleading for medicines in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, which included all such judicial processes in the municipality between January 1999 and June 2014. Most of the time, public agents were responsible for legal representation (81.8% of cases), most of the prescriptions came from the private system (50.10%), and only 3% of prescribers concentrated nearly 30% of the cases. Diabetes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were the most prevalent diseases; with analogous insulins and methylphenidate being the most required drugs. It is concluded that, on average, 30% of the city’s budget for the purchase of medicines is spent on medicines obtained through the courts. Approval CEP-FCFRP/USP 2.598.720

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar las demandas judiciales para reclamar medicamentos en Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, que incluyó todos los procesos de este tipo en el municipio entre enero de 1999 y junio del 2014. En la mayoría de las veces, agentes públicos fueron responsables de la representación legal (el 81,8% de los casos), la mayor parte de las prescripciones se originó del sistema privado (50,10%), y solo el 3% de los prescriptores concentraban casi el 30% de los procesos. Las enfermedades prevalentes fueron la diabetes y el trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactividad; y los fármacos más requeridos fueron las insulinas análogas y el metilfenidato. Se concluye que, alrededor del 30% del presupuesto de la ciudad destinado a la compra de fármacos se gasta con medicamentos obtenidos por vía judicial. Aprobación CEP-FCFRP/USP 2.598.720

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo em um hospital universitário de cuidado terciário por meio de coleta de dados de prescrição, sociodemográficos e de hospitalização sobre todos os pacientes internados em 2014 que utilizaram pelo menos um medicamento antimicrobiano. Esses dados foram coletados da base de dados eletrônica do hospital. O consumo de antimicrobianos foi analisado de acordo com a classificação anatômica terapêutica e química/dose diária definida por mil pacientes-dia. Realizou-se uma análise exploratória por meio da análise de componentes principais. Resultados: Um total de 5.182 pacientes internados receberam prescrição de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica, que corresponde a 11,7% do total de antibióticos utilizados no hospital. As unidades de ortopedia, pós-operatória de cirurgia torácica e cardiovascular e terapia intensiva pós-operatória foram responsáveis pela utilização de mais da metade (56,3%) da antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica. A duração de uso desses antimicrobianos nessas unidades foi 2,2, 2,0 e 2,4 dias, respectivamente. Cefalosporinas de terceira geração e fluoroquinolonas foram as classes de antimicrobianos com tempo de utilização mais longo. Conclusão: A utilização de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica foi inadequada nas unidades de ortopedia, pós-operatória de cirurgia torácica e cardiovascular, terapia intensiva pós-operatória, ginecologia e obstetrícia e otorrinolarigonlogia. Portanto, são importantes o desenvolvimento e a implantação de estratégias que promovam o uso racional de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica nos hospitais.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: This was a descriptive study performed at a public tertiary care university hospital gathering prescription, sociodemographic and hospitalization data of inpatients admitted in 2014 who used antimicrobial drugs. This data were obtained from the hospital electronic database. The antimicrobial data were classified according to the anatomical, therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose per 1,000 inpatients. An exploratory analysis was performed using principal component analysis. Results: A total of 5,182 inpatients were prescribed surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Of the total antimicrobial use, 11.7% were for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. The orthopedic, thoracic and cardiovascular postoperative units, and postoperative intensive care unit comprised more than half of the total surgical antibiotic prophylaxis use (56.3%). The duration of antimicrobial use of these units were 2.2, 2.0, and 1.4 days, respectively. Third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones had the longest use among antimicrobial classes. Conclusion: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis was inadequate in the orthopedic, postoperative intensive care, thoracic and cardiovascular postoperative, gynecology and obstetrics, and otolaryngology units. Therefore, the development and implementation of additional strategies to promote surgical antibiotic stewardship at hospitals are essential.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost-benefits analysis of a clinical pharmacy (CP) service implemented in a Neurology ward of a tertiary teaching hospital. METHODS: This is a cost-benefit analysis of a single arm, prospective cohort study performed at the adult Neurology Unit over 36 months, which has evaluated the results of a CP service from a hospital and Public Health System (PHS) perspective. The interventions were classified into 14 categories and the costs identified as direct medical costs. The results were analyzed by the total and marginal cost, the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and the net benefit (NB). RESULTS: The total 334 patients were followed-up and the highest occurrence in 506 interventions was drug introduction (29.0%). The marginal cost for the hospital and avoided cost for PHS was US$182±32 and US$25,536±4,923 per year; and US$0.55 and US$76.4 per patient/year. The BCR and NB were 0.0, -US$26,105 (95%CI −31,850 − –10,610), -US$27,112 (95%CI −33,160–11,720) for the hospital and; 3.0 (95%CI 1.97–4.94), US$51,048 (95%CI 27,645–75,716) and, 4.6 (95%CI 2.24–10.05), US$91,496 (95%CI 34,700–168,050; p < 0.001) for the PHS, both considering adhered and total interventions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CP service was not directly cost-benefit at the hospital perspective, but it presented savings for forecast cost related to the occurrence of preventable morbidities, measuring a good cost-benefit for the PHS.

Pharmaceutical care (PC) is in the implementation process in Brazil and Latin America. Synthesis of evidence has been requested for monitoring and evaluating the process regarding the treatment effect. The objective is to build and disseminate a systematic review protocol to make a standard for updating results from pharmaceutical care for hypertension and for other diseases. This is a protocol for systematic review studies regarding a real example of a protocol reasoned in pharmaceutical care for hypertension in primary care. This protocol was delineated grounded in the Cochrane Handbook. Descriptors and words were defined using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), DeCS (Descriptors in Health Sciences) and Emtree thesaurus, and the search was performed in English, Spanish and Portuguese, without filters, up to March, 27th, 2017. The results were structured in the PRISMA flowchart. Results found from all databases were: the Cochrane Library (n= 202); PubMed (n= 2608); LILACs (n= 909); Embase (n= 1653); Scopus (n=1298); IPA (n=967); and Web of Sciences (n=435). From these, 1688 were duplicate articles. The content of this paper can aid the constant monitoring of pharmaceutical care implementation and contribute to the improvement of the quality and evidence levels of published studies.