RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar com Bourdieu o jurista como agente de transformação social e o direito como motor dessa transformação. Tal análise pressupõe uma reconstrução de Bourdieu que possa superar a crítica de que ele teria uma teoria da "determinação" social que não ajudaria a pensar nas possibilidades de "transformação" social, sobretudo pelo direito. Questiona-se primeiro sobre como o direito pode contribuir para a emancipação social, em seguida, sobre como o jurista pode se tornar um agente de emancipação social e, por fim, sobre que tipos de trabalho em sociologia do direito se inspiram em Bourdieu. Pode-se então pensar sobre a forma específica de luta política pela qual juristas, pelo direito, podem participar do que Bourdieu chama de construção histórica da razão.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze the jurist as an agent of social transformation and law as the motor driving such transformation. The analysis presupposes a reconstruction of Bourdieu which could overcome the criticism that the author had a theory of social "determination" that did not allow the consideration of possibilities of social "transformation", especially through law. The first query is how law can contribute to social emancipation, then how the jurist can become an agent of social emancipation and finally what kind of research in the sociology of law is inspired by Bourdieu. This should allow the reader to consider the specific form of the political struggle in which jurists can participate through law in what Bourdieu calls the historical construction of reason.

The aim of this essay is to analyse how Kelsen criticises the major theories of sociology and social psychology of his time (Durkheim, Simmel, Weber and Freud) in order to liberate law and democracy from what he calls collective hypostasis or the mythology of the "collective soul". The first part investigates how Kelsen criticises the metaphors of the collective soul. The second part addresses how Kelsen built a theory of law and democracy that sought to escape from problems correlated to the metaphors of the collective soul. The results enable the reader to glimpse some common points between Kelsen's ideas and contemporary projects to elaborate a theory of law and democracy released from the premises implicated by the idea of a uniform community.

Cette étude analyse comment Kelsen, pour libérer le droit et la démocratie des traces de ce qu'il appelle les hypostases collectives ou la mythologie de l'âme collective, prend position face aux grandes théories de la sociologie et de la psychologie sociale de son temps (Durkheim, Simmel, Weber et Freud). D'abord, il s'agira de montrer comment Kelsen critique les métaphores de l'âme collective ; ensuite, de montrer comment la pensée kelsénienne sur le droit et la démocratie essaie d'échapper aux problèmes liés à la métaphore de l'âme collective. Cela peut laisser entrevoir quelques points communs entre la théorie de Kelsen et les théories contemporaines sur le droit et la démocratie libérées des prémisses de l'idée d'une communauté homogène.