ABSTRACT In the Brazilian Southeast, the production of high quality wines is attained by a new management approach called double pruning. This management changes the harvesting of wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) from wet summer to dry winter through a two pruning procedures carried out during the year. The first pruning is done during the winter to induce a vegetative cycle (all clusters are removed) and a second pruning is done during the summer to induce the reproductive cycle. In this study, ten different rootstocks were compared in order to optimize yield and wine quality of Syrah vines conducted under autumn-winter season by double pruning approach. Syrah grapevines grafted onto ‘Rupestris du Lot’ and ‘IAC 766’ showed the highest pruning weight, while ‘110 Richter’ and ‘161-49 Courdec’ induced the lowest cane vigor. The average production of two seasons identified ‘IAC 766’, ‘Kober 5BB’ and ‘Rupestris du Lot’ as the most productive rootstocks. In both seasons, the grape quality was more influenced by the plant development status than by rootstocks. ‘Syrah’ wine from vigorous and high yielding rootstocks, ‘IAC 766’ and ‘Rupestris du Lot’, showed satisfactory wine phenolic composition and alcohol/acidity balance. This study showed that vigorous rootstock increased yield without compromising grape and winter wine quality of Syrah grapevines subjected to double pruning management in the Brazilian Southeast.

The performance of Syrah grapevine under protected cultivation with different plastic films was evaluated during 2012 and 2013 seasons in South of Minas Gerais State. Agronomical and physiological measurements were done on eight years old grapevines, grafted onto ‘1103 Paulsen’ rootstock cultivated under uncovered conditions, covered with transparent and with diffuse plastic films. Both plastic covers induced the highest shoot growth rate and specific leaf area. The diffuse plastic induced greater differences on leaf area, pruning weight and leaf chlorophyll content as compared to uncovered vines. Grapevines under diffuse plastic also had the lowest rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration. Leaf starch, glucose and fructose contents were not affected by treatment, but leaf sucrose was reduced by transparent plastic. The leaf and stem water potential were higher under diffuse plastic. In 2013, grapevines under diffuse plastic showed the highest yields mainly due to decreased rot incidence and increased cluster weight. Furthermore, berries under diffuse plastic showed the highest anthocyanins concentration. The use of diffuse plastic induces more agronomical benefits to produce Syrah grape under protected cultivation.

The change of grape (Vitis vinifera) harvest from summer to winter through double pruning management has improved the fine wine quality in southern Brazil. High altitude, late cultivar and grafting combination all need to be investigated to optimize this new viticulture management. For this purpose, this study was carried out during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in a high altitude region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using eight grafting combinations for five year old Cabernet Sauvignon vines. The stem water potential, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were not affected by rootstock type. The rootstocks IAC 766 and 101-14 induced, respectively, the highest and lowest vegetative vigor in Cabernet Sauvignon, as shown by leaf area and pruning weight. In the 2011 growing season, the leaf chlorophyll contents were increased in IAC 766, whereas vines grafted onto 101-14 accumulated more leaf starch, probably due to reduced vegetative and reproductive growth. In general, rootstocks K5BB, 1045P, SO4 and IAC 766 had the highest yield as compared to 1103P and 101-14. Berries from the grapevine with the highest yield did not differ in pH, total soluble solids and acidity. The rootstocks did not influence the anthocyanins and total phenols in both growing seasons. Quality parameters were better in the 2011 than in the 2012 growing season due to better climatic conditions, mainly less rainfall. The best performance of Cabernet Sauvignon was achieved when grafted onto K5BB, 1045P, SO4 and IAC 766 rootstocks.

'Bordô' grapevines (Vitis labrusca) have great relevance to viticulture due to the quality they can impart to wines and juices. However, this cultivar has high variation in yield, ranging from 6 to 11 t ha-1. The use of clones with superior genetic potential related to scions currently marketed may increase crop profitability and revitalize its cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomical responses of twelve clones of the Bordô cultivar selected over a period of 15 years according to yield and quality. The vineyard was planted in 2008. Grape plants were grafted onto '1103 Paulsen' rootstock and trained on vertical shoot positioning. The agronomical evaluations, performed in the 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons, covered the duration of their phenological cycles, shoot growth, yield per plant, estimated total yield and physicochemical characteristics. Differences were found between clones in terms of phenology, yield components, and berry composition. Clone 6 had the lowest yield, averaging 5.0 t ha-1 whereas clone 13 was the most productive with 14.9 t ha-1. Based on the most productive vineyards in the region (10.8 t ha-1), the adoption of more productive clones can generate an increase in yield of around 38 %.

The aim of this study was to find alternatives to reduce the cost of mass production of the South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus) by looking for locally available products as protein source in the diet of adults to replace the imported product without changing the quality parameters. Two yeast from a Brazilian company were evaluated. The quality parameters showed that the imported hydrolyzed yeast used in the adult diet could be perfectly replaced by the local products tested, with a reduction of over 80% of the cost of the diet. The quality of the produced insects remained the same and there were improvements in some quality parameters such as the volume of eggs produced, number of adults flying and longevity under the stress.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de porta-enxertos sobre as características agronômicas, ecofisiológicas e qualitativas da videira 'Syrah' manejada por meio da técnica da dupla poda. As videiras foram enxertadas nos porta-enxertos 'SO4', '110 Richter' e '1103 Paulsen', e sustentadas em sistema espaldeira sem irrigação. Foram avaliadas as características ecofisiológicas, de produção e de composição físico-química das bagas maduras em três safras (2007, 2008 e 2010). Os porta-enxertos não exerceram influência sobre o potencial hídrico de base, que apresentou valores próximos a -0,2 MPa, o que indica que não houve restrição hídrica no solo ao final da maturação (junho). Também não houve diferença significativa quanto à produção. O porta-enxerto '1103 Paulsen' conferiu menor vigor, menor taxa fotossintética e melhores resultados de maturação, para as safras com menores precipitações. Os porta-enxertos '110 Richter' e 'SO4' apresentaram maior vigor nas condições meteorológicas de 2010 e as maiores taxas fotossintéticas para o mesmo período. As condições meteorológicas tiveram efeito significativo na maturação tecnológica e fenólica, com os melhores resultados para os anos mais secos. O porta-enxerto '1103 Paulsen' fornece melhor equilíbrio entre vigor e produção, o que aumenta a qualidade da uva.

The objective of this work was to evaluate rootstock influence on agronomical, ecophysiological and qualitative characteristics of 'Syrah' vines managed by double pruning. Grapevines were grafted onto 'SO4', '110 Richter' and '1103 Paulsen' rootstocks and trained in vertical shoot position, with no irrigation. Ecophysiological characteristics, yield and composition of ripe grapes were evaluated in three crop seasons (2007, 2008 and 2010). Rootstocks did not affect pre-dawn water potential, with values close to -0.2 MPa, indicating that there was no soil water deficit at the end of ripening (June). There was also no significant effect of rootstocks on yield. The rootstock '1103 Paulsen' induced lower vegetative growth, lower photosynthetic rate and the best results for berry maturation for crop seasons with lower amount of rainfall. The rootstocks '110 Richter' and 'SO4' showed higher vigor under the meteorological conditions of 2010 and the greatest photosynthetic rates in the same period. Meteorological conditions significantly affected technological and phenolic ripeness, with best results observed in drought years. The '1103 Paulsen' rootstock provides better balance between vigor and yield, increasing grape quality.

A suscetibilidade a doenças de grande impacto econômico põe em risco a viabilidade econômica da bananicultura. A melhor estratégia para controle destas doenças, do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental, é a utilização de cultivares resistentes. Porém, estas devem apresentar, além de boas características de produtividade, um bom sabor e facilidade para manuseio e transporte como requisitos para aceitação do mercado. Portanto, este trabalho visou a avaliar características pós-colheita do genótipo PA42-44 resistente ao mal-do-panamá, sigatoka-amarela e negra, comparando à cultivar 'Prata-Anã', bastante difundida, porém suscetível às doenças citadas. Para tal, bananas de cada um dos genótipos foram colhidas e armazenadas à temperatura de 22 ± 1°C e umidade relativa de 75 ± 5% até atingirem determinado índice de coloração para avaliação. As bananas foram avaliadas nos índices de coloração 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6, segundo a escala de notas de Von Loesecke. As variáveis avaliadas foram: firmeza, pH, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT e despencamento. Também foi verificado qual dos genótipos amadurece mais rapidamente, analisando a modificação da cor das bananas por 12 dias. Finalmente, foi realizada a análise sensorial para os atributos aparência, aceitabilidade, firmeza e doçura de ambos os genótipos. As bananas PA42-44, quando comparadas à 'Prata-Anã', nos mesmos índices de coloração, encontravam-se em processo mais avançado de amadurecimento. Porém, quando avaliadas em função do período de armazenamento, a 'Prata-Anã' amadureceu mais rapidamente. As bananas PA42-44 são menos firmes e bem mais suscetíveis ao despencamento que as bananas 'Prata-Anã'. Já as características sensoriais dos genótipos foram iguais quanto à preferência.

The production of bananas will always be threatened by diseases of great economical impact that can unable production. The best strategy to control these diseases, economically and environmentally, is the utilization of resistant materials. However, these must have more than good characteristics of production; they should have attractive flavor and easiness in handling and transportation as requisites for market acceptance. Therefore, the objective of this work was the evaluation of post harvest characteristics of the disease resistant genotype PA 42-44 comparing with the 'Prata-Anã' variety commercially accepted, but susceptible to diseases. For that matter, bananas of each genotype were harvested and stored at 22 ± 1°C temperature and 75 ± 5% relative humidity, until they reached the pre-determined color index for evaluation. The bananas were evaluated at the color indexes of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 according to the Von Loesecke scale. The variables analyzed were: firmness, pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), relation SS/TA and finger detachment. It was also studied maturation period through analysis of color alteration of the bananas for 12 days. Finally, a panel test was done for appearance, acceptability, firmness and sweetness for both genotypes. PA42-44 bananas when compared with 'Prata-Anã' bananas in the same coloration index was more ripe. However, when analyzed in relation to storage period 'Prata-Anã' ripened more rapidly. The PA42-44 bananas are less firm and more susceptible to finger detachment than 'Prata-Anã' bananas. The panel test between the genotypes showed similar taste appreciation.

O emprego de índices biometeorológicos para a previsão dos estádios fenológicos tem sido amplamente utilizado no planejamento dos tratos culturais na viticultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e comparar entre dois ciclos consecutivos, a duração em dias e as exigências térmicas em graus-dia de doze estádios do ciclo fenológico da videira 'Benitaka'. O estudo foi conduzido num vinhedo comercial localizado no município de Janaúba, região semiárida de Minas Gerais. As plantas, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 572 'Jales', foram conduzidas no sistema de latada e irrigadas por microaspersão. O acúmulo em dias e a exigência térmica (graus-dia) foram determinados em duas safras consecutivas, da data da poda até a colheita, adotando-se a temperatura de 10°C como temperatura de base. O acúmulo em dias, da poda à colheita, foi de 120 para a poda realizada em janeiro e de 131 dias para a poda em julho. Na poda de janeiro, as plantas acumularam 1.914 graus-dias, enquanto na poda de julho o acúmulo foi de 1.930 graus- dia.

The use of biometeorological indices for the prediction of phenological stages has been widely used in the planning of cultural practices in tropical vines. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the duration (in days) and thermal requirements in degree-day of twelve stages of the phenological cycle of the vine 'Benitaka'. The study was carried out in the vineyard Santa Catarina, in the city of Janaúba, north of the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Grapevines grafted on the rootstock IAC 572 'Jales' were irrigated by microaspersion. The accumulation of days and thermal requirement were determined in the same plants on two consecutive pruning dates. The base temperature used for the study was 10° C. The total length of the cycle ranged from 120 days for the vines pruned in January to 131 days for those pruned in July. The total amount of degree days for the grape pruning in January was 1914, whereas for the pruning in July was 1930.

Para se exportar, é necessário não só atingir padrões de qualidade exigidos pelo país importador, mas também padrões fitossanitários. A irradiação tem como principal função o controle quarentenário de moscas-das-frutas, portanto é necessário que se associe a tratamentos que visem à manutenção da qualidade do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade dos mamões submetidos à imersão em água quente seguidos de irradiação em doses de tratamento quarentenário. Os mamões verdes selecionados foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: a) controle; b) 250 Gy; c) 500 Gy; d) choque térmico (60º C por 30 segundos); e) 250 Gy + choque térmico, e f) 500 Gy + choque térmico. Os mamões foram armazenados a 21±1ºC e umidade relativa de 85-90%, e, após 8 dias, foram avaliados quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, firmeza, índice de doenças e coloração interna. As análises de perda de massa e coloração externa foram realizadas a 0; 2; 4 e 7 dias após a irradiação. Foi observado nos frutos submetidos a choque térmico (d, e, f) quantidade menor de sintomas de antracnose e podridão peduncular e, nos tratamentos combinados (e, f), foi verificada manutenção da firmeza do mamão. Somente no segundo dia os frutos irradiados (b, c, e, f) estavam mais amarelados que os demais. Para os demais parâmetros avaliados, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos.

To export, it is not only necessary to achieve quality standards, but also, phytosanitary standards. The main function of irradiation is quarantine control of fruit flies, therefore it is necessary to combine with treatments which focus at keeping fruit quality. The objective of this work was the evaluation of the quality of papaya submitted to irradiation and heat shock treatment through immersion in hot water. Green papayas selected were submitted in the following treatments: a) control, b) 250 Gy, c) 500 Gy; d) heat shock (60ºC for 30 seconds), e) 250 Gy + heat shock and f) 500 Gy + heat shock. The papayas were stored at 21 ±1ºC with relative humidity of 85-90%, and then after 8 days, they were evaluated by their soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, firmness, decay index and internal color. The analysis of fresh matter loss and external color were executed at 0, 2, 4 and 7 days after irradiation. It was observed that in treatments submitted to hot water (d, e, f) decay was controlled and in combined treatments (e, f) it was verified higher firmness. In the second day, irradiated treatments (b, c, e, and f) were yellower than the others. As to the other factors evaluated, there were no differences between treatments.

O mamão é um fruto frágil, perecível, muito apreciado mundialmente. Para que a qualidade do mamão se mantenha da colheita até os consumidores, técnicas de conservação são utilizadas, sendo uma destas a aplicação de radiação gama. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de irradiação gama em mamões colhidos em diferentes estádios de maturação com a intenção de aumentar a vida útil pós-colheita. Mamões foram colhidos em perfeitas condições de qualidade e selecionados pela coloração amarela em três fases distintas: maturação 0, ou início da coloração amarela; maturação 1, com estrias amarelas mais desenvolvidas, e maturação 2, com um terço da casca já amarelo. Metade destes foi irradiada com 0,75 kGy e a outra se tornou testemunhas. A análise se deu em quatro períodos de conservação sendo estes 1 DAI (dias após a irradiação sob refrigeração a 11 ± 1°C), 14 DAI, 14 DAI + 3 DTA (dias a temperatura ambiente a 24° ± 2°C) e 14 DAI + 6 DTA. Não houve diferença entre os mamões irradiados em diferentes estádios de maturação. A irradiação promoveu manutenção da firmeza do mamão e, portanto, retardo no amadurecimento; modificou a cor verde do mamão para tons mais claros e mais intensos o que determinou maior homogeneidade no desenvolvimento da cor amarela da casca (valores de brilho e croma maiores). Não houve efeito da irradiação na perda de massa, aparecimento de doenças, na cor interna dos frutos, no pH e no teor de sólidos solúveis.

Papaya is a fragile, perishable fruit, highly accepted worldwide. To keep the quality of papaya from harvest to the consumers, conservation techniques are often used; among them is the application of gamma irradiation. The objective of this work was to evaluate gamma irradiation in papayas harvested at three degrees of maturation, in order to increase shelf life. Papayas were harvested in perfect quality conditions and selected by skin coloration into three distinct degrees of maturation: maturation 0, or beginning of yellow coloration; maturation 1, yellow stripes more developed, and maturation 2, one third yellow. Half of them were irradiated with 0.75 kGy, while the other half became control treatment. They were analyzed in four periods of conservation, which were 1 DAI (days after irradiation refrigerated at 11 ± 1°C), 14 DAI, 14 DAI + 3 DRT (room temperature at 24° ± 2°C) and 14 DAI + 6 DRT. The papaya maturation degree at harvest did not influence the radiation effect. Irradiation maintained firmness of papaya and, therefore, delayed ripening; modified the green color of papaya to a lighter, more intense tone, which determined more homogeneity in the development of the skin's yellow color (greater values of L* and croma). There was no effect of irradiation in papaya weight loss, occurrence of diseases, croma of flesh color, pH and total soluble solids contents.